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PERSPEKTIF
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/perspective
Hipocracy in the Performance of State Civil Apparatus and Public Services in Mojokerto District/City: New Public Services (NPS)
Perspective
Ammaya Sabilah* & Tri Sulistyaningsih
Department of Government Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
Received: 2 May 2023; Reviewed: 18 June 2023; Accepted: 24 June 2023
Abstract
The bureaucratic problem that pervades becomes a pathology that weakens existence as well as fosters a negative stigma against ingrained government bureaucracy where bureaucracy is considered a disease (bureaupathology). In addition, the current bureaucracy tends to be patrimonialistic, which is no longer effective and efficient (over consuming and under producing). Every country or even an agency in local government in Indonesia is still very difficult to avoid various kinds of problems in the administration of the bureaucracy, especially related to acts of corruption. Therefore this research was conducted to explain the impact of hypocracy on the performance of apparatus and public services in Mojokerto Regency/City.
This research was studied using qualitative methods through literature study through various sources such as journals, official websites, laws, and books related to related topics and subjects. The results of this study are that bureaucratic diseases such as corruption greatly affect the performance of the apparatus in providing services to the public. So, the low quality of the bureaucracy due to bureaucratic pathology (hipocracy) can reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of the apparatus in providing services to the public, therefore the New Public Service perspective is very important to be implemented and used as a guide for bureaucratic reform or reform.
Keywords: Hippocracy; Civil servant performance; Public service; New Public Services.
How to Cite: Sabilah, A., & Sulistyaningsih, T., (2023), Hipocracy in the Performance of State Civil Apparatus and Public Services in Mojokerto District/City: New Public Services (NPS) Perspective, PERSPEKTIF, 12 (3): 896-903
*Corresponding authors:
E-mail: ammayasabilah17@gmail.com ISSN2549-1660 (Print)
ISSN 2550-1305 (Online)
INTRODUCTION
Bureaucrats are actors who sit in bureaucratic chairs. During their term of office, they have their respective roles, duties and functions. In general, the role and function of a bureaucrat is to serve the public, namely society, as well as possible with due regard to effectiveness and efficiency, which of course is directed at strengthening the existence of good governance in Indonesia. As part of the State Apartur which is responsible for running the government, Civil Servants (PNS) must meet the demands of carrying out their duties, uphold the dignity and image of the staff, and improve the mental attitude of work discipline and motivation in order to become employees who are reliable, professional and moral (Bankova, 2018). To increase the effectiveness of this performance, several indicators that must be improved by civil servants are the implementation of work discipline by complying with regulations that should show a sense of responsibility in completing work, and increasing efficient work productivity. PNS disciplinary regulations are needed as a guideline for enforcing discipline and ensuring the smooth implementation of tasks to achieve better productivity through a career system and work performance system.
To improve the discipline of civil servants, the government has issued severalregulations regarding civil servant discipline, such as Government Regulation No.
11 of 1952 concerning Service Penalties(PR Indonesia, 1952), Government Regulation No.6 of 1974 concerning Restrictions on the Activities of Civil Servants in Private Businesses (PR Indonesia, 1974), and the most recent is Government Regulation No. 53 of 2010 concerning Civil Servant Discipline (PR Indonesia, 2010). This Civil Servant Discipline Regulation aims to regulate obligations, prohibitions, and sanctions for civil servants who do not comply with the regulations.
However, even though this regulation was enacted to educate and foster civil servants, there were still many violations of discipline at work and a lack of sense of responsibility towards their work. Therefore, regulations issued by the government are not effective in suppressing disciplinary violations committed by civil servants.
Whatever the form, ethics should be attached in any form. This is absolutely necessary because democracy that ignores ethics can lead to inconsistencies and
undermine public trust (Santoso & Dewi, 2019).
Therefore, upholding ethics in democracy is a must. Democratic ethics require priority to the interests of the people or the public interest rather than personal interests. In fact, democracy is not only a concept about government or state. But more than that, it (democracy) is a political system in which power is in the hands of the majority of the people and is exercised by representatives who are elected by them.
