2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease

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WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS*

Marie D. Gerhard-Herman, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Heather L. Gornik, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSVM, Vice Chair*

Coletta Barrett, RN†

Neal R. Barshes, MD, MPH‡

Matthew A. Corriere, MD, MS, FAHA§

Douglas E. Drachman, MD, FACC, FSCAI*║

Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC, FAHA¶

Francis Gerry R. Fowkes, MD, FAHA*#

Naomi M. Hamburg, MD, FACC, FAHA‡

Scott Kinlay, MBBS, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FSVM, FSCAI* **

Robert Lookstein, MD, FAHA, FSIR*‡

Sanjay Misra, MD, FAHA, FSIR*††

Leila Mureebe, MD, MPH, RPVI‡‡

Jeffrey W. Olin, DO, FACC, FAHA*‡

Rajan A.G. Patel, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI#

Judith G. Regensteiner, PhD, FAHA‡

Andres Schanzer, MD*§§

Mehdi H. Shishehbor, DO, MPH, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI*‡

Kerry J. Stewart, EdD, FAHA, MAACVPR‡║║

Diane Treat-Jacobson, PhD, RN, FAHA‡

M. Eileen Walsh, PhD, APN, RN-BC, FAHA¶¶

2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Executive Summary

A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements ◼ peripheral artery disease ◼ claudication

◼ critical limb ischemia ◼ acute limb ischemia ◼ antiplatelet agents

◼ supervised exercise

◼ endovascular procedures

◼ bypass surgery ◼ limb salvage

◼ smoking cessation

ACC/AHA Task Force Members, see page e707

*Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry and other entities may apply; see Appendix 1 for recusal information. †Functioning as the lay volunteer/patient representative. ‡ACC/AHA Representative.

§Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Society Representative. ‖Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Representative. ¶ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. #Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease Representative. **Society for Vascular Medicine Representative. ††Society of Interventional Radiology Representative. ‡‡Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery Representative.§§Society for Vascular Surgery Representative. ‖ ‖American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Representative. ¶¶Society for Vascular Nursing Representative.

The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows: Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, Fleisher LA, Fowkes FGR, Hamburg NM, Kinlay S, Lookstein R, Misra S, Mureebe L, Olin JW, Patel RAG, Regensteiner JG, Schanzer A, Shishehbor MH, Stewart KJ, Treat-Jacobson D, Walsh ME. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary:

a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e686–e725. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000470.

Developed in Collaboration With the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Nursing, Society for Vas- cular Surgery, and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Society

Downloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on November 18, 2021

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preamble � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e687 1� Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e688 1�1� Methodology and Evidence Review� � � � � � � � � e688 1�2� Organization of the Writing Committee � � � � � � e690 1�3� Document Review and Approval � � � � � � � � � � � e690 1�4� Scope of Guideline � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e690 2� Clinical Assessment for PAD � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e692

2�1� History and Physical

Examination: Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � e693 3� Diagnostic Testing for the Patient With Suspected

Lower Extremity PAD (Claudication or CLI):

Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e693 3�1� Resting ABI for Diagnosing PAD � � � � � � � � � � � e694 3�2� Physiological Testing� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e694 3�3� Imaging for Anatomic Assessment � � � � � � � � � e695 4� Screening for Atherosclerotic Disease

in Other Vascular Beds for the Patient

With PAD: Recommendations� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e695 4�1� Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm� � � � � � � � � � � � � � e695 4�2� Screening for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis

in Other Arterial Beds (Coronary, Carotid,

and Renal Arteries) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e695 5� Medical Therapy for the Patient

With PAD: Recommendations� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e695 5�1� Antiplatelet, Statin, Antihypertensive Agents,

and Oral Anticoagulation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e695 5�2� Smoking Cessation� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e696 5�3� Glycemic Control � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e696 5�4� Cilostazol, Pentoxifylline, and Chelation Therapy � �e696 5�5� Homocysteine Lowering � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e696 5�6� Influenza Vaccination� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e696 6� Structured Exercise Therapy: Recommendations � � � � e696 7� Minimizing Tissue Loss in Patients With PAD:

Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e698 8� Revascularization for Claudication: Recommendations � � e698 8�1� Revascularization for Claudication � � � � � � � � � e700

8�1�1� Endovascular Revascularization for

Claudication � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e700 8�1�2� Surgical Revascularization for

Claudication � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e701 9� Management of CLI: Recommendations � � � � � � � � � e701 9�1� Revascularization for CLI � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e701 9�1�1� Endovascular Revascularization for CLI� � e702 9�1�2� Surgical Revascularization for CLI � � � � e702 9�2� Wound Healing Therapies for CLI � � � � � � � � � � e703 10� Management of Acute Limb Ischemia:

Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e703 10�1� Clinical Presentation of ALI � � � � � � � � � � � � � e704 10�2� Medical Therapy for ALI� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e704 10�3� Revascularization for ALI � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e704 10�4� Diagnostic Evaluation of the Cause of ALI � � � e705 11� Longitudinal Follow-Up: Recommendations � � � � � � � e705 12� Evidence Gaps and Future Research Directions� � � � e705 13� Advocacy Priorities� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e707 References � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e708 Appendix 1� Author Relationships With Industry

and Other Entities� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e717 Appendix 2� Reviewer Relationships With Industry

and Other Entities� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e720 Appendix 3� Abbreviations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � e725

PREAMBLE

Since 1980, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) have translated scientific evidence into clinical practice guidelines with recommendations to improve cardiovascular health�

These guidelines, based on systematic methods to evaluate and classify evidence, provide a cornerstone of quality cardiovascular care�

In response to reports from the Institute of Medicine

^1,2

and a mandate to evaluate new knowledge and maintain relevance at the point of care, the ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines (Task Force) modified its methodology�

^3–5

The relationships among guidelines, data standards, appropriate use criteria, and perfor- mance measures are addressed elsewhere�

⁵

Intended Use

Practice guidelines provide recommendations applicable to patients with or at risk of developing cardiovascular disease� The focus is on medical practice in the United States, but guidelines developed in collaboration with other organizations may have a broader target� Although guidelines may be used to inform regulatory or payer decisions, the intent is to improve quality of care and align with patients’ interests� Guide- lines are intended to define practices meeting the needs of patients in most, but not all, circumstances, and should not replace clinical judgment� Guidelines are reviewed annually by the Task Force and are official policy of the ACC and AHA� Each guideline is considered current until it is updated, revised, or su- perseded by published addenda, statements of clarifi- cation, focused updates, or revised full-text guidelines�

