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Family Planning in Islamic Perspectives
1Suherman, 2Nur Romdhona, 3Noor Latifah, 4Triana Srisantyorini, 5Iswan
1,2,3,4Faculty of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta
5Faculty of Educational Science, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Marriage has a broader and important scope, namely forming a happy family, physically and mentally prosperous (sakinah), harmonious, peaceful, prosperous, and most importantly to give birth to a new generation of quality for human survival. The government's step to make plans and restrictions as a balancer in a family is the Family Planning Program (KB) which has been included in the GBHN since 1973, implemented by all Indonesian people, with provisions for implementation on a voluntary basis and taking into account religious values. The Quran is the main source in Islamic teachings, related to family planning, in fact the Quran does not speak directly about family planning, but Islam only establishes an ethical framework for contemporary issues that arise. The hadith also explains that married couples should carefully consider household expenses while both are still alive, and lest their children become a burden to others, so that arrangements for the birth of children need to be considered together from the beginning of the marriage, for example by carrying out family planning program. Islam teaches the concept of a happy and prosperous family, as well as how to educate children and manage the family economy.
Keywords: islam, family planning, program
Background
Islam is a perfect religion, along with the advancement of science and technology today, Islam recommends sticking to the teachings of Islam and the source of teachings, namely the Al- Quran and Sunnah (Hadith). (Ari Nugroho, 2017) One of the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, as also stated in the Qur'an is the implementation of marriage, namely the union of outer and inner bonds between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming an eternal family or household, achieving happiness in life in this world and in the world. hereafter. Marriage keeps individuals and society away from various kinds of damage, brings benefit, and peace of mind.
(Lyubomirsky et al., 2005)
Marriage as the basic intuition of every human being is a basic necessity of life, because normal humans instinctively have sexual instincts that need distribution according to legal channels, namely through marriage. Marriage allows husband and wife to channel their natural instincts to each other with full understanding, affection, satisfaction for both parties, but must also
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be perfected with physical, mental, and material readiness. These requirements are important in family life because in fostering a household there are rights and obligations as well as responsibilities that must be fulfilled by husband and wife. For individuals who have not been able to have a family, they are ordered to maintain their chastity. (Mohammad Azad Khwaja Yunus Ali
& Shajia Sharmin, 2018)
Marriage has a broader and important scope, namely forming a happy family, physically and mentally prosperous (sakinah), harmonious, peaceful, prosperous, and most importantly to give birth to a new generation of quality for human survival. Islam does not want offspring who are weak and deficient both physically and spiritually. One of the factors that cause families to become weak is an imbalance between circumstances, needs, income, and expenses, so that it becomes very crucial and requires a birth plan. The government's step to make plans and restrictions as a balancer in a family is the Family Planning Program (KB) which has been included in the GBHN since 1973, implemented by all Indonesian people, with provisions for implementation on a voluntary basis and taking into account religious values. (Alam, 2019)
Every household life can freely regulate the distance and number of children to be born, but do not forget the great responsibility on the children who are born. A pregnant mother is expected to be in a harmonious environment for the good of the fetus in her womb. So it is important to understand how to prevent pregnancy correctly and in accordance with the scope of the Islamic perspective. (Wani & Anjum, 2019)
The National Family Planning Program aims to participate in creating economic and social welfare for the entire community through population planning and control efforts in order to achieve a good balance between the number and speed of population development and the rate of increase in production and services. In order to control population growth and institutionalize the norm of small happy and prosperous families, from the beginning the implementation of the Family Planning Program was formulated as an activity that affects the quantity and quality of Indonesian people. (Grant, 2016)
Islamic Perspective on Family Planning
The Quran is the main source in Islamic teachings, related to family planning or family planning, in fact the Quran does not speak directly about family planning, but Islam only establishes an ethical framework for contemporary issues that arise. (Roudi-Fahimi, 2004) In Indonesia, the majority of the Muslim population lives in a political, economic, cultural situation,
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with a very high population, so the family planning program is needed as a population level control to prepare for the future of the country. The scope of family planning in general includes family planning, adolescent reproductive health, family resilience and empowerment, strengthening quality small family institutions, compatibility of population policies, managing human resources for the apparatus, implementing state and government leadership, and increasing supervision and accountability of state apparatus. (WHO, 2017)
Some verses of the Qur'an that explain family planning, such as Al Isra verse 31, Al Qashas verse 77, Al An'am verse 151, Al Baqarah verse 233 and 266, and An Nisa verse 9. The hadith also explains that married couples should carefully consider household expenses while both are still alive, and lest their children become a burden to others, so that arrangements for the birth of children need to be considered together from the beginning of the marriage, for example by carrying out family planning program.