Recently heard gusts of disappointing news published by the news in the information media. The news stated that corruption cases in the Mojokerto area, East Java continued to occur and even increased. Various corruption cases involving government officials and regional rulers have been uncovered. However, no firm action has been taken to address this issue. Some of them are cases of bribery, budget abuse, and fictitious projects that are detrimental to the state and society. Corruption crimes in Mojokerto Raya need to be dealt with firmly so as not to damage the government system and harm the people. Reflecting on the news, it indicates that there is a crisis of moral ethics for those in power in Mojokerto.
The main reason why ethics in public services needs attention is because of the problem of corruption(Hasanah, nd). The phenomenon of corruption has made public services misdirected, wasteful, and even thwarted welfare programs. According to the 2022 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) survey conducted by Transparency International, Indonesia ranks 104th out of 180 countries worldwide. At the regional level, Indonesia is ranked fifth as the most corrupt country in Southeast Asia. CPI 2022 shows a score of 35 for Indonesia, that there is a serious problem in terms of corruption in Indonesia. This score is lower than the world average which is at 43. It is clear in the report, Transparency International highlights that corruption is still rampant in Indonesia, and concrete action needs to be taken to fight corruption in this country. Therefore,
Public services so far are still considered far from expectations. When we interact or deal with bureaucracy, service users often face uncertainty. Because of this, many residents choose to use the services of intermediaries to manage their interests with the service bureaucracy (Jafar et al., 2020). This happens because many people's needs are not met while the services provided do not provide certainty.
On the same side, the services of brokers or extortion are a form of deviation in public services, which is called "maladministration".
Maladministration occurs when official decisions are made in an unlawful, arbitrary and unreasonable manner without proper justification, or are carried out in a corrupt manner (Martinis, n.d.).
Often non-compliance with service administration standards occurs, to ensure compliance with ethical standards, it is necessary not only clear and effective legislation. But it also needs proper control. As forThe law that regulates Minimum Service Standards (SPM) for Public Services in Indonesia is Law No. 25 of 2009 (R. Indonesia, 2009) the baims to improve the quality and satisfaction of the public with public services and improve good and clean governance.
(Rais, 1999) Corruption has become a very vulnerable problem. And ironically, the views of the Indonesian people towards corruption are still very primitive. It is possible to mitigate corruption risks by implementing a series of measures to reduce the likelihood of corruption occurring or to reduce its impact. So that the improvement of the bureaucracy is a very important requirement to achieve better governance. Bureaucratic reform at the regional level is focused on implementing decentralization policies to meet the needs of the people and local communities (Danar et al., 2020). Nonetheless, the implementation of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia has yet to reach the set targets, and evaluation is needed to identify the problems faced and opportunities for the future.
In writing this research article is inseparable from the findings made by previous researchers. Research conducted by(Hamirul, 2020)has provided a clear understanding of the portrait of bureaucratic pathology in the office of the national agrarian and spatial planning agency (bpn-atr), Cimahi City. Then research that provides knowledge of the performance of state civil servants in public services in the Maladum Mes District, Sorong City, was carried out by (Abd Kadir et al., 2022) and then research conducted by(Junus, 2017)which discusses the problem of bureaucratic pathology (hipocracy) and its treatment. For this reason, this research will complement the results of research on hypocracy in the performance of state civil servants and public services in Mojokerto districts/cities which are
analyzed through the New Public Services (NPS) perspective as a differentiator from previous studies.
