Title: Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking
BOOK
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking, Second Edition by Christopher J. Biermann
1996, 732 pages, 7" x 10 1/4" hard cover Order Number: 08APESS
ISBN: 0-12-097362-6
This second edition replaces the book...Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking. This textbook will be useful to students and papermakers alike as it emphasizes the principles of pulp and paper processes. In addition, it is also valuable as a comprehensive guide to current pulp and paper literature. The text includes information on key areas of paper chemistry and optical properties, wood and fiber anatomy, paper use, and processing equipment, including a useful pump troubleshooting guide. The first eleven chapters provide an introduction to the entire mill, while the rest of the book provides details on topics relating to the production and use of paper.
This book is not to be confused with the "Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists" ( "The Smook Book").
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition x
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xiii
List of Color Plates xv
1 Introduction and the Literature
1.1 Introduction to Papermaking 1
1.2 Introduction to the Literature 3
1.3 Abstract Indices 6
1.4 Technical and Trade Journals 6
1.5 Reference Books 8
Page 2 of 14
1.6 Textbooks 8
1.7 Chemistry References 10
1.8 Other References 10
1.9 Annotated Bibliography 10
Exercises 11
2 Wood and Fiber Fundamentals
2.1 Wood and Bark 13
2.2 Wood Chips and Sawdust 21
2.3 Wood Chip Preparation and Handling
at the Pulp Mill 22
2.4 Solid Wood Measurement 30
2.5 Wood Chip Measurement 31
2.6 Wood Chemistry 32
2.7 Wood and Fiber Physics 40
2.8 Properties of Selected Wood Species 42 2.9 Nonwood and Recycled Fiber Considerations 42
2.10 Annotated Bibliography 50
Exercises 53
3 Pulping Fundamentals
3.1 Introduction to Pulping 55
3.2 Mechanical Pulping 62
3.3 Chemi-mechanical Pulping 69
3.4 Related Pulping Methods 70
3.5 Semi-Chemical Pulping 71
3.6 General Chemical Pulping 72
3.7 Soda Pulping 86
3.8 Kraft Pulping 86
3.9 Sulfite Pulping 91
3.10 Other Pulping Methods 96
3.11 Market Pulp 97
3.12 Annotated Bibliography 97
Exercises 100
4 Kraft Spent Liquor Recovery
4.1 Chemical Recovery 101
4.2 Pulp Washing 101
4.3 Liquor Evaporation 103
4.4 Recovery Boiler 107
4.5 Cooking Liquor Regeneration - The
Causticizing Process 112
4.6 Annotated Bibliography 118
Exercises 121
5 Pulp Bleaching
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Bleaching Mechanical Pulps 123
5.3 Measurement of Lignin Content 124
5.4 Bleaching Chemical Pulps 127
5.5 Annotated Bibliography 134
Exercises 136
6 Refining and Pulp Characterization
6.1 Introduction to Refining 137
6.2 Refining 142
6.3 Pulp Characterization 149
6.4 Pulp Properties versus Performance 153
6.5 Annotated Bibliography 154
Exercises 157
Page 4 of 14 7 Paper and its Properties
7.1 Introduction 158
7.2 General Grades of Paper 158
7.3 Specific Types of Paper 160
7.4 Basic Paper Properties 163
7.5 Physical Properties of Paper 165
7.6 Mechanical Properties of Paper 174
7.7 Chemical Analysis of Paper 182
7.8 Basic Optical Tests of Paper 185
7.9 Sheet Splitting of Paper 187
7.10 Annotated Bibliography 188
Exercises 189
8 Stock Preparation and Additives for Papermaking
8.1 Introduction 190
8.2 Fiber Preparation and Approach 191
8.3 Raw Materials 193
8.4 Functional Additives 194
8.5 Control Additives 201
8.6 Wet End Chemistry 205
8.7 Annotated Bibliography 206
Exercises 208
9 Paper Manufacture
9.1 Introduction 209
9.2 The Paper Machine 209
9.3 The Headbox 211
9.4 The Foundrinier Wet End 214
9.5 Twin Wire Formers 230
9.6 The Cylinder Machine 234
9.7 The Press Section 235
9.8 The Dryer Section 235
9.9 Post Drying Operations 245
9.10 Paper Machine Broke System 251
9.11 Conversion 252
9.12 Coating 254