َنَسْحَأ ٓاَمَك نِسْحَأ َو ۖ اَيْنُّدلٱ َنِم َكَبي ِصَن َسنَت َلَ َو ۖ َةَر ِخأَـْلٱ َراهدلٱ ُ هللَّٱ َكٰىَتاَء ٓاَميِف ِغَتْبٱ َ و َداَسَفْلٱ ِغْبَت َلََو ۖ َكْيَلِإ ُ هللَّٱ
َنيِدِسْفُمْلٱ ُّب ِحُي َلَ َ هللَّٱ هنِإ ۖ ِض ْرَ ْلْٱ ىِف
Meaning: Rather, seek the ˹reward˺ of the Hereafter by means of what Allah has granted you, without forgetting your share of this world. And be good ˹to others˺ as Allah has been good to you.
Do not seek to spread corruption in the land, for Allah certainly does not like the corruptors.” (QS Qasas verse 77)
ْوَمْلٱ ىَلَع َو ۚ َةَعاَضهرلٱ همِتُي نَأ َداَرَأ ْنَمِل ۖ ِنْيَلِماَك ِنْيَل ْوَح هنُهَدٰـَل ْوَأ َنْع ِض ْرُي ُت َٰدِل َٰوْلٱ َو هنُهُت َوْسِك َو هنُهُق ْز ِر ۥُهَل ِدوُل
ُو هلَِإ ٌسْفَن ُفهلَكُت َلَ ۚ ِفوُرْعَمْلٱِب ِإَف ۗ َكِلَٰذ ُلْثِم ِث ِرا َوْلٱ ىَلَع َو ۚ ۦِهِدَل َوِب ۥُههل ٌٌۭدوُل ْوَم َلَ َو اَهِدَل َوِب ٌٌۢةَدِل َٰو هرٓاَضُت َلَ ۚ اَهَعْس
ْن
ْوَأ ۟ا ٓوُع ِض ْرَتْسَت نَأ ْمُّتدَرَأ ْنِإ َو ۗ اَمِهْيَلَع َحاَنُج َلََف ٌۢ رُواَشَت َو اَمُهْنِ م ٌۢ ضاَرَت نَع الَاَصِف اَداَرَأ ْمُكْيَلَع َحاَنُج َلََف ْمُكَدٰـ َل
ٌٌۭري ِصَب َنوُلَمْعَت اَمِب َ هللَّٱ هنَأ ۟ا ٓوُمَلْعٱ َو َ هللَّٱ ۟اوُقهتٱ َو ۗ ِفوُرْعَمْلٱِب مُتْيَتاَء ٓاهم مُتْمهلَس اَذِإ
Meaning: ˹Divorced˺ mothers will breastfeed their offspring for two whole years, for those who wish to complete the nursing ˹of their child˺. The child’s father will provide reasonable maintenance and clothing for the mother ˹during that period˺. No one will be charged with more than they can bear. No mother or father should be made to suffer for their child. The ˹father’s˺
heirs are under the same obligation. But if both sides decide—after mutual consultation and consent—to wean a child, then there is no blame on them. If you decide to have your children nursed by a wet-nurse, it is permissible as long as you pay fairly. Be mindful of Allah, and know that Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.
ُقَيْل َو َ هللَّٱ ۟اوُقهتَيْلَف ْمِهْيَلَع ۟اوُفاَخ اافٰـَع ِض ٌۭاةهي ِ رُذ ْمِهِفْلَخ ْنِم ۟اوُكَرَت ْوَل َنيِذهلٱ َشْخَيْل َو
ااديِدَس ٌۭالَ ْوَق ۟اوُلو
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Meaning: Let the guardians be as concerned ˹for the orphans˺ as they would if they were to ˹die and˺ leave ˹their own˺ helpless children behind. So let them be mindful of Allah and speak equitably.
