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Graphene from glucose coated silica sand for water purification applications
Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · August 2020
DOI: 10.1063/5.0015680
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Moch Saifur Rijal
Bandung Institute of Technology 5PUBLICATIONS 9CITATIONS
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M. Munasir
Universitas Negeri Surabaya 115PUBLICATIONS 661CITATIONS
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Diah Hari Kusumawati Universitas Negeri Surabaya 34PUBLICATIONS 145CITATIONS
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Nugrahani Primary Putri Universitas Negeri Surabaya 41PUBLICATIONS 148CITATIONS
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AIP Conference Proceedings 2251, 040010 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0015680 2251, 040010
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Graphene from glucose coated silica sand for water purification applications
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2251, 040010 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0015680 Published Online: 18 August 2020
Moch. Saifur Rijal, Antony Mahendra, Kusuma Dwi Lestari, Aprillia Nurcahya Putri, Munasir Munasir, Diah Hari Kusumawati, Nugrahani Primary Putri, Zainul Arifin Imam, Nurul Hidayat, Ahmad Taufiq, and Sunaryono Sunaryono
Graphene from Glucose Coated Silica Sand for Water Purification Applications
Moch. Saifur Rijal
1, Antony Mahendra
1, Kusuma Dwi Lestari
1, Aprillia Nurcahya Putri
1, Munasir Munasir
1, *), Diah Hari Kusumawati
1, Nugrahani Primary Putri
1, Zainul Arifin Imam
1, Nurul Hidayat
2, Ahmad Taufiq
2, and Sunaryono Sunaryono
21Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Ketintang Campus, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia
2Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
*)Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Abstract. Nowadays, graphene has attracted scientific community’s attention due to its outstanding properties. In this paper, we reported the absorption capacity of Tuban silica sand to dyes in drinking water that could be improved by graphene coating onto the silica surface. Coatings of sand with graphene from sugar through the hydrothermal-vapor heating method were conducted at a temperature of 700 °C. The pattern of X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the as-prepared silica sand shows the existence of a quartz crystalline phase, with a weight percentage of 98%. In contract with that XRD profile, the graphene-coated sand (GCS) XRD pattern tends to be amorphous due to the presence of amorphous carbon. Furthermore, the UV-Vis test reveals a significant reduction in peak absorption intensity of methylene blue by silica sand and the GCS material.
INTRODUCTION
Water purification is one of the most significant public health advances of the 20th century. The process consists of removing unwanted chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water[1]. Domestic waste is primarily the largest supplier of ground chemical contaminants. This contaminant is in the form of detergent that is still produced from homes and industries. Groundwater contaminated with detergent chemicals, which are necessary ingredients, are harmful cleaning agents to the human body. The main challenge for domestic water suppliers is to balance the risks of pathogenic microbes and by-products due to disinfection and contamination of hazardous wastes in water sources [2,3].
Inventions and solutions to overcome the purification of water for proper consumption have long been scientific and engineering concerns. Advanced techniques such as membrane filtration [4], reverse osmosis [5], ion exchange [6], and ozonated water [3] can be used in treatment and removal of contaminants from water. However, higher costs limit the large-scale application of these treatment techniques in developing countries [7]. Therefore, new, more economical approaches are needed to produce filtration methods. The world's attention focused on silica, and carbon has become the most versatile material used for water purification in world history. Particularly in Indonesia, some reports have successfully explored the possibilities of Indonesian silica sands, for instance, as fuel-cell sealants[8], nanomaterial for mortar[9], lightweight concrete[10], and newly hydrogen production photocatalyst[11].
The first use of charcoal as a water filter material has written in the Vedic literature. Peoples in Indus valley civilization believe that using coal, and porous materials, such as vessels from soil material, are very good at filtering and storing drinking water [7]. Silica and alumina are porous media that have the potential to be used as adsorbents for metal ions. Silica has a polar side in the presence of -OH and Si-O groups when in aqueous solution [12]. Heavy metal ions that are positively charged cause metal ions to absorbed on the polar side of the material. The presence of
International Conference on Electromagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Magnetic Material (ICE-R3M) 2019 AIP Conf. Proc. 2251, 040010-1–040010-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0015680
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these metal ions absorbed by the presence of confounding ions, which are in the adsorbate solution and surrounded by water molecules [12].
In line with that, graphene carbon derivatives or graphene oxides are parts of carbon known to have the ability to remove copper ions from drinking water [13,14]. The charcoal prepared into graphene oxide and coating it on the surface of silica sand by chemical methods. Thus, increasing the adsorption power becomes more active, absorbing heavy metal ions, pesticides, and natural dyes dissolved in water [7,15-17]. In this paper, the results of the study focused on the carbon coating on silica are discussed. Important findings will be explained in particular on the absorption power of dyes dissolved in drinking water. This breakthrough is proven to be a good candidate for effective and inexpensive water purification materials. The absorption ability of silica sand and GCS to methylene-blue is also studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Material
The main raw materials were amorphous carbon and natural silica sand from Bancar Beach (Tuban area, Indonesia), sugar, and distilled water. Meanwhile, the types of equipment required were reaction glasses, hot-plate magnetic stirrer, and furnace with a temperature capability of up to 700 C.
Preparation of GCS
Manufacture of GCScomposites using the hydrothermal-vapor heating method. Granulated sugar mixed with clean sand followed by heating above 100 °C above the stirrer. The melted sugar forms a chocolate solution; the sugar-sugar solution then evaporates so that the stirring becomes slower. They are stirring, followed by manual stirring using a glass spatula until evaporation does not occur. The resulting black-colored composites then undergo a final process of calcination at 700 °C with a holding time of 2 hours.
