Factors Related to the Empowerment of Pesantren Community in Control of Covid-19 in Ujong Fatihah, Nagan Raya
Syarifah Nur1*, Otniel Ketaren2, Mido Ester Sitorus3
1,2,3Department of Public Health, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
*Correspondent author: syarfayunda@gmail.com
Received: September 1, 2022 Accepted: September 12, 2022
Abstract
Covid-19 is a global pandemic that has caused many deaths. Based on data from World Health Organization (WHO) on March 6, 2021, the confirmed cases of covid-19 were 116,647,031, and 2,588,034 deaths have been documented. One of the places that have also been affected by Covid-19 is pesantren (Islamic Boarding Schools). It is undeniable that pesantren is a gathering place for many people, so the transmission of COVID-19 virus spreads more quickly. This study aimed to identify factors related to the empowerment of the pesantren community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 in Ujong Fatihah, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya. This study was a quantitative study using a cross-sectional design with a total number of populations in this study was 210 people. This study was conducted using a purposive sampling technique, where the sample size was determined by the Slovin Formula. Based on the results of the Chi-Square test, it is known that there are four factors related to the empowerment of the pesantren community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 at the Bustanul Jannah Ujong Fatihah Islamic Boarding School, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya, namely knowledge, students’ compliance, communication, and the role of the leader.
Keywords: empowerment, pesantren community, Coronavirus Disease 19, Pesantren Bustanul Jannah, Ujong Fatihah, Nagan Raya
Abstrak
Covid-19 merupakan pandemi global yang telah menyebabkan banyak kematian. Berdasarkan data World Health Organization (WHO) pada 6 Maret 2021, kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 adalah sebanyak 116.647.031 kasus dengan kematian 2.588.034 jiwa. Salah satu tempat yang juga terdampak Covid-19 adalah pesantren. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa pesantren adalah tempat berkumpulnya banyak orang, sehingga penyebaran virus Covid-19 akan lebih cepat meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemberdayaan komunitas pesantren dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian Covid-19 di Ujong Fatihah, Kecamatan Kuala, Nagan Raya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang dengan jumlah populasi dalam penelitian adalah 210 orang. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, dimana besar sampel ditentukan dengan Rumus Slovin. Berdasarkan hasil uji Chi-Square diketahui bahwa terdapat empat faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemberdayaan komunitas pesantren dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian Covid-19 di Pesantren Bustanul Jannah Ujong Fatihah, Kecamatan Kuala, Nagan Raya, yaitu pengetahuan, kepatuhan santri, komunikasi, dan peran pemimpin.
Kata Kunci: pemberdayaan, komunitas pesantren, Coronavirus Disease 19, Pesantren Bustanul Jannah, Ujong Fatihah, Nagan Raya
1. Introduction
Covid-19 is a serious major health problem with an increasing number of cases day by day. It is affecting anyone regardless of age or gender. Covid-19 has now been categorized as a global pandemic.
Based on data from WHO on March 6, 2021, the accumulative confirmed cases were 116,647,031 and 2,588,034 of death number in total [1].
The first Covid-19 case in Indonesia was detected on March 2, 2020. On December 31, 2022, the total number of confirmed cases was 743,198 cases with 109,963 active cases. The highest number of confirmed cases was reported from DKI Jakarta Province (183,735), East Java (84,152), and West Java (83,579) respectively [2]. The total number of confirmed covid cases in Indonesia reached 4,254,443 people in 2021 [3].
The increasing number of Covid-19 was also discovered in Islamic Boarding Schools (pesantren) [4]. According to data submitted by the Ministry of Religious Affairs on October 1, 2020, it was recorded that there were 1,489 positive confirmed cases in 27 Islamic boarding schools in 10 provinces in Indonesia [5]. The Ministry of Religious Affairs on December 6, 2020, also reported that 4,328 students, 21 male teachers (ustadz) and female teachers (ustadzah), 2 Islamic Boarding School employees, 67 Islamic Boarding Schools were positively exposed to Coronavirus Disease 19 (Covid-19). Indonesia has 27,722 islamic boarding schools and the total number of students were 4,173,543 in total [5].