9.13 Annotated Bibliography 258
Exercises 262
10 Fiber from Recycled Paper
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 Recycled Fiber Preparation 263
10.3 Recycled Fiber Recovery 266
10.4 Annotated Bibliography 279
Exercises 282
11 Environmental Impact
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 Water Pollution 284
11.3 Water Quality Tests 285
11.4 Aqueous Effluent Treatments 287
11.5 Air Pollution 290
11.6 Air Quality Tests and Control 290
11.7 Solid Waste Disposal 293
11.8 U.S. Regulations 294
11.9 Annotated Bibliography 295
Exercises 296
12 Metric and English Units and Unit Analysis
Page 6 of 14
12.1 Metric Units 297
12.2 English and Metric Units 297
12.3 Unit Analysis 308
Exercises 311
13 Introductory Chemistry Review
13.1 The Elements 312
13.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonds 314
13.3 Hydrogen Bonding 315
13.4 The Mole and Mass Percentage 316
13.5 Equivalency, Molarity, and Normality 317
13.6 Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale 318
13.7 The Law of Mass Action 323
13.8 Solubility Products 324
13.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 326
13.10 Electrochemistry 327
13.11 Practical Aspects of Electrochemistry 330
13.12 Properties of Gases 331
13.13 Annotated Bibliography 333
Exercises 333
14 Analytical and Coordinate Chemistry
14.1 Strong Acid - Strong Base Titrations 335 14.2 pH Properties of Weak Acid - Conjugate Base Pairs 336
14.3 pH Indicators 337
14.4 Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base or
Weak Base with a Strong Acid 338
14.5 Reduction-Oxidation Titrations 339
14.6 Colorimetric Analysis 342
14.7 Coordinate Chemistry 343
14.8 Miscellaneous Considerations 346
14.9 Annotated Bibliography 346
Exercises 347
15 Calculations of Wood, Paper, and Other Materials
15.1 Wood Moisture Content and Density 348
15.2 Pulpwood Measurement 351
15.3 Tensile Strength and Breaking Length of Materials 352
15.4 Paper Properties 354
Exercises 357
16 Pulping Calculations
16.1 General Chemical Pulping Definitions 359 16.2 Kraft Liquor - Chemical Calculations 359 16.3 Kraft Liquor - Chemical Analysis 363 16.4 Specific Gravity and Viscosity of Kraft Liquors 367
16.5 Importance of Black Liquor pH 368
16.6 Kraft H-Factor and Other Process Control Equations 368
16.7 Sulfite Liquor Calculations 372
16.8 Sulfite Liquor Analysis 375
16.9 The Chemistry of Sulfur 376
16.10 Calcining Equations 377
16.11 Annotated Bibliography 377
Exercises 378
17 Bleaching and Pulp Properties Calculations
17.1 Dilution Water Calculations 379
17.2 Chlorine Bleaching 379
17.3 Chlorine Dioxide 381
17.4 Chemical Analysis of Bleaching Liquors and
Page 8 of 14
Chlorine Equivalency 381
17.5 CSF Correction Equations 385
17.6 Computer Simulation of Fiber Cleaning Systems 385
17.7 Paper Machine Calculations 386
17.8 Properties of Dilute Pulp Slurries, Flocculation 390
17.9 Strength of Wet Fiber Mats 390
17.10 Fiber Physics 392
17.11 Annotated Bibliography 392
Exercises 393
18 Polymer Chemistry
18.1 Introduction and Types of Polymers 395
18.2 Addition Polymers 396
18.3 Condensation Polymers 398
18.4 Molecular Weights of Polymers 399
Exercises 410
19 Carbohydrate Chemistry
19.1 Introduction 403
19.2 Nomenclature 403
19.3 Forms of Monosaccharides 403
19.4 Selected Reactions of Carbohydrates 406
Exercises 410
20 Total Quality Management
20.1 Introduction to TQM and SPC 411
20.2 Statistical Process (Quality) Control, SPC, SQC 413 20.3 Statistical Process Control Tools 415
20.4 Implementing TQC and SPC 417
20.5 Miscellaneous Topics 418
20.6 Equations 419
20.7 Annotated Bibliography 419
Exercises 419
Appendix - Generating Random Data with a
Normal Distribution 420
21 Colloid and Surface Chemistry
21.1 Introduction 421
21.2 Colloid Chemistry 421
21.3 Polyelectrolytes 429
21.4 Surface Tension and Sizing 429
21.5 Surfactants 431
21.6 Foam 434
21.7 Emulsions 435
21.8 Light Scattering by Colloids 435