Characterizations
Fundamentals investigations on the properties of the processed silica and the amorphous-carbon-coated silica were conducted by means of XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis. The XRD characterization was meant to trace the crystal structure formations. The FTIR test was done to examine their functional groups. Additionally, but it is also crucial to obtain more fundamental properties of the samples, UV-Vis scan was run to capture the electromagnetic absorption characters.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Structure Analysis
Silica sand of Bancar Tuban Beach is a white sand beach in East Java with a dominant white color mixed with brownish sand in Fig. 1(a). After experiencing the coating with graphene, the surface of the sand turns jet black to form GCS composite Fig. 1(b) resulting from fabrication using the hydrothermal-vapor heating method.
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1. Physical appearance of (a) Silica sands from Bancar-Tuban and (b) GCS
The black carbon coated on the surface of the sand is one of the allotropic characteristics of amorphous carbon.
XRD characterization of Tuban Beach sand and GCS are presented in Fig. 2. It appears that silica sand with the main content of SiO2 oxide has a single quartz crystalline phase. The same Tuban Beach, even with a different site of sampling, also showed a completely quartz-SiO2 crystalline phase after mechanical and chemical purifications [18].
That study reported that the crystalline phase change of the as-prepared SiO2 could occur due to the heating effect. In our report, the highest peak intensity in the hkl plane of (011) at an angle of 26.68° followed by the plane-hkl (100), (110), (102), (111), (201), (102), (201), (112) ), (201), (121) and (002); based on the PDF database indicating as the quartz phase. The decrease in diffraction peaks in GCS drastically due to (1) the amorphous carbon graphene coating is amorphous, which covers the surface of the sand grains and (2) the X-ray diffraction technique is only able to trace the surface of a volumetric sample with certain maximum depth[19]. Therefore, the XRD peak of carbon dominated the XRD profile of the GCS sample. In terms of crystal structure, the quartz is formed in hexagonal with SiO2 repeating unit.
FIGURE 2. Pattern of XRD of silica sands and GCS samples
Fourier Transform-IR Analysis
From the FTIR spectra characterization, absorption at wavelength numbers, shown in Fig. 3, transmittance of 3396.8 cm-1 is a functional group of O-H which usually peaks at around wavelength numbers 3000 to 3500 cm-1, in other positions the carboxyl group peak at GCS located at wavelength numbers 1708.1 cm-1 and 1620.3 cm-1, which is a C=O group. The highest peak at wave number 1087.9 cm-1, which is the O-H functional group [20]. The presence of these groups indicates the graphene has covered the silica particles. Other findings also revealed the same pattern for the FTIR spectra. Taking one example, a GCS formed by hydrazine hydrate reduction to a mixture between graphene and chemically-treated silica experimentally showed lower levels of transmittance, indicating that the existence of graphene on the volumetric-surface of silica [21]. In addition, the C=O and O-H groups, captured in the GCS FTIR spectrum, was proven as the entities that trigger the absorption characteristic of activated chemicals [22]. Therefore, due to this GCS characteristic, GCS holds a good performance for removal agents in aqueous environments.
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FIGURE 3. Spectra FTIR of GCS sample
Absorbent of M-B and UV-Vis Analysis
Figure 4 shows the methylene-blue absorbances in water, silica, and GCS. It is clearly seen that water cannot absorb the M-B, and silica powders do not have a strong ability to absorb the M-B like it is done by GCS. One of the basic principles to explain this phenomenon is the concept of energy activation, which can be calculated by means of the very well-known Arrhenius equation [23,24]. In water and non-activated silica, the energy of activation is close to zero [24]. Meanwhile, the activation energy of the activated chemical absorption agent, like GCS, lies in the range of 8 kJ/mol to 84 kJ/mol [25]. This energy activation dictates the capability of GCS for M-B absorbance in a solution.
The UV-Vis profiles for M-B, M-B solutions after being absorbed by silica sand and silica sand coated with graphene (GCS) are shown in Fig. 5. The highest intensity absorbance shows that the solute has more concentration. The absorbance peak decreases due to silica sand and GCS composites. The decrease in absorbance peak by a level of solute decreasing, marked by a reduction in color gradient; M-B has absorbed by silica sand or GCS. In Fig. 4 (b and c), GCS solution has a better absorption power of methylene blue than silica sand without a graphene coating. It shows that the absorption power of silica sand increases due to the surface of graphene, which has the same absorption power [26].
FIGURE 4. (a) M-B in drink-water, (b) silica sands in M-B, dan (c) GCS material in M-B
FIGURE 5. UV-Vis results of methylene blue, silica sand of Bancar Tuban Beach and GCS samples
CONCLUSION
GCS material can increase the absorption of quartz sand to organic impurities or dyes (such as methylene-blue) that dissolve in drinking water. The process of coating silica sand particles has been successfully carried out by the hydrothermal-evaporation method, characterized by changes in the quartz phase to amorphous-quartz (polymorphic), and the existence of vibrations of carbon functional groups (FTIR). The ability of absorption of methylene-blue characterized by a decrease in peak intensity of UV-Visible spectra.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors, especially M. M, would like to thank Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia and Universitas Negeri Surabaya for their support to established this study under contract numbers 193/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2019 and B/21838/UN38.9/LK.04.00/2019, respectively.
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