To ensure that guidelines remain current, new data are reviewed biannually to determine whether recommendations should be modified� In general, full revisions are posted in 5-year cycles�

^3–6

Modernization

Processes have evolved to support the evolution of guidelines as “living documents” that can be dynamically updated� This process delineates a recommendation to address a specific clinical question, followed by concise text (ideally <250 words) and hyperlinked to support- ive evidence� This approach accommodates time con- straints on busy clinicians and facilitates easier access to recommendations via electronic search engines and other evolving technology�

Evidence Review

Writing committee members review the literature; weigh the quality of evidence for or against particular tests, treatments, or procedures; and estimate expected

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health outcomes� In developing recommendations, the writing committee uses evidence-based methodolo- gies that are based on all available data�

^3–7

Literature searches focus on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) but also include registries, nonrandomized comparative and descriptive studies, case series, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and expert opinion� Only selected references are cited�

The Task Force recognizes the need for objective, independent Evidence Review Committees (ERCs) that include methodologists, epidemiologists, clinicians, and biostatisticians who systematically survey, abstract, and assess the evidence to address systematic review questions posed in the PICOTS format (P=population, I=intervention, C=comparator, O=outcome, T=timing, S=setting)�

^2,4–6

Practical considerations, including time and resource constraints, limit the ERCs to evidence that is relevant to key clinical questions and lends itself to systematic review and analysis that could affect the strength of corresponding recommendations�

Guideline-Directed Management and Treatment

The term “guideline-directed management and therapy”

(GDMT) refers to care defined mainly by ACC/AHA Class I recommendations� For these and all recommended drug treatment regimens, the reader should confirm dosage with product insert material and carefully evaluate for contraindications and interactions� Recommendations are limited to treatments, drugs, and devices approved for clinical use in the United States�

Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence

The Class of Recommendation (COR; ie, the strength of the recommendation) encompasses the anticipated mag- nitude and certainty of benefit in proportion to risk� The Level of Evidence (LOE) rates evidence supporting the effect of the intervention on the basis of the type, quality, quantity, and consistency of data from clinical trials and other reports (Table 1)�

^3–5

Unless otherwise stated, recommendations are sequenced by COR and then by LOE�

Where comparative data exist, preferred strategies take precedence� When >1 drug, strategy, or therapy exists within the same COR and LOE and no comparative data are available, options are listed alphabetically�

Relationships With Industry and Other Entities

The ACC and AHA sponsor the guidelines without com- mercial support, and members volunteer their time�

The Task Force zealously avoids actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that might arise through relationships with industry or other entities (RWI)� All writing committee members and reviewers are required to disclose current industry relationships or personal

interests, from 12 months before initiation of the writing effort� Management of RWI involves selecting a bal- anced writing committee and assuring that the chair and a majority of committee members have no relevant RWI (Appendix 1)� Members are restricted with regard to writing or voting on sections to which their RWI apply� For transparency, members’ comprehensive disclosure information is available online� Comprehensive disclosure information for the Task Force is also available online�

The Task Force strives to avoid bias by selecting ex- perts from a broad array of backgrounds representing different geographic regions, sexes, ethnicities, intel- lectual perspectives/biases, and scopes of clinical practice, and by inviting organizations and professional soci- eties with related interests and expertise to participate as partners or collaborators�

Individualizing Care in Patients With Associated Conditions and Comorbidities

Managing patients with multiple conditions can be complex, especially when recommendations applicable to coexisting illnesses are discordant or interacting�

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The guidelines are intended to define practices meeting the needs of patients in most, but not all, circumstances� The recommendations should not replace clinical judgment�

Clinical Implementation

Management in accordance with guideline recommendations is effective only when followed� Adherence to recommendations can be enhanced by shared decision making between clinicians and patients, with patient en- gagement in selecting interventions on the basis of individual values, preferences, and associated conditions and comorbidities� Consequently, circumstances may arise in which deviations from these guidelines are appropriate�

The reader is encouraged to consult the full-text guide- line

⁹

for additional guidance and details with regard to lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) because the executive summary contains limited information�

Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA Chair, ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice

Guidelines

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Methodology and Evidence Review

The recommendations listed in this guideline are, when- ever possible, evidence based� An initial extensive evidence review, which included literature derived from research involving human subjects, published in English, and indexed in MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE,

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Re- search and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline, was conducted from January through September 2015� Key search words included but were not limited to the following: acute limb ischemia, angioplasty, ankle-brachial index, anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, atypical leg symptoms, blood pressure lowering/hypertension, bypass graft/bypass graft-

ing/surgical bypass, cilostazol, claudication/intermittent claudication, critical limb ischemia/severe limb ischemia, diabetes, diagnostic testing, endovascular therapy, ex- ercise rehabilitation/exercise therapy/exercise training/

supervised exercise, lower extremity/foot wound/ulcer, peripheral artery disease/peripheral arterial disease/

peripheral vascular disease/lower extremity arterial disease, smoking/smoking cessation, statin, stenting, and Table 1. ACC/AHA Recommendation System: Applying Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence to Clinical Strategies, Interventions, Treatments, or Diagnostic Testing in Patient Care* (Updated August 2015)

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vascular surgery� Additional relevant studies published through September 2016, during the guideline writing process, were also considered by the writing committee, and added to the evidence tables when appropriate� The final evidence tables included in the Online Data Supplement summarize the evidence utilized by the writing committee to formulate recommendations� Addition- ally, the writing committee reviewed documents related to lower extremity PAD previously published by the ACC and AHA�

^10,11

References selected and published in this document are representative and not all-inclusive�

As stated in the Preamble, the ACC/AHA guideline methodology provides for commissioning an independent ERC to address systematic review questions (PI- COTS format) to inform recommendations developed by the writing committee� All other guideline recommendations (not based on the systematic review questions) were also subjected to an extensive evidence review process� For this guideline, the writing committee in conjunction with the Task Force and ERC Chair identified the following systematic review questions: 1) Is antiplatelet therapy beneficial for prevention of cardiovascular events in the patient with symptomatic or asymptomatic lower extremity PAD? 2) What is the effect of revascularization, compared with optimal medical therapy and exercise training, on functional outcome and quality of life (QoL) among patients with claudication? Each question has been the subject of recently published, systematic evidence reviews�

^12–14

The quality of these evidence reviews was appraised by the ACC/AHA methodologist and a vendor contracted to support this process (Doctor Evidence [Santa Monica, CA])� Few substantive randomized or nonrandomized studies had been published after the end date of the literature searches used for the existing evidence reviews, so the ERC concluded that no additional systematic review was necessary to address either of these critical questions�

A third systematic review question was then identified:

3) Is one revascularization strategy (endovascular or surgical) associated with improved cardiovascular and limb- related outcomes in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI)? This question had also been the subject of a high- quality systematic review that synthesized evidence from observational data and an RCT

¹⁵

; additional RCTs ad- dressing this question are ongoing�

^16–18

The writing committee and the Task Force decided to expand the survey to include more relevant randomized and observational studies� Based on evaluation of this additional evidence the ERC decided that further systematic review was not needed to inform the writing committee on this question�

Hence, the ERC and writing committee concluded that available systematic reviews could be used to inform the development of recommendations addressing each of the 3 systematic review questions specified above�

The members of the Task Force and writing committee thank the members of the ERC that began this process

and their willingness to participate in this volunteer effort�

They include Aruna Pradhan, MD, MPH (ERC Chair); Nata- lie Evans, MD; Peter Henke, MD; Dharam J� Kumbhani, MD, SM, FACC; and Tamar Polonsky, MD�

1.2. Organization of the Writing Committee

The writing committee consisted of clinicians, including noninvasive and interventional cardiologists, exercise physiologists, internists, interventional radiologists, vascular nurses, vascular medicine specialists, and vascular surgeons, as well as clinical researchers in the field of vascular disease, a nurse (in the role of patient representative), and members with experience in epide- miology and/or health services research� The writing committee included representatives from the ACC and AHA, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pul- monary Rehabilitation, Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Nursing, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Vas- cular and Endovascular Surgery Society�

1.3. Document Review and Approval

This document was reviewed by 2 official reviewers nominated by the ACC and AHA; 1 to 2 reviewers each from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, So- ciety for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society of Interven- tional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Nursing, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Society; and 16 additional individual content reviewers� Reviewers’ RWI information was distributed to the writing committee and is published in this document (Appendix 2)�

This document was approved for publication by the governing bodies of the ACC and the AHA and endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pul- monary Rehabilitation, Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Nursing, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Vas- cular and Endovascular Surgery Society�

1.4. Scope of Guideline

Lower extremity PAD is a common cardiovascular disease that is estimated to affect approximately 8�5 million Americans above the age of 40 years and is associated

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Table 2. Definition of PAD Key Terms

Term Definition

Claudication Fatigue, discomfort, cramping, or pain of vascular origin in the muscles of the lower extremities that is consistently induced by exercise and consistently relieved by rest (within 10 min).

Acute limb ischemia (ALI)

Acute (<2 wk), severe hypoperfusion of the limb characterized by these features: pain, pallor, pulselessness, poikilothermia (cold), paresthesias, and paralysis.

One of these categories of ALI is assigned (Section 10):

I. Viable—Limb is not immediately threatened; no sensory loss; no muscle weakness; audible arterial and venous Doppler.

II. Threatened—Mild-to-moderate sensory or motor loss; inaudible arterial Doppler; audible venous Doppler; may be further divided into IIa (marginally threatened) or IIb (immediately threatened).

III. Irreversible—Major tissue loss or permanent nerve damage inevitable; profound sensory loss, anesthetic; profound muscle weakness or paralysis (rigor); inaudible arterial and venous Doppler.^21,22

Tissue loss Type of tissue loss:

Minor—nonhealing ulcer, focal gangrene with diffuse pedal ischemia.

Major—extending above transmetatarsal level; functional foot no longer salvageable.²¹ Critical limb

ischemia (CLI) A condition characterized by chronic (≥2 wk) ischemic rest pain, nonhealing wound/ulcers, or gangrene in 1 or both legs attributable to objectively proven arterial occlusive disease.

The diagnosis of CLI is a constellation of both symptoms and signs. Arterial disease can be proved objectively with ABI, TBI, TcPO₂, or skin perfusion pressure. Supplementary parameters, such as absolute ankle and toe pressures and pulse volume recordings, may also be used to assess for significant arterial occlusive disease. However, a very low ABI or TBI does not necessarily mean the patient has CLI. The term CLI implies chronicity and is to be distinguished from ALI.²³

In-line blood flow Direct arterial flow to the foot, excluding collaterals.

Functional status Patient’s ability to perform normal daily activities required to meet basic needs, fulfill usual roles, and maintain health and well-being. Walking ability is a component of functional status.

Nonviable limb Condition of extremity (or portion of extremity) in which loss of motor function, neurological function, and tissue integrity cannot be restored with treatment.

Salvageable limb Condition of extremity with potential to secure viability and preserve motor function to the weight-bearing portion of the foot if treated.

Structured exercise program

Planned program that provides individualized recommendations for type, frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise.

Program provides recommendations for exercise progression to assure that the body is consistently challenged to increase exercise intensity and levels as functional status improves over time.

There are 2 types of structured exercise program for patients with PAD:

1. Supervised exercise program

2. Structured community- or home-based exercise program Supervised exercise

program

Structured exercise program that takes place in a hospital or outpatient facility in which intermittent walking exercise is used as the treatment modality.

Program can be standalone or can be made available within a cardiac rehabilitation program.

Program is directly supervised by qualified healthcare provider(s).

Training is performed for a minimum of 30 to 45 min per session, in sessions performed at least 3 times/wk for a minimum of 12 wk.^24–34 Patients may not initially achieve these targets, and a treatment goal is to progress to these levels over time.

Training involves intermittent bouts of walking to moderate-to-maximum claudication, alternating with periods of rest.

Warm-up and cool-down periods precede and follow each session of walking.

Structured community- or home-based exercise program

Structured exercise program that takes place in the personal setting of the patient rather than in a clinical setting.^29,35–39 Program is self-directed with the guidance of healthcare providers who prescribe an exercise regimen similar to that of a

supervised program.

Patient counseling ensures that patients understand how to begin the program, how to maintain the program, and how to progress the difficulty of the walking (by increasing distance or speed).

Program may incorporate behavioral change techniques, such as health coaching and/or use of activity monitors.