Islamic Boarding School (pesantren) is highly vulnerable to Covid-19 exposure. This is due to the pesantren being a place where students can gather in the same place for a long period of time and do many activities in the congregation. Pesantren is potentially spreading Covid-19 due to the condition of crowded- residency, allowing the risk of Covid-19 transmission to occur among students.
The empowerment of the pesantren community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 has been regulated in “Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor Hk.01.07/Menkes/2322/2020 tentang Panduan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pesantren Dalam Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Covid-19 Di Pesantren”. According to the regulation, the empowerment of the pesantren community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 prioritizes promotive preventive actions for the pesantren community which includes Covid-19 prevention and control policies, analysis of the pesantren situation, organizing in the implementation of Covid-19 prevention and control in pesantren, partnerships, increasing health literacy in preventing Covid-19 and environmental health improvement, report and assessment, as well as supervision of the central and local governments in the prevention and control of Covid-19 [6] [7].
Aceh is located at the northern tip of Sumatra Island and is the westernmost province in Indonesia.
In 2020 and 2021, the Province of Aceh reached the total number of confirmed Covid-19 cases of 8,753 and 1,441, respectively. From January to March, the number of covid cases in Aceh reached 43468 cases.
Based on PPKM data in 2021, it is stated that Nagan Raya District ranks 9th in the highest Covid-19 cases in Aceh, accounted for 38 of the total confirmed cases [8].
Nagan Raya is one of the districts in Aceh, the capital city of Nagan Raya, Suka Makmue, which is about 287 km from Banda Aceh. Nagan Raya has 10 districts and 222 villages. Based on a preliminary study at the Nagan Raya health office, it is known that the number of Covid-19 cases in Nagan Raya in 2020 reached 153 cases. Meanwhile, in 2021 there were 426 cases recorded. Also, in 2022, from January to March, Covid-19 cases reached 566 cases [9]. In Nagan Raya, there is a pesantren called Bustanul Jannah which is located in Ujong Patihah, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya District.
Based on preliminary studies obtained given by teachers at this pesantren, it was known that in 2022, around 20 students / students who have been allowed to go home for treatment, because they have cough, runny nose, fever, accompanied by loss of sense of smell, lead to signs and symptoms of Covid-19, so that they are asked to have self-isolation at home. Based on the preliminary studies, it also found that the students did not know that they had Covid-19, they only assumed that they were experiencing a common cold, and also, they stated that they did not get further information related to Covid-19, due to limited access to information, both electronic and non-electronic information in pesantren. The only information that the students received was by the teacher or when they were returning home during the holidays. Based on the description above, it is known that there are many factors related to community empowerment so it is necessary to conduct further research related to factors related to community empowerment of the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School (pesantren) community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 in Ujong Patihah, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya.
2. Material and Methods Study Area
This research was conducted in Pesantren Bustanul Jannah, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya District, for the period from January to July 2022. The map of the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School in Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya as the research location is presented in Figure 1. The final condition of learning activities at Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 1. The research location map of Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School in Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya
Source: GIS (2022)
Figure 2. Learning activities in the classroom at Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School in Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya
Source: Personal documentation (2022)
This research is quantitative research using a cross-sectional design. The total population in this study was 210 students. This study used a purposive sampling technique, which obtained a total sample of 138 subjects. Variables in this study were knowledge, students’ compliance, communication, and the role of leaders in empowering the pesantren community. The tests carried out in this study include univariate, bivariate, and multivariate tests.
3. Results and Discussion
Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School Profile
Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School is one of the Pesantren in Nagan Raya District, which is located in Meulaboh - TapakTuan Street, Ujong Fatihah Village. This Pesantren was established in 1985
by Tgk. H. Abdul Manaf. The pesantren consists of nine classrooms, one library, two teacher’s offices, and 1 principal’s room. The number of teachers in this pesantren is 30.