For this reason, this study aims to analyze this perspective to see the hypocracy that exists in the performance of the state civil apparatus and public services in the Regency/City of Mojokerto.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research was studied using qualitative methods. The qualitative method in this study was carried out through literature study through various sources such as journals, official websites, laws, and books related to related topics and subjects. This method is carried out in depth using the lens of bureaucratic problems and their impact on the performance of the state apparatus which is further strengthened by data which is then studied in a descriptive analysis so that conclusions can be drawn on the problems being studied. Qualitative research is a study that describes events that occur in research subjects from various points of view, for example actors, perceptions, motivations (Fiantika, 2022).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bureaucratic Problems and Public Services in the District/City of Mojokerto
Public service is a basis for the form of the government's main performance as a stakeholder in protecting and also the welfare of its people, namely by providing what has become their hopes and aspirations, especially in the field of service. Every scope of government from the highest to the lowest ranks will, of course, make every effort to coordinate and collaborate within the scope of its work context in order to realize satisfaction with public services such as in the City/Regency of Mojokerto (Muhaimin et al., 2022).
Mojokerto is a big city where this has consequences for the greater the responsibility of the government in carrying out the political process which will be able to meet service standards and a government output that is in line with the aspirations of its citizens.
These efforts were mainly carried out through reforms of the Mojokerto bureaucratic bodies such as court reform, reform of the performance of the Mojokerto Regency/City KPU, public service reform through the presence of the Public Service Mall (MPP), as
well as bureaucratic reform by simplifying the organizational structure of positions -position of a government agency in Mojokerto (Suwarni et al., 2022). This shows that there is preparation for the acceleration of the health of the bureaucracy in the Mojokerto district/city.
However, it is necessary to pay attention again regarding whether the actions taken by the government have a good impact on society or vice versa, because the success of a bureaucracy is influenced by the impact felt by its people, not only in the context of systemic change.
Based on data from the Mojokerto City Public Compliance Report Card, there has been an increase in public service standards in Mojokerto, which from 2021 was 58.40 while in 2022 it was 63.67, which means an increase of around 5.27%. This of course becomes a joy for the community for the ease of service and for the government for the successful achievement of bureaucratic reform. However, this does not mean that upgrading is capable of eliminating the 'red note' in Mojokerto's reform record.
How could it not be, the bureaucracy as the engine of public service reform turns out to be a source of disease that spreads to the body of the government machine. Based on report data (Sugiharti & Ramdan, 2019).
Bureaucratic Pathology Using Hipocracy Theory Analysis in Mojokerto District/City
A problem of democracy seems to have become a thing that engulfs the face of the government machine. Corruption is the 'black ink' that the octopus always emits to blind people from their humanist qualities as well as their responsibilities as stakeholders for the lives of many people. Lots of terms are used to describe the condition of the Indonesian bureaucracy, but in this study the term hypocracy will be taken to describe the problems of a bureaucracy. Taking it from the word 'hypo' which means decline or decline and 'cracy' which means a bureaucracy because it is a part of the word quote from the term bureaucracy. According to(Junus, 2017)This state of bureaucracy can be said to be a condition where the function of a bureaucracy declines as a result of events or events that have a bad connotation that continuously occur, which is more commonly referred to as a 'pathology'. In the Hipocracy theory, Bureaucratic Pathology is categorized into 5 groups including:
1. Pathology due to the perception and managerial style of bureaucratic officials
2. Pathology due to the low quality of Human Resources in the state machine
3. Pathology due to the actions of bureaucrats who violate the norms, laws and regulations that apply
4. Pathology which is further manifested through bad or dysfunctional behavior 5. Pathology due to the internal situation in
the bodies of the state bureaucracy (Junus, 2017)
Based on the theory of decreasing effectiveness of the bureaucracy, there will be many causes that can trigger hypocracy in every government bureaucracy. With this, Mojokerto can be said to be experiencing hypocracy, especially with regard to points 3 and 4, namely a pathology due to bureaucrats who oppose the norms, laws and regulations that apply and pathology that is manifested in bad or dysfunctional behavior. The relevance of this theory as well as the conditions in Mojokerto can be seen through the high number of corruption cases in Mojokerto.
Crime which is often referred to as White Collar Crime or white collar crime, namely officials and bureaucrats, does not stop but instead gets worse (Crimen et al., 2020). Such as:
1. Based onSupreme Court decision number 5754K/Pid.Sus/2022 dated 6 October 2022(MAR Indonesia, 2022)it was noted that the Head of the Mojokerto City Agriculture Service, namely Suliestyawati (now the former head of the agriculture office).) commit corruption in shallow groundwater irrigation projects or shallow wells amounting to. In the process, this project has a contract value of IDR 3,709,596,000 originating from the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for Agriculture from the 2016 APBN.