(Continued )

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with significant morbidity, mortality, and QoL impair- ment�

¹⁹

It has been estimated that 202 million people worldwide have PAD�

²⁰

The purpose of this document is to provide a contemporary guideline for diagnosis and management of patients with lower extremity PAD�

This document supersedes recommendations related to lower extremity PAD in the “ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease”

¹⁰

and the “2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease�”

¹¹

The scope of this guideline is limited to atherosclerotic disease of the lower extrem- ity arteries (PAD) and includes disease of the aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, and infrapopliteal arterial segments� It does not address nonatherosclerotic causes of lower ex- tremity arterial disease, such as vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, physiological entrapment syndromes, cystic adventitial disease, and other entities� Future guidelines will address aneurysmal disease of the abdominal aorta and lower extremity arteries and diseases of the renal and mesenteric arteries�

For the purposes of this guideline, key terms associated with PAD are defined in Table 2�

2. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT FOR PAD

Evaluating the patient at increased risk of PAD (Table 3) begins with the clinical history, review of symptoms, and physical examination� The symptoms and signs of PAD are variable� Patients with PAD may experience the classic symptom of claudication or may present with advanced disease, including CLI� Studies have demonstrated that the majority of patients with confirmed PAD do not have typical claudication but have other non–joint- Table 3. Patients at Increased Risk of PAD

Age ≥65 y

Age 50–64 y, with risk factors for atherosclerosis (eg, diabetes mellitus, history of smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) or family history of PAD⁵²

Age <50 y, with diabetes mellitus and 1 additional risk factor for atherosclerosis

Individuals with known atherosclerotic disease in another vascular bed (eg, coronary, carotid, subclavian, renal, mesenteric artery stenosis, or AAA)

AAA indicates abdominal aortic aneurysm; PAD, peripheral artery disease.

Emergency versus urgent

An emergency procedure is one in which life or limb is threatened if the patient is not in the operating room or interventional suite and/or where there is time for no or very limited clinical evaluation, typically within <6 h.

An urgent procedure is one in which there may be time for a limited clinical evaluation, usually when life or limb is threatened if the patient is not in the operating room or interventional suite, typically between 6 and 24 h.

Interdisciplinary care team

A team of professionals representing different disciplines to assist in the evaluation and management of the patient with PAD.

For the care of patients with CLI, the interdisciplinary care team should include individuals who are skilled in endovascular revascularization, surgical revascularization, wound healing therapies and foot surgery, and medical evaluation and care.

Interdisciplinary care team members may include:

Vascular medical and surgical specialists (ie, vascular medicine, vascular surgery, interventional radiology, interventional cardiology)

Nurses

Orthopedic surgeons and podiatrists

Endocrinologists

Internal medicine specialists

Infectious disease specialists

Radiology and vascular imaging specialists

Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinicians

Orthotics and prosthetics specialists

Social workers

Exercise physiologists

Physical and occupational therapists

Nutritionists/dieticians Cardiovascular

ischemic events

Acute coronary syndrome (acute MI, unstable angina), stroke, or cardiovascular death.

Limb-related events Worsening claudication, new CLI, new lower extremity revascularization, or new ischemic amputation.

ABI indicates ankle-brachial index; ALI, acute limb ischemia; CLI, critical limb ischemia; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; TBI, toe-brachial index; and TcPO₂, transcutaneous oxygen pressure.

Table 2. Continued

Term Definition

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES related limb symptoms (atypical leg symptoms) or are

asymptomatic�

^40,41

Patients with PAD who have atypical leg symptoms or no symptoms may have functional impairment comparable to patients with claudication�

⁴²

The vascular examination for PAD includes pulse palpation, auscultation for femoral bruits, and inspection of the legs and feet� Lower extremity pulses are assessed and rated as follows: 0, absent; 1, diminished; 2, normal; or 3, bounding� See Table 4 for history and physical examination findings suggestive of PAD� To confirm the diagnosis of PAD, abnormal physical examination findings must be confirmed with diagnostic testing (Section 3), generally with the ankle-brachial index (ABI) as the initial test�

Patients with confirmed diagnosis of PAD are at increased risk for subclavian artery stenosis�

^43–45

An inter- arm blood pressure difference of >15 to 20 mm Hg is abnormal and suggestive of subclavian (or innominate) artery stenosis� Measuring blood pressure in both arms identifies the arm with the highest systolic pressure, a re- quirement for accurate measurement of the ABI�

⁴⁶

Iden- tification of unequal blood pressures in the arms also al- lows for more accurate measurement of blood pressure in the treatment of hypertension (ie, blood pressure is taken at the arm with higher measurements)�

See Online Data Supplements 1 and 2 for data supporting Section 2�

2.1. History and Physical Examination:

Recommendations

3. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR THE PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED LOWER EXTREMITY PAD (CLAUDICATION OR CLI): RECOMMENDATIONS

History or physical examination findings suggestive of PAD need to be confirmed with diagnostic testing� The

resting ABI is the initial diagnostic test for PAD and may be the only test required to establish the diagnosis and institute GDMT� The resting ABI is a simple, noninvasive test that is obtained by measuring systolic blood pressures at the arms (brachial arteries) and ankles (dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries) in the supine position by using a Doppler device� The ABI of each leg is calculated by divid- ing the higher of the dorsalis pedis pressure or posterior tibial pressure by the higher of the right or left arm blood pressure�

⁴⁶

Segmental lower extremity blood pressures and Doppler or plethysmographic waveforms (pulse volume recordings) are often performed along with the ABI and can be used to localize anatomic segments of disease (eg, aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, infrapopliteal)�

^22,53,54

Depending on the clinical presentation (eg, claudication or CLI) and the resting ABI values, additional physiological testing studies may be indicated, including exercise treadmill ABI testing, measurement of the toe-brachial index (TBI), and additional perfusion assessment measures (eg, transcutaneous oxygen pressure [TcPO

₂

], or skin perfusion pressure [SPP])� Exercise treadmill ABI testing is important to objectively measure functional limitations attributable to leg symptoms and is useful in establishing the diagnosis of lower extremity PAD in the symptomatic patient when resting ABIs are normal or borderline�

^54–59

The TBI is used to establish the diagnosis of PAD in the setting of non- compressible arteries (ABI >1�40) and may also be used to assess perfusion in patients with suspected CLI� Stud- ies for anatomic imaging assessment (duplex ultrasound, computed tomography angiography [CTA], or magnetic resonance angiography [MRA], invasive angiography) are generally reserved for highly symptomatic patients in whom revascularization is being considered� Depending on the modality, these studies may confer procedural risk�

See Table 5 for alternative causes of leg pain in the patient with normal ABI and physiological testing; Figure 1 for Table 4. History and/or Physical Examination Findings Suggestive of PAD

History Claudication

Other non–joint-related exertional lower extremity symptoms (not typical of claudication)

Impaired walking function Ischemic rest pain Physical Examination

Abnormal lower extremity pulse examination Vascular bruit

Nonhealing lower extremity wound Lower extremity gangrene

Other suggestive lower extremity physical findings (eg,elevation pallor/dependent rubor)

PAD indicates peripheral artery disease.