The Distribution Characteristics of Students at Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School
Based on the researcher's observations on the characteristics of the distribution of students in the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Frequency and distribution characteristics of Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School students for the school year 2021-2022(n = 138)
Characteristic category f %
Age (year) 12 7 5.1
13 44 31.9
14 76 55.1
15 11 8.0
Gender Male 61 44.2
Female 77 55.8
Source: Primary data (2021)
Based on Table 1, it can be seen that all students at the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School are classified as “under age” communities, where the students are between 12 and 15 years of age. The most categorized age is 14 years old with a percentage of 55.1%, whereas the majority of the student population in Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School is female with a percentage of 55.8%. According to ref. [10], there is no significant correlation was found between age (p-value 0.466) and efforts to prevent and control Covid-19. Whereas ref. [11], state that there was no relationship between gender and Covid-19 prevention behavior.
Community empowerment in preventing Covid-19 is defined as all efforts made by all components of the community by exploring the potential of the community to be empowered and able to participate in preventing the transmission of Covid-19 (collective work). Community empowerment is carried out by providing information or knowledge about the prevention of Covid-19. Installation of Covid-19 prevention posters in public places, and distribution masks to the public. In terms of empowering, it is necessary to look at several factors, including knowledge, compliance, communication and the role of leaders. In this study, researchers discussed these four factors. Hence, the factors related to the empowerment of the pesantren community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 at Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Frequency distribution of factors related to the empowerment of pesantren community in prevention and control of Covid-19 in Ujong Fatihah, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya 2022 (n=138)
Variable Factors Related to The Empowerment of Pesantren Community
Category n %
Knowledge
Insufficient 86 62.3
Sufficient 52 37.7
Compliance Level
Lack 73 52.9
Good 65 47.1
Communication
Less good 70 50.7
Good 68 49.3
Role of Leaders
Not supportive 37 26.8
Supportive 101 73.2
Source: Research data (2022)
Table 2. shows that a total of the 210 students, 62.3% had insufficient knowledge, 52.9% had a lack of compliance, 50.7% had less good of communication, and 73.2% had a supportive role of pesantren leaders to support community empowerment in the prevention and control of Covid-19 in Ujong Fatihah Village, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya.
Generally, the three variables in this study, namely knowledge, compliance, and communication in the prevention and control of Covid-19 at the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School are relatively low because the average percentage is above 50% (Table 2). On the other hand, the role of leaders in pesantren is already good, this can be seen in Table 2 which states that 73.2% of the role of leaders is very supportive in empowering pesantren communities in the prevention and control of Covid-19.
Table 3. Tabulation of factors related to community empowerment of Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School in prevention and control of Covid-19 in Ujong Fatihah,
Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya (n=138) Variable
Empowerment
Value Conducted Not conducted
n % n %
Knowledge
Insufficient 30 34.9 56 65.1
0.016
Sufficient 29 55.8 23 44.2
Compliance Level
Lack 24 32.9 49 67.1
0.013
Good 35 53.8 30 46.2
Communication
Less good 24 34.3 46 65.7
0.041
Good 35 51.5 33 48.5
Role of Leaders
Not supportive 10 27.0 27 73.0
0.024
Supportive 49 48.5 52 51.5
Source: Research data (2022)
Table 3 shows that of the 138 students, 65.1% of students’ knowledge is insufficient and empowerment is carried out, while 55.8% of students’ knowledge is sufficient and empowerment is not carried out. Chi-Square's statistical test results show that there is a high correlationbetween knowledge and community empowerment (P- Value = 0.016). Knowledge is one of the factors related to the empowerment of the pesantren community. The results of this study are in line with the theory developed by Lawrence Green (1991) in Notoatmodjo (2014), which states that the health behavior of a person or community is influenced by knowledge, which is a predisposing factor [12] [13]. The previous study also revealed that there is a significant correlation between the level of knowledge with attitudes and behavior toward preventing Covid-19 infection in 6th-semester students at the Faculty of Medicine, Sumatera Utara University [14]. In addition, Ruben's research results state that good knowledge about Covid-19 prevention affects a person'sbehavior to prevent the Covid-19 virus [15].