21.9 Annotated Bibliography 436
Exercises 437
Appendix 437
22 Papermaking Chemistry
22.1 Introduction 438
22.2 Polymeric Additives 440
22.3 Colloid Chemistry 442
22.4 Retention, Formation, and Drainage 443
22.5 Internal Sizing 449
22.6 Wet and Dry Strength 451
22.7 Monitoring Wet End Chemistry 453
22.8 Papermaking Chemistry Control 457
22.9 Other Considerations 458
Page 10 of 14
22.10 Annotated Bibliography 459
Exercises 462
23 Printing and the Graphic Arts
23.1 Introduction 463
23.2 Letterpress 464
23.3 Lithography 464
23.4 Gravure 467
23.5 Screen Printing 468
23.6 Other Printing Methods 468
23.7 Halftone Printing 469
23.8 Color Printing 470
23.9 Common Aspects of Printing 473
23.10 Ink and Ink Application 473
23.11 Paper Properties and Printing 475
23.12 Specific Products 477
23.13 Computers and Printing 478
23.14 Bindery Operations 480
23.15 Annotated Bibliography 483
Exercises 486
Appendix 486
24 Optical Properties of paper
24.1 Introduction 487
24.2 Behavior of Light Rays 488
24.3 Color 489
24.4 Tristimulus Systems 494
24.5 Blackbody Radiation and Other Light Sources 500
24.6 Kubelka - Munk Theory 502
24.7 Annotated Bibliography 508
Exercises 512
Appendix 513
25 Wood and Fiber - Growth and Anatomy
25.1 Introduction 516
25.2 Sample Preparation for Identification or Microscopy 529
25.3 Wood Variation 532
25.4 Silviculture and Wood Quality 534
25.5 Annotated Bibliography 537
Exercises 540
26 Softwood Anatomy
26.1 Gross Anatomy of Softwoods 541
26.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Softwoods 543
26.3 Anatomy of Softwood Species 549
26.4 Non-AMerican Species 581
27 Hardwood Anatomy
27.1 Gross Anatomy of Hardwoods 583
27.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Hardwoods 586
27.3 Anatomy of Hardwood Species 589
28 Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification
28.1 Fiber Analysis 628
28.2 Softwood Fiber 629
28.3 Hardwood Fiber 631
29 Nonwood Fiber Use in Pulp and Paper
29.1 Introduction 633
29.2 Pulping Methods for Nonwood Fibers 635 29.3 Considerations for Nonwood Fiber Use 637
Page 12 of 14
29.4 Other Fiber Types 639
29.5 Annotated Bibliography 639
30 Hydraulics
30.1 Flow of Liquids 641
30.2 Pump Basics 641
30.3 Positive Displacement Pumps 642
30.4 Centrifugal (Dynamic) Pumps 644
30.5 Valves 648
30.6 Hydraulic Power Systems 655
30.7 Troubleshooting Hydraulic Power Systems 659
30.8 Annotated Bibliography 660
31 Process Control
31.1 Introduction 663
31.2 Sensors 663
31.3 Temperature Sensors 664
31.4 Mechanical Sensors 665
31.5 Controllers 668
31.6 Actuators 670
31.7 Annotated Bibliography 670
32 Corrugated Containers
32.1 Introduction 671
32.2 Manufacture 672
32.3 Test Methods 674
32.4 Annotated Bibliography 676
33 Miscellaneous Topics
33.1 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Water from
0 to 100 Degrees Celcius 678
33.2 Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 280 degrees Celcius 679
33.3 Properties of Air and Water 680
33.4 Water Conditioning 680
33.5 Boiler Feedwater Treatment 683
33.6 Corrosion 685
33.7 Safety Practices for Hazardous Chemicals 686
33.8 Transportation Safety 687
33.9 Operations Management 690
33.10 Process Simulation 690
33.11 Superabsorbency 692
33.12 Bearings 692
33.13 Electric Circuit Symbols 694
33.14 Annotated Bibliography 694
Appendix 697
34 Updates and Bibliography
34.1 General Pulp and Paper 698
34.2 Wood 699
34.3 Roundwood Properties 700
34.4 Wood Chemistry 701
34.5 Recycling and Secondary Fiber 702
34.6 Properties of Pulps 705
34.7 Mechanical Pulping 705
34.8 Chemical Pulping 706
34.9 Kraft Recovery 707
34.10 Bleaching 709
34.11 Fiber Physics and Preparation 710
34.12 Papermaking 712
Page 14 of 14
34.13 Paper 713
34.14 Coating and Converting 713
34.15 Flexible Packaging 716
34.16 Environmental 716
34.17 Miscellaneous Topics 717
34.18 Testing Methods 718
Answers to Selected Problems 721
Author Index 733
Subject Index 741