Recommendations for History and Physical Examination COR LOE Recommendations

I B-NR

Patients at increased risk of PAD (Table 3) should undergo a comprehensive medical history and a review of symptoms to assess for exertional leg symptoms, including claudication or other walking impairment, ischemic rest pain, and nonhealing wounds.40–42,47–49

I B-NR

Patients at increased risk of PAD (Table 3) should undergo vascular examination, including palpation of lower extremity pulses (ie, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial), auscultation for femoral bruits, and inspection of the legs and feet.^48,50,51

I B-NR

Patients with PAD should undergo noninvasive blood pressure measurement in both arms at least once during the initial assessment.^43–45

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the algorithm on diagnostic testing for suspected PAD and claudication; Table 6 for alternative causes of nonhealing wounds in patients without PAD; Figure 2 for the algorithm on diagnostic testing for suspected CLI; and Online Data Supplements 3 to 7 for data supporting Section 3�

3.1. Resting ABI for Diagnosing PAD

3.2. Physiological Testing

Table 5. Alternative Diagnoses for Leg Pain or Claudication With Normal Physiological Testing (Not PAD-Related)

Condition Location Characteristic Effect of

Exercise Effect of Rest Effect of Position Other Characteristics Symptomatic

Baker’s cyst

Behind knee, down calf

Swelling, tenderness

With exercise Also present at rest

None Not intermittent

Venous claudication

Entire leg, worse in calf

Tight, bursting pain After walking Subsides slowly Relief speeded by elevation

History of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis;

edema; signs of venous stasis

Chronic compartment syndrome

Calf muscles Tight, bursting pain After much exercise (jogging)

Subsides very slowly

Relief with rest Typically heavy muscled athletes

Spinal stenosis Often bilateral buttocks, posterior leg

Pain and weakness May mimic claudication

Variable relief but can take a long time to recover

Relief by lumbar spine flexion

Worse with standing and extending spine Nerve root

compression

Radiates down leg

Sharp lancinating pain

Induced by sitting, standing, or walking

Often present at rest

Improved by change in position

History of back problems;

worse with sitting;

relief when supine or sitting

Hip arthritis Lateral hip, thigh

Aching discomfort After variable degree of exercise

Not quickly relieved

Improved when not weight bearing

Symptoms variable;

history of degenerative arthritis

Foot/ankle arthritis

Ankle, foot, arch

Aching pain After variable degree of exercise

Not quickly relieved

May be relieved by not bearing weight

Symptoms variable; may be related to activity level or present at rest Modified from Norgren L et al.²³

PAD indicates peripheral artery disease.

Recommendations for Resting ABI for Diagnosing PAD COR LOE Recommendations

I B-NR

In patients with history or physical examination findings suggestive of PAD (Table 4), the resting ABI, with or without segmental pressures and waveforms, is recommended to establish the diagnosis.^60–65

I C-LD

Resting ABI results should be reported as abnormal (ABI ≤0.90), borderline (ABI 0.91–0.99), normal (1.00–1.40), or noncompressible (ABI >1.40).^46,63–66

IIa B-NR

In patients at increased risk of PAD (Table 3) but without history or physical examination findings suggestive of PAD (Table 4), measurement of the resting ABI is reasonable.41,42,67–89

III: No Benefit B-NR

In patients not at increased risk of PAD (Table 3) and without history or physical examination findings suggestive of PAD (Table 4), the ABI is not recommended.^87,90

Recommendations for Physiological Testing COR LOE Recommendations

I B-NR Toe-brachial index (TBI) should be measured to diagnose patients with suspected PAD when the ABI is greater than 1.40.^66,91–94

I B-NR

Patients with exertional non–joint-related leg symptoms and normal or borderline resting ABI (>0.90 and ≤1.40) should undergo exercise treadmill ABI testing to evaluate for PAD.^54–59

IIa B-NR

In patients with PAD and an abnormal resting ABI (≤0.90), exercise treadmill ABI testing can be useful to objectively assess functional status.^54–59

IIa B-NR

In patients with normal (1.00–1.40) or borderline (0.91–0.99) ABI in the setting of nonhealing wounds or gangrene, it is reasonable to diagnose CLI by using TBI with waveforms, TcPO₂, or SPP.^95–99

IIa B-NR

In patients with PAD with an abnormal ABI (≤0.90) or with noncompressible arteries (ABI >1.40 and TBI ≤0.70) in the setting of nonhealing wounds or gangrene, TBI with waveforms, TcPO₂, or SPP can be useful to evaluate local perfusion.^95–99

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 3.3. Imaging for Anatomic Assessment

4. SCREENING FOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC

DISEASE IN OTHER VASCULAR BEDS FOR THE PATIENT WITH PAD: RECOMMENDATIONS

See Online Data Supplement 8 for data supporting Section 4�

4.1. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

PAD has been recognized as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)� In observational studies, the prevalence of AAA (aortic diameter ≥3 cm) was higher in patients with symptomatic PAD than in the general population

^107,108

and in a population of patients with athero- sclerotic risk factors�

¹⁰⁹

The prevalence of AAA among patients with PAD increased with age, beginning in patients ≥55 years of age, and was highest in patients ≥75 years of age�

¹⁰⁷

There are no data on AAA screening in patients with asymptomatic PAD� This section refers to screening patients with symptomatic PAD for AAA� Rec- ommendations for screening the general population with risk factors for AAA (based on age, sex, smoking history, and family history) have been previously published�

¹⁰

4.2. Screening for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis in Other Arterial Beds (Coronary, Carotid, and Renal Arteries)

The prevalence of atherosclerosis in the coronary, carotid, and renal arteries is higher in patients with PAD than

in those without PAD�

^109–115

However, intensive atherosclerosis risk factor modification in patients with PAD is justified regardless of the presence of disease in other arterial beds� Thus, the only justification for screening for disease in other arterial beds is if revascularization results in a reduced risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or death, and this has never been shown� Currently, there is no evidence to demonstrate that screening all patients with PAD for asymptomatic atherosclerosis in other arterial beds improves clinical outcome� Intensive treatment of risk factors through GDMT is the principle method for preventing adverse cardiovascular ischemic events from asymptomatic disease in other arterial beds�

5. MEDICAL THERAPY FOR THE PATIENT WITH PAD: RECOMMENDATIONS

Patients with PAD should receive a comprehensive program of GDMT, including structured exercise and lifestyle modification, to reduce cardiovascular ischemic events and improve functional status� Smoking cessation is a vital component of care for patients with PAD who continue to smoke� A guideline-based program of pharmacotherapy to reduce cardiovascular ischemic events and limb-related events should be prescribed for each patient with PAD and is customized to individual risk factors, such as whether the patient also has diabetes mellitus� Pharmacotherapy for the patient with PAD includes antiplatelet and statin agents and is customized to additional risk factors, such as whether the patient also has diabetes mellitus or hypertension� Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with PAD are less likely to receive GDMT than patients with other forms of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease�

^116–118

Cilostazol is an effective medical therapy for treatment of leg symptoms and walking impairment due to claudication�

¹¹⁹

However, side effects include headache, diar- rhea, dizziness, and palpitations and in 1 trial, 20% of patients discontinued cilostazol within 3 months�

¹²⁰

See Online Data Supplements 13 to 19 for data supporting Section 5�

5.1. Antiplatelet, Statin, Antihypertensive Agents, and Oral Anticoagulation

Recommendations for Imaging for Anatomic Assessment COR LOE Recommendations

I B-NR

Duplex ultrasound, CTA, or MRA of the lower extremities is useful to diagnose anatomic location and severity of stenosis for patients with symptomatic PAD in whom revascularization is considered.^100–103

I C-EO Invasive angiography is useful for patients with CLI in whom revascularization is considered.

IIa C-EO

Invasive angiography is reasonable for patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication with an inadequate response to GDMT for whom revascularization is considered.

III:

Harm B-R

Invasive and noninvasive angiography (ie, CTA, MRA) should not be performed for the anatomic assessment of patients with asymptomatic PAD.^104–106

Recommendation for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm COR LOE Recommendation

IIa B-NR A screening duplex ultrasound for AAA is reasonable in patients with symptomatic PAD.^107–109

Recommendations for Antiplatelet, Statin, and Antihypertensive Agents

COR LOE Recommendations Antiplatelet Agents

I A

Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin alone (range 75–325 mg per day) or clopidogrel alone (75 mg per day) is recommended to reduce MI, stroke, and vascular death in patients with symptomatic PAD.^121–124

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5.2. Smoking Cessation

5.3. Glycemic Control

5.4. Cilostazol, Pentoxifylline, and Chelation Therapy

5.5. Homocysteine Lowering

5.6. Influenza Vaccination

6. STRUCTURED EXERCISE THERAPY:

RECOMMENDATIONS

Structured exercise therapy is an important element of care for the patient with PAD� Components of structured

Antiplatelet Agents (Continued)

IIa C-EO In asymptomatic patients with PAD (ABI ≤0.90), antiplatelet therapy is reasonable to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death.

IIb B-R

In asymptomatic patients with borderline ABI (0.91–0.99), the usefulness of antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death is uncertain.^67,68

IIb B-R

The effectiveness of dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with symptomatic PAD is not well established.^125,126

IIb C-LD

Dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) may be reasonable to reduce the risk of limb- related events in patients with symptomatic PAD after lower extremity revascularization.^127–130

IIb B-R

The overall clinical benefit of vorapaxar added to existing antiplatelet therapy in patients with symptomatic PAD is uncertain.^131–134 Statin Agents

I A Treatment with a statin medication is indicated for all patients with PAD.^88,135–139

Antihypertensive Agents

I A

Antihypertensive therapy should be administered to patients with hypertension and PAD to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular death.^140–144

IIa A

The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers can be effective to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with PAD.143,145,146

Oral Anticoagulation

IIb B-R

The usefulness of anticoagulation to improve patency after lower extremity autogenous vein or prosthetic bypass is uncertain.^147–149

III:

Harm A

Anticoagulation should not be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with PAD.148,150–152

Recommendations for Antiplatelet, Statin, and Antihypertensive Agents (Continued)

COR LOE Recommendations

Recommendations for Glycemic Control COR LOE Recommendations

I C-EO

Management of diabetes mellitus in the patient with PAD should be coordinated between members of the healthcare team.

IIa B-NR Glycemic control can be beneficial for patients with CLI to reduce limb-related outcomes^161,162

I B-NR

Patients with PAD should avoid exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work, at home, and in public places.^159,160

Recommendations for Smoking Cessation (Continued) COR LOE Recommendations

Recommendations for Smoking Cessation COR LOE Recommendations

I A

Patients with PAD who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco should be advised at every visit to quit.^153–155

I A

Patients with PAD who smoke cigarettes should be assisted in developing a plan for quitting that includes pharmacotherapy (ie, varenicline, bupropion, and/or nicotine replacement therapy) and/or referral to a smoking cessation program.153,156–158

Recommendations for Cilostazol, Pentoxifylline, and Chelation Therapy

COR LOE Recommendations

I A

Cilostazol is an effective therapy to improve symptoms and increase walking distance in patients with claudication.^119,163

III: No

Benefit B-R Pentoxifylline is not effective for treatment of claudication.^119,164

III: No Benefit B-R

Chelation therapy (eg,

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is not beneficial for treatment of claudication.¹⁶⁵

Recommendation for Homocysteine Lowering COR LOE Recommendation

III: No Benefit B-R

B-complex vitamin supplementation to lower homocysteine levels for prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with PAD is not recommended.^166–168

Recommendation for Influenza Vaccination COR LOE Recommendation

I C-EO Patients with PAD should have an annual influenza vaccination.

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

exercise programs for PAD are outlined in Table 7� The data supporting the efficacy of supervised exercise programs as an initial treatment for claudication continue to develop and remain convincing, building on many earlier RCTs�

28–34,36,169,170

Trials with long-term follow-up from 18 months

^25,26

to 7 years

²⁴

have demonstrated a persistent benefit of supervised exercise in patients with claudication� The risk–benefit ratio for supervised exercise in PAD is favorable, with an excellent safety profile in patients screened for absolute contraindications to

exercise such as exercise-limiting cardiovascular disease, amputation or wheelchair confinement, and other major comorbidities that would preclude exercise�

24,27,37,171–174

Studies supporting structured community- or home- based programs for patients with PAD are more recent than studies supporting supervised exercise programs and have provided strong evidence in support of the community- or home-based approach�

35,37,39,80,86,171

Unstructured community- or home-based walking programs that consist of providing general recommenda- Figure 1. Diagnostic Testing for Suspected PAD.