The level of compliance referring to Table 3 shows that 67.1% of students at the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School are lacking but empowerment is carried out. Meanwhile, 53.9% of students have good compliance, and empowerment is not carried out. Chi-Square's statistical test results show a high correlation between compliance level and community empowerment (P-Value = 0.013) (Table 3). The level of compliance is one of the factors related to the empowerment of the pesantren community in preventing and controlling Covid-19 in Ujong Fatihah, Kuala District, Nagan Raya. The high level of community compliance can make it easier for breaking the chain of the spread of Covid-19. This result is in line with research conducted by ref. [16], where there is a relationship between attitudes and community compliance related to the prevention of Covid-19 [16].
The students’ compliance in carrying out prevention and control of Covid-19 such as wearing masks, maintaining distance, and washing hands will affect the behavior in implementing health protocol compliance. The relationship between attitudes about health protocols and the implementation of health protocol compliance has an important role in anticipating repeated events. If the student does not comply with the efforts to prevent and control Covid-19, it can be ascertained that the student can contact the Covid- 19 disease, whereas if there is a student exposed to this disease, it then can be ascertained that the transmission of the Covid-19 disease will quickly spread to other students. In addition, the student’s compliance in wearing masks, maintaining distance, and washing hands has also been regulated in the guidelines for community empowerment in the prevention of Covid-19 in RT /RW / Village, where according to these guidelines, it states that people must keep their distance, wear a mask, apply cough ethics and so on [17].
The next related factor in the prevention and control of Covid-19 at Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School is communication. Table 3 shows that 65.7% of students have less good communication and empowerment is carried out, while 51.5% of students have good communication and empowerment is not carried out. The results of the Chi-Square statistical test show that there is a high correlation between communication and community empowerment (P- Value = 0.041). The communication variable which is being studied included the ability of stakeholders (Pesantren Leaders, Teachers, and Health officers) in distributing clear and consistent information in the context of implementing empowerment programs. Based on the questionnaire item, it is known that in terms of reminding students to keep their distance, doing physical exercise regularly still uses hardly understood language. This is in accordance with research conducted by ref. [18], stated that communication has an important role in preventing Covid-19 in Uwuran Dua, South Minahasa [18]. In this study, there is still insufficient communication due to the lack of ability of stakeholders (Pesantren Leaders, Teachers, and Health officers) in providing good communication to student. The lack of communication can cause low empowerment of Islamic Boarding School communities in the prevention and control of Covid-19. Communication itself has an important role in conveying something so that it can be captured by the recipient. Onong Uchjana Effendy in ref. [19] defines that communication is an activity carried out by individuals, individuals with individuals and individuals with groups through the delivery of symbols both verbally and nonverbally directly or indirectly through channels with the aim of changing behavior, attitudes and views [19].
Based on Table 3 shows that 48.5% of the role of leaders is good and empowerment is not carried out. The results of the Chi-Square statistical test show that there is a high correlation between the role of leadership and community empowerment (P- Value = 0.024). The role of the leader in this study is the way a leader behaves, communicates, and interacts with students in determining attitudes towards preventing and controlling Covid-19. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by ref. [20], which states that there is a relationship between teachers and Covid-19 prevention behaviors in students (value p=0,000) [20]. The role of the leader is very influential in every decision making whose final result will be able to create changes. John C. Maxwell (1976) states in ref. [21] that leaders are influential. Meanwhile, Leadership is a life that affects other lives. In addition, leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of others toward achieving goals [21].
3. Conclusion and Suggestion
The chi-square test results show that the variables of knowledge, communication, student compliance, and the role of the leader have a high correlation with the empowerment of the pesantren community in the prevention and control of Covid-19 at Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya.
4. Acknowledgement
We are really grateful to the pesantren, especially the leader of the Bustanul Jannah Islamic Boarding School, Kuala Sub-District, Nagan Raya District, for giving permission to the researcher so that this research can be well-conducted.
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