The results of the study revealed that the article author juxtaposes male and female heads of state through four frames, namely: strength vs. In the light of the analysis, this study also offers some recommendations for future actions to change the existing state of affairs. Although more than 600,000 infected people have recovered, there may be a possibility of the disease recurring.
Against this background, the role of leadership is very important, which calls for timely and informed decision-making. Entman (1993) defines framing as the act of selecting certain aspects of reality and making them more prominent in a text, thus promoting a particular aspect. As Gordon (2015) argues, framing as a theoretical framework examines how people construct, negotiate, and generate their social worlds, meanings, identities, and relationships through linguistic and paralinguistic resources that Gumperz (1982) called “contextualization cues” that help recipients make meaning to their social worlds. the expressions.
The framing problem proposes that after conducting an analysis, one should look again at the context and include all aspects of the context that may be relevant to the understanding of the data. If observing more context does not change our understanding of the language, we can be satisfied that our analysis is in the right direction, even though it can always be falsified later.
Data
The study integrates the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) for criticism of discourse (Fairclough, 2015, p.9); FPDA for detecting multiple voices and discourses at play in the data and framing theory and framing problem tool by Gee (2014) to provide a broader understanding of the meaning of the data being analyzed through a discussion of frames that build these articles for the construction of gender identities.
Aims and objectives of the research
Research Questions
Theoretical Framework
Rationale for choosing a multiperspectival approach
The combination of CDA and FPDA has its own justification as CDA offers a fundamental framework for critique (Fairclough 2015) and FPDA offers a methodological approach to gender and language studies because: it attends to the provisional, constructed nature of all research and its status as a textualizing and fictionalizing practice; it expands the range of possible meanings by giving space to diverse accounts of experience and contending voices;. FPDA explores the differences between girls/women, including their experiences of the ambiguity of power; it aims to support specific, localized, action-driven, functional and temporary transformative feminist processes; and FPDA offers a 'complementary' approach to the 'grand narratives' developed by CDA and CA and Interaction. For this study, the integration of both CDA and FPDA with framing was considered appropriate because the discourse in the article under study is constructed around some very important frames.
Furthermore, framing has impacts on individuals and society in the form of transformed attitudes about a problem based on exposure to certain frames and political socialization and decision-making respectively.
Analysis and Discussion
Major frames in the article
- Strength vs. weakness
- Decisiveness vs. indecisiveness
- Narcissism vs. altruism/magnanimity
In this way, he challenges the masculinity of male leaders and encourages them to learn masculine leadership qualities from their colleagues. Although this is a violation of the stereotypical notion of men as stronger, it is in line with the post-structuralist notion of identities that are constantly changing. According to the author, the success of these three countries in curbing the rapid spread of the disease is due to the promptness of these women.
Germany has one of the lowest death rates at 1.6 percent, while Italy has 12 percent. This point by the author obliquely refers to the reversals, backtracking and confused and fleeting statements that characterized the three male leaders discussed by the writer of the article, viz. Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan; US President Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson since the very beginning of the pandemic. According to the author of the article, this happened due to the indecision of the head of state.
By making the wrong comparisons and being indecisive about testing and social distancing measures, he succeeded in making the US the epicenter of the virus, with the highest number of recorded cases of any country. ” However, in Pakistan, this lack of preparedness and indecisiveness led to protests by doctors and paramedics in several places, including Baluchistan, because they were not provided with protective kits until the end of March 2020, despite the duties assigned to them to care for the corona . affected patients. This is the result of the prime minister not being ready to listen to the opposition or other politicians.
If we look at the discourse from the point of view proposed by Lakoff's (2004) concept of the family model, the identity of women here is shown according to the model of caring parents, in contrast to men who behave in a typical egoistic and selfish way, disregarding what would proposed by others, be it the opposition or journalists or researchers or health professionals. But since the author's main framework is gender, she limited herself to discussing female leaders. It is worth noting that the official slogan "darna nhi, larna hy" (Don't be afraid, but fight) may be one of the reasons why people take the virus lightly and go out without any protective measures like masks or social distance.
Near the end of the article, the author suggests that Khan would do better to take his cue from the female leaders of Germany, New Zealand and Taiwan by prioritizing effective strategies and measures, acting decisively and thereby winning the trust of the people.
Normative critique in terms of existing social reality
Women leaders, according to the author, are not worried about being seen as "cult figures adored by their supporters, or appearing macho like Boris Johnson" when he claimed to be shaking hands with coronavirus patients. In his previous press conferences, Imran Khan appeared inspired by Boris Johnson's "take it on the chin" approach that is causing the death toll to rise with each passing day. In this scenario, 'darna nhi, bchna hy' (Don't be afraid but protect yourself) introduced by Jazz in their advertisement seems more appropriate.
In the spirit of Fairclough's (2017) revised model for CDA as dialectical reasoning, this section will present a critique of the article from a poststructuralist feminist perspective. Moreover, it will also present an explanation of the competing discourses of which this article reflects in order to explain and analyze the position of the author in a more detailed way. Based on the above analysis, it is clear that the columnist constructed different frames through which she demonstrated her ideology and also constructed gender.
The most common frame that occurs throughout the column is the gender frame as she keeps contrasting the masculine traits displayed by female leaders suggesting their male counterparts who rule Pakistan learn from their example. Therefore, they need to learn the manly qualities of quick decision making, proactive action, realistic thinking from female counterparts who keep their self-consciousness or egos aside. It is time for practical action and not point scoring, saving image or making politics.
Only rational thinking and learning from better examples around can save people's lives. As Trudeau says "Abnormal is the new norm", he has immediately prioritized the construction of fans in bulk. He stated that even if the production exceeds their domestic demand, he intends to give it to the other countries.
The frames used sparingly in the article are thus used to challenge the existing state of affairs and inform the future course of action for a better tomorrow.
Conclusion
This may be due to the Prime Minister's lack of experience as head of state, to the unique emergency of its kind that the world is facing after decades or centuries, to his non-scientific background (unlike the German Chancellor) and to his refusal to listen to the opposition or people with different points of view. Khan (2020), the author of the article examined, tries to incite men to action, decisiveness and rationalistic truthfulness, ignoring all political issues and their self-image. In this aspect, he should look up to his female counterparts as role models. with masculine leadership qualities, the leaders of. Germany, New Zealand and Taiwan, and is prioritizing its strategies accordingly in this time of pandemic.
True to the spirit of fourth wave feminism, the writer of the article. Instead of playing the victim or showing a lack of will or weak nerves, the women leaders in the article are portrayed as models of quick resolve, timely action and realistic rationality, leadership qualities needed in the face of a pandemic. The headline clearly suggests that Pakistan's prime minister should learn from women leaders, and its content warns him against following Trump and Johnson, which he appears to be doing as of late.
Ego aside, he needs to learn these leadership skills from women in this global health emergency that have helped them combat the situation more effectively than others. In other words, Kahn and the other male leaders must change their role models.
Recommendations
There is much to learn from Canada's most popular leader, Justin Trudeau, who speaks to the public virtually every day via 'Justin Trudeau Live' on social media, telling them what tangible steps the Canadian government has taken to address the situation with facts. and numbers, boosts the morale of the public, the frontline workers and even children who have to show the patience to stay home in these trying times. It is also recommended that leaders prepare speeches on this sensitive issue in advance because leaders' words matter as much as leadership matters.