Colors correspond to Class of Recommendation in Table 1� ABI indicates ankle-brachial index; CLI, critical limb ischemia; CTA, computed tomography angiography; GDMT, guideline-directed management and therapy; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography;

PAD, peripheral artery disease; and TBI, toe-brachial index�

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tions to patients with claudication to simply walk more are not efficacious�

³⁸

See Online Data Supplements 32 and 33 for data supporting Section 6�

7. MINIMIZING TISSUE LOSS IN PATIENTS WITH PAD: RECOMMENDATIONS

Prevention of wounds through patient education, foot examination, and prompt recognition of foot infection is important to minimize tissue loss among patients with PAD� Education includes teaching patients about healthy foot behaviors (eg, daily inspection of feet, wearing of shoes and socks; avoidance of barefoot walking), the selection of proper footwear, and the importance of seeking medical attention for new foot problems�

¹⁷⁷

Educational efforts are especially important for patients with PAD who have diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy�

Foot infections (infection of any of the structures distal to the malleoli) may include cellulitis, abscess, fasciitis, tenosynovitis, septic joint space infection, and osteomyelitis� Because of the consequences associated with untreated foot infection—especially in the presence of PAD—clinicians should maintain a high index of suspi- cion�

¹⁷⁸

Foot infection is suspected if the patient presents with local pain or tenderness; periwound erythema;

periwound edema, induration, or fluctuance; pretibial edema; any discharge (especially purulent); foul odor;

visible bone or a wound that probes to bone; or signs of a systemic inflammatory response (including tempera- ture >38°C or <36°C, heart rate >90/min, respiratory

rate >20/min or Paco

₂

<32 mm Hg, white blood cell count

>12 000 or <4000/mcL or >10% immature forms)�

¹⁷⁹

It is recognized that the presence of diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy and PAD may make the presentation of foot infection more subtle than in patients without these problems�

See Online Data Supplement 34 for data supporting Section 7�

8. REVASCULARIZATION FOR CLAUDICATION:

RECOMMENDATIONS

A minority of patients with claudication (estimated at

<10% to 15% over 5 years or more) will progress to CLI�

^186–189

Therefore, the role of revascularization in claudication is improvement in claudication symptoms and functional status, and consequently in QoL, rather than limb salvage� Revascularization is reasonable when the patient who is being treated with GDMT (including structured exercise therapy) presents with persistent lifestyle-limiting claudication�

13,25,26,190,191

Lifestyle-limiting claudication is defined by the patient rather than by any test� It includes impairment of activities of daily living and/or vocational and/or recreational activities due to claudication� An individualized approach to revascularization for claudication is recommended for each patient to optimize outcome� Revascularization is but one component of care for the patient with claudication, inasmuch as each patient should have a customized care plan that also includes medical therapy (Section 5), structured exercise therapy (Section 6), and care to minimize tissue loss (Section 7)� If a strategy of revascularization for claudication is undertaken, the revascularization strategy should be evidence based and can include endovascular revascularization, surgery, or both�

Recommendations for Structured Exercise Therapy COR LOE Recommendations

I A

In patients with claudication, a supervised exercise program is recommended to improve functional status and QoL and to reduce leg symptoms.24–26,28–34,36,169,170

I B-R

A supervised exercise program should be discussed as a treatment option for claudication before possible revascularization.^24–26

IIa A

In patients with PAD, a structured community- or home-based exercise program with behavioral change techniques can be beneficial to improve walking ability and functional status.37,80,86,171

IIa A

In patients with claudication, alternative strategies of exercise therapy, including upper-body ergometry, cycling, and pain-free or low-intensity walking that avoids moderate- to-maximum claudication while walking, can be beneficial to improve walking ability and functional status.27,173,175,176

Recommendations for Minimizing Tissue Loss in Patients With PAD

I C-LD

Patients with PAD and diabetes mellitus should be counseled about self–foot examination and healthy foot behaviors.^177,180

I C-LD

In patients with PAD, prompt diagnosis and treatment of foot infection are recommended to avoid amputation.178,179,181–183

IIa C-LD

In patients with PAD and signs of foot infection, prompt referral to an interdisciplinary care team (Table 8) can be beneficial.178,184,185

IIa C-EO

It is reasonable to counsel patients with PAD without diabetes mellitus about self–foot examination and healthy foot behaviors.

IIa C-EO

Biannual foot examination by a clinician is reasonable for patients with PAD and diabetes mellitus.

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CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

Due to the variability of ischemic limb symptoms and impact of these symptoms on functional status and QoL, patients should be selected for revascularization on the basis of severity of their symptoms� Factors to consider include a significant disability as assessed by the patient, adequacy of response to medical and structured exercise therapy, status of comorbid conditions, and a favorable risk–benefit ratio� Patient preferences and goals of care are important considerations in the evaluation for revascularization� The revascularization strategy should have a reasonable likelihood of provid-

ing durable relief of symptoms� There should be clear discussion with the patient about expected risks and benefits of revascularization, as well as discussion of the durability of proposed procedures� A general recommendation for revascularization as a treatment option for claudication is provided below followed by specific recommendations for endovascular (Section 8�1�1) and surgical (Section 8�1�2) procedures if a revascularization strategy is undertaken�

See Online Data Supplements 35 to 38 for data supporting Section 8�

Table 6. Alternative Diagnoses for Nonhealing Wounds With Normal Physiological Testing (Not PAD-Related)

Condition Location Characteristics and Causes

Venous ulcer Distal leg, especially above medial mellolus

Develops in regions of skin changes due to chronic venous disease and local venous hypertension Typically wet (ie, wound drainage) rather than dry lesion

Distal small arterial occlusion (microangiopathy)

Toes, foot, leg End-stage renal disease

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s) Sickle-cell anemia

Vasculitis (eg, Churg-Strauss, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa)

Scleroderma Cryoagglutination

Embolic (eg, cholesterol emboli, thromboemboli, endocarditis)

Thrombotic (eg, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Sneddon’s syndrome, warfarin skin necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, livedoid vasculitis, protein C or S deficiency, prolonged vasospasm)

Local injury Toes, foot, leg Trauma

Insect or animal bite Burn

Medication related Toes, foot, leg Drug reactions (eg, erythema multiforme)

Medication direct toxicity (eg, doxorubicin, hydroxyurea, some tyrosine kinase inhibitors) Neuropathic Pressure zones of

foot

Hyperkeratosis surrounds the ulcer Diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy without diabetes mellitus Leprosy

Autoimmune injury Toes, foot, leg With blisters (eg, pemphigoid, pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa) Without blisters (eg, dermatomyositis, lupus, scleroderma) Infection Toes, foot, leg Bacterial (eg, pseudomonas, necrotizing streptococcus)

Fungal (eg, blastomycosis, Madura foot, chromomycosis) Mycobacterial

Parasitic (eg, Chagas, leishmaniasis) Viral (eg, herpes)

Malignancy Toes, foot, leg Primary skin malignancy Metastatic malignancy

Malignant transformation of ulcer Inflammatory Toes, foot, leg Necrobiosis lipoidica

Pyoderma gangrenosum Granuloma annulare PAD indicates peripheral artery disease.

