TABLE3FactorsThatInfluenceCardiovascularDiseaseRisk No.Authors (Year)IndividualLevelInterpersonal LevelCommunityLevel
SocietalLevel AccesstoHealthcareHealthInsuranceEnglishProficiency 1Anetal (2008)18YYAcculturation:EnglishvsKorean spokenathome.Smokingin men:moreacculturated, 18.2%,vslessacculturated, 38.2%.Smokinginwomen: moreacculturated,14.9%,vs lessacculturated,6.5%
Haveausualhealthcare placetogo:70%Uninsured:38.4%SpeakKorean only:38.6% Culturalnorm:men"ssmokingvs women"ssmokingacceptance 2Chenetal (2012)19YYAcculturation:ageatarrivalYYY Obesity(BMI):0Y5yatarrival ("=4.92)thanQ41yatarrival 3ChoandJuon (2006)23Gender:obesity:men (OR,2.89)thanwomenYAcculturation:USresidence Q15yvsG15yUninsured:30.1%Notatall,not well:45.7% Obesity:moreacculturated(OR, 2.45)thanlessacculturated 4ChoiandTan (2011)8GenderTCmeanvalue:men, 179.49,vswomen,197.95YYYYY Smoking:men,23.2%,vs women,9.5% 5Choietal (2013)24YYYYUninsured:3.6%withDM and40.2%withoutDM inmen;20%withDM and74.9%withoutDM inwomen
Y 6Franketal (2014)25YYYYYY 7Hanetal (2007)9Gender:OnHBPmed:men, 49.1%,vswomen,59.7%Familyhistoryof HBP:72.9%YDelayinobtainingHBP care22.2%Uninsured:59.1%Y obesity(BMIQ25):men, 55.6%,vswomen,42.9% smoking:men,20.3%,vs women,0.9% (continues
TABLE3FactorsThatInfluenceCardiovascularDiseaseRisk,Continued No.Authors (Year)IndividualLevelInterpersonal LevelCommunityLevel
SocietalLevel AccesstoHealthcareHealthInsuranceEnglishProficiency 8Hofstetter etal (2008)20
Age:older,44.6min,vsyounger, 27.9min,forwalking; middle-aged,1.38times/ week,vsyounger,1.98times/ week,forvigorousPA
YAcculturation:Suinn-Lew acculturationscaleYYY Maritalstatus:marriedpeople (OR,0.60)andmarriedmen (OR,0.47)lessvigorousPA Gender:men,2.19times/week, 51.1min/wk,vswomen, 1.26times/week,25.1min/wk; menmorevigorousPA(OR, 3.90)thanwomenforvigorous PA;men,1.16times/week, vswomen,1.47times/week; menless(OR,0.71)than womenforwalking
VigorousPA:moreacculturated (1.50)thanlessacculturated 9Hollandetal (2013)4YYYClinicvisits,12.4/3yYY 10Kangetal (2006)10YYYRegularmedicalcheckups: 51.4%Uninsured:29.5%Speaklittleorno English:97% HavingaKoreandoctor:64.4% Neverbeentoldoftheir HBP:28.1% 11Karteretal (2013)3YYYYYY 12Kimetal (2001)11YYYRegularcheckups:49.8%Uninsured:28.8%Y PreferaKoreandoctor:63.9% NeverbeentoldofCVD:36.8% 13Kimetal (2007)26YYAcculturation:KAsvsKKs:diet:KAs, 0.9,vsKKs,0.2,forAmericanfood; KAs,6.8,vsKKs,10.2,forKorean food;KAs,0.26,vsKKs,0.73,for ricewithbeans;KAs,1.18,vsKKs, 2.03,forkimchi;KAs,0.33,vs KKs,1.03forrawvegetablemix; KAs,0.69,vsKKs,1.45,forcooked vegetablemix;KAs,0.03,vsKKs, 0.24,forsoybeanpaste.Dineout (Q1/wk):KAs,46.2%,vsKKs,13.8%
YYY (continues)
TABLE3FactorsThatInfluenceCardiovascularDiseaseRisk,Continued No.Authors (Year)IndividualLevelInterpersonal LevelCommunityLevel
SocietalLevel AccesstoHealthcareHealthInsuranceEnglishProficiency 14Kimetal (2011)27YYYAdvicefromhealthcare providers:KAs,30.6%, vsKKs,57.6%,for weightcontrol;KAs,51%, vsKKs,83.8%,fordietary changes;KAs,65.7%,vs KKs,93.9%