Family planning which means preventing pregnancy due to the process of intercourse between husband and wife has been known since the time of the Prophet Muhammad SAW with the act of 'azal which is now known as coitus interruptus (disconnected plural), namely ejaculation (inzal al-mani) outside the vagina so that the husband's sperm did not meet the wife's ovum. As a result, pregnancy does not occur. 'Azal was confirmed by the Prophet as revealed in the Hadith narrated by Bukhari Muslim: "From Jabir, he said: We did 'azal (removing the penis during ejaculation) at the time of the Prophet SAW, while the Quran was still being revealed." Another narration from Jabir states that once a man came to the Messenger of Allah and said that he wanted to have sexual intercourse with his slave without risking pregnancy, then the Prophet replied that the man should practice 'azal. The Prophet reminded that 'azal is a human ijtihad to avoid pregnancy, while the certainty is in the Hands of Allah SWT. Similarly, various contraceptives as a means of family planning does not guarantee all success, because in everyday life there are also several tens of percent of failures. (Ajani, 2013)
The Muhammadiyah Tarjih Council in its decision on family planning gave a general view of preventing pregnancy which is contrary to Islamic teachings if the intention is to be reluctant to have children. What is prohibited (prohibited) is surgery to damage or change the physical, such as cutting or binding the sperm duct and the ovum channel. It is permissible in an emergency situation for health considerations where the husband and wife have consulted with expert doctors and also the scholars, including endangering the wife's health due to pregnancy or childbirth, and if they are worried about the safety of religion due to the narrowness of life, including the economy so that Muslims fall into poverty. acceptance of unlawful things on the grounds of meeting the needs of children. (Nashir, 2015)
Islam teaches the concept of a happy and prosperous family, as well as how to educate children and manage the family economy. When a child is born in Islam, parents are obliged to convey good news and congratulations on the birth, call the call to prayer in the baby's ear, smear the roof of the mouth, give a name, aqiqaq, shave the hair and give the weight of gold in charity, as well as circumcision. The family is the first institution for children to receive education from their parents. So the family plays an important role in the formation of good and noble character
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of children. Educating children covers a broad field because it must prepare the next generation who will replace us, so that it is expected to be a formidable generation that fills the world with strength, wisdom, knowledge, glory, and glory. (Khademi & Saeidi, 2016)
Parents need to equip their children both physically and mentally so that they can be independent in their future. Especially in terms of education, children will get higher education and noble character from the household as exemplified by their parents. Children as the next generation of the nation and religion should be a more advanced generation and have a balance between physical and mental abilities, physical and spiritual health, mastery of science and technology, formation of a better personality attitude of faith and piety, which is balanced with knowledge, charity, physical, material, and spiritual development. Setting the distance between pregnancy and birth is expected to make parents able to optimally educate their children to become a superior and complete generation. Based on 2016 data, the Minister of Home Affairs Tjahyo Kumolo stated that the total population of Indonesia is more than 257 people. A large number of qualified population can be the capital of development, on the other hand a large number of people but not qualified will cause a decrease in people's welfare.
Islam as a religion that pays attention to human life from an early age from the stage of pregnancy to maturity hopes to achieve maximum welfare for a happy family, sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah. Birth control also affects the nutritional status of children. Nutrition is the main pillar of health in the life cycle. Children's nutritional status is the end result of a balance between food, health, social, economic, cultural issues, parenting, education, and the environment in which children live and grow and develop. (Fauzan & Amroni, 2020)
Conclusion
Many of the population problems faced by the Indonesian people include population explosion, increasing young population, uneven population density, social inequality or inequality and significantly different levels of welfare, where one area has too many workers, while in other cities there are many shortages of workers. The population is increasing, but other natural resources are dwindling, resulting in threats to food security, natural resources, and income budgets. So the government made efforts to control the high population rate by launching the Family Planning (KB) program, which ideally consists of only parents and two children. KB or family planning is an effort to contraception pregnancy which ultimately aims to form a prosperous family by having only two children, it is hoped that the burden on the family will be reduced,
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parents can send them to school and fulfill all their children's needs to prepare for a better future.
The progress and welfare of nations today are not determined by the quantity but by the quality of the next generation. Birth control allows the wife to carry out the role of mother, there are many opportunities to pay attention and educate her children while carrying out her duties as a housewife, and husbands are not bothered by the very high demands of the cost of living and children's education if they have too many children.
Differences of opinion among scholars regarding a legal case is a human thing, it should not be a source of conflict or division among Muslims. The implementation of the family planning program should be addressed on the basis of spiritual values, knowledge, and straight and correct thinking. The majority of scholars allow the use of contraceptives that do not permanently prevent pregnancy with certain conditions, especially those that require special expertise in installation such as IUDs, implants, and injectable family planning. As for permanent contraception, namely vasectomy and tubectomy operations, it is prohibited or haram, except for emergency conditions where there are special medical considerations.
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