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8.1. Revascularization for Claudication

8.1.1. Endovascular Revascularization for Claudication Endovascular techniques to treat claudication include balloon dilation (angioplasty), stents, and atherectomy�

These techniques continue to involve and now include

covered stents, drug-eluting stents, cutting balloons, and drug-coated balloons� The technique chosen for endovascular treatment is related to lesion characteristics (eg, anatomic location, lesion length, degree of calcification) and operator experience� Assessment of the appropriateness of specific endovascular techniques for specific lesions for the treatment of claudication is beyond the scope of this document�

Revascularization is performed on lesions that are deemed to be hemodynamically significant, and stenoses selected for endovascular treatment should have a reasonable likelihood of limiting perfusion to the distal limb� Stenoses of 50% to 75% diameter by Figure 2. Diagnostic Testing for Suspected CLI.

Colors correspond to Class of Recommendation in Table 1� *Order based on expert consensus� †TBI with waveforms, if not already performed� ABI indicates ankle-brachial index; CLI, critical limb ischemia; CTA, computed tomography angiography; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; TcPO₂, transcutaneous oxygen pressure; and TBI, toe-brachial index�

Recommendation for Revascularization for Claudication COR LOE Recommendation

IIa A

Revascularization is a reasonable treatment option for the patient with lifestyle-limiting claudication with an inadequate response to GDMT.13,25,26,190,191

(16)

CLINIC AL ST ATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES angiography may not be hemodynamically significant,

and resting or provoked intravascular pressure measurements may be used to determine whether lesions are significant�

^192,193

Multiple RCTs have compared endovascular procedures to various combinations of medical treatment with or without supervised or unsu- pervised exercise programs�

13,25,26,190,191,194–206

These trials have used different endpoints and enrolled patients with anatomic disease distribution at different levels� Long-term patency is greater in the aortoiliac than in the femoropopliteal segment� Furthermore, for femoropopliteal disease, durability is diminished with greater lesion length, occlusion rather than stenosis, the presence of multiple and diffuse lesions, poor-quality runoff, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and smoking�

^207–210

8.1.2. Surgical Revascularization for Claudication

Systematic reviews have concluded that surgical pro- cedures are an effective treatment for claudication and have a positive impact on QoL and walking pa- rameters but have identified sparse evidence support- ing the effectiveness of surgery compared with other treatments�

12,191,217,218

Although symptom and patency outcomes for surgical interventions may be superior to those for less invasive endovascular treatments, surgical interventions are also associated with greater risk of adverse perioperative events

^219–225

Treatment selection should therefore be individualized on the basis of the patient’s goals, perioperative risk, and anticipated benefit� Surgical procedures for claudication are usually reserved for individuals who a) do not derive adequate benefit from nonsurgical therapy, b) have arterial anatomy favorable to obtaining a durable result with surgery, and

c) have acceptable risk of perioperative adverse events�

Acceptable risk is defined by the individual patient and provider on the basis of symptom severity, comorbid conditions, and appropriate GDMT risk evaluation�

The superficial femoral and proximal popliteal ar- teries are the most common anatomic sites of steno- sis or occlusion among individuals with claudication�

Femoral-popliteal bypass is therefore one of the most common surgical procedures for claudication� The type of conduit and site of popliteal artery anastomo- sis (above versus below knee) are major determinants of outcomes associated with femoral-popliteal bypass�

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have identified a clear and consistent primary patency benefit for autogenous vein versus prosthetic grafts for popliteal artery bypass�

^226,227

9. MANAGEMENT OF CLI: RECOMMENDATIONS

Patients with CLI are at increased risk of amputation and major cardiovascular ischemic events� Care of the patient with CLI includes evaluation for revascularization and wound healing therapies, with the objective to minimize tissue loss, completely heal wounds, and preserve a functional foot� Medical therapy to prevent cardiovascular ischemic events is also an important component of care for the patient with CLI (Section 5)�

See Online Data Supplements 39 and 40 for data sup- porting Section 9�

9.1. Revascularization for CLI

The goal of surgical or endovascular revascularization in CLI is to provide in-line blood flow to the foot through at least 1 patent artery, which will help decrease ischemic

Recommendations for Endovascular Revascularization for

Claudication

I A

Endovascular procedures are effective as a revascularization option for patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication and hemodynamically significant aortoiliac occlusive disease.13,25,26,190,194,196,201

IIa B-R

Endovascular procedures are reasonable as a revascularization option for patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication and hemodynamically significant femoropopliteal disease.190,197–200,205,206

IIb C-LD

The usefulness of endovascular procedures as a revascularization option for patients with claudication due to isolated infrapopliteal artery disease is unknown.^211–213

III:

Harm B-NR

Endovascular procedures should not be performed in patients with PAD solely to prevent progression to CLI.186–189,214–216

Recommendations for Surgical Revascularization for Claudication

COR LOE Recommendations

I A

When surgical revascularization is performed, bypass to the popliteal artery with autogenous vein is recommended in preference to prosthetic graft material.^226–234

IIa B-NR

Surgical procedures are reasonable as a revascularization option for patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication with inadequate response to GDMT, acceptable perioperative risk, and technical factors suggesting advantages over endovascular procedures.190,230,235–237

III:

Harm B-R

Femoral-tibial artery bypasses with prosthetic graft material should not be used for the treatment of claudication.^238–240 III:

Harm B-NR

Surgical procedures should not be performed in patients with PAD solely to prevent progression to CLI.186–189,241

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pain and allow healing of any wounds, while preserving a functional limb� The BASIL (Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischemia of the Leg) RCT

^242,243

demonstrated that endovascular revascularization is an effective option for patients with CLI as compared with open surgery�

The primary endpoint of amputation-free survival was the same in the endovascular and surgical arms� Of note, the endovascular arm used only percutaneous translumi- nal angioplasty�

^242,243

Multiple RCTs comparing contemporary surgical and endovascular treatment for patients with CLI are ongoing�

^16–18

Table 9 addresses factors that may prompt an endovascular versus surgical approach to the patient with CLI�

The angiosome concept has been described in the lit- erature and entails establishing direct blood flow to the infrapopliteal artery directly responsible for perfusing the region of the leg or foot wi