YY 15Kimetal (2014)12YFamilyhistoryof HBP:52.8%YHaveaprimarycare doctor:84.3%Uninsured:17.3%Y 16Kimetal (2015)13YYYHaveaprimarycare doctor:69.9% Korean-speaking doctor:59.8%
Uninsured:49.8%Y 17Leeetal (2009)14YYYYYLittleornoEnglish skills:97% 18Lietal (2013)21YYAcculturation:smokinginmen: Englishspokenathome,24%,vs Koreanspokenathome,36.8%; USborn,46%,vsKoreanborn, 34.9%.Smokinginwomen: Englishspokenathome,16.6%, vsKoreanspokenathome, 10.3%;USborn,20.9%,vs Koreanborn,9.8%
YUninsured:29.9%Koreanspokenat home:81.3% Culturalnorm:men"ssmokingvs women"ssmokingacceptance 19Maxwelletal (2012)28YYYYYY 20Palaniappan etal(2011)29YYYYYY 21Ryuetal (2013)22YYAcculturation:KAsvsKKs. Smokinginmen:KAs,20%,vs KKs,49%;smokinginwomen: lessacculturated,3%,vsmore acculturated,14%;obesityin men:KAs,46%,vsKKs,29%; obesityinwomen:KAs,18%, vsKKs,13%
YYSpeakEnglishnotat all/notwell:54% Culturalnorm:men"ssmokingvs women"ssmokingacceptance (continues
TABLE3FactorsThatInfluenceCardiovascularDiseaseRisk,Continued No.Authors (Year)IndividualLevelInterpersonal LevelCommunityLevel
SocietalLevel AccesstoHealthcareHealthInsuranceEnglishProficiency 22Sinetal (2011)15YYYRegularcheckups:53.8% women;49%menUninsured:15.4%in women;12.2%inmenY 23Sinetal (2013)16YFamilyhistoryof HBP:37.1%YHavingKoreanphysician: 75.7%Uninsured:4.3%Y Regularcheckups:87.1% 24Songetal (2004)30YYAcculturation:Suinn-Lew acculturationscale.Diet:KA men(OR,0.65)andKAwomen (OR,0.37)consumemoregreen vegetables,yellow/white vegetables,fruits,andeggs thanKKsdo;moreacculturated KAsconsumemorebeef (2.13vs3.4),friedfoods(1.04 vs2.37),andbutter/margarine (1.14vs2.33)andconsumeless kimchi(8.12vs3.73),rice (9.6vs6.25),fish(2.76vs0.84) thanlessacculturatedKAsdo. Smokinginmen:lessacculturated (OR,0.42)vsmoreacculturated (OR,0.25).Smokinginwomen: lessacculturated,3.3%,vs moreacculturated,17.1%. Obesity(BMI)inmen:KKs,22.9, vslessacculturatedKAs,24.2, vsmoreacculturatedKAs,24.9; KAs(OR,2.39Y2.60)thanKKs. Obesityinwomen:KAs(OR, 3.02)thanKKs
YUninsured:32.8%Onlyormainly speakKorean: 55% 25Tranetal (2016)31YFamilyhistoryof HBP:95.8%YHavingusualsourceof care:88.2%Uninsured:18.2%Poor:71.6% (continues)
TABLE3FactorsThatInfluenceCardiovascularDiseaseRisk,Continued No.Authors (Year)IndividualLevelInterpersonal LevelCommunityLevel
SocietalLevel AccesstoHealthcareHealthInsuranceEnglishProficien 26Yangetal (2007)17YYAcculturation:USresidencee15vs Q25y.Dietinmen(foodserving/ day):lessacculturated,2.7,vsmore acculturated,1.9,forKoreanrice dishes;lessacculturated,0.8,vs moreacculturated,1.2,for Americanfood.Dietinwomen (foodserving/day):lessacculturated, 2.1,vsmoreacculturated,1.6,for Koreanricedishes;lessacculturated, 1.7,vsmoreacculturated,3.0,for fruits.Smokinginmen:less acculturated,28.4%,vsmore acculturated,11.7%,
YYY 27Zhaoetal (2015)31YYYYYY Abbreviations:BMI,bodymassindex;PA,physicalactivity;OR,oddsratio;TC,totalcholesterol;DM,diabetesmellitus;HBP,highbloodpressure;med,medication;CVD,cardiovasculardisease;KA,Korean American;KK,KoreansresidinginKorea.