2. Corruption for the rehabilitation of the Gajah Mada bridge in 2021. This corruption was carried out by the Mojokerto Mayor's cousin, namely Ika Puspitasari, then Miza Fahlevy, Sulaiman as Director of CV Rahmad Surya Mandiri, Ardyansah, and Aminudin Jabir. The corruption project funded by a corporate social responsibility (CSR) state-owned bank that wants to beautify the Gajah Mada Bridge has cost the state Rp. 252 million.
3. In 2018 there were also cases that caught a lot of public attention. How could it not be, this case dragged 6 Mojokerto Regency Government officials into the tower licensing case where the corruption value
reached Rp. 4.4 billion from the telecommunications tower project. Non- active district head Mustafa Kamal became the mastermind of the licensing corruption case. Perpetrators set the licensing price (illegal way) per 1 tower is 200-170 million with a total of 19 towers.
4. The corruption that was quite shocking was from the village heads and also the village secretary, as happened in Dukungharjo Village, where they committed corruption in village financial funds (APBDes) which caused losses to the state of up to Rp.
712,000,000
5. Still surrounding the village head, in 2022 it was revealed that the next corruption case was carried out by the Dlanggu Village Head (now the former village head) in the construction of the Dlanggu Tourism Village Market. In addition to corruption, the village head's actions were also against the law because he built on village treasury land which has the status of green land.
From this action, a state loss of Rp.
797,774,000 which comes from village and local regional finance detik.com (Eko Budianto, n.d.).
Corruption cases in Mojokerto are said to increase every year. Judging from the value of MCP (Monitoring Control for Prevention) which has increased every year. MPC itself is an official system developed by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) to monitor performance achievements, corruption prevention programs, through improving governance implemented by all local governments in Indonesia. Based on this data, the MCP for Mojokerto City in 2022 is at 95.51.
This value has increased, when compared to previous years, namely 90, 68 (2021) and 83.91 (2020). In terms of the several corruption cases above, officials, bureaucrats and actors in the bureaucracy are the highest contributors to corruption in Mojokerto (Reporters, 2023).
Not only in corruption cases, various irregularities were also committed by Mojokerto government officials. This can be exemplified by the case that recently occurred, namely the deviation of positions through Ivan Kusuma Yuda as Head of the Special Crimes Section (Kasi Pidsus). This case relates to irregularities in the implementation of duties and abuse of office involving a number of Mojokerto Regency Government officials. This is of course enough to hurt the dignity of the
bureaucracy as the engine of state administration. In addition to corruption, abuse of office also occurs. Whereas the state civil apparatus or its bureaucrats are someone who is very influential in the success of a bureaucratic administration (VARBarao et al., 2022). So, if cases of corruption and position mismatch are still prone to occur, the greater the possibility of hypocracy occurring within the bureaucracy (Moh. Syafii., 2021).
The Influence of Hipocracy in Mojokerto City on Employee Performance Impacting Public Services
The core problem that arises from the influence of Hipocracy is how the allocation of power in the organization should work. So far, the bureaucracy has focused too much on the use of the budget and the domination of power in distributing public goods and services. This causes the bureaucracy to be inefficient and unresponsive to the wishes of the people.
Whereas as an administrative machine, the bureaucracy should be able to achieve economic prosperity, health, happiness, and social trust. However, the influence of Hipocracy greatly hindered development and democracy. Mainly because rogue bureaucracy is often a hindrance in the implementation of democratically implemented public policies.
One of the most obvious forms of violation of the law (Hypocracy) that bureaucrats can commit is accepting bribes.
This unethical action can be carried out by officials who occupy high positions or employees who are in low positions. The motivation to take these actions is usually done to enrich oneself by doing or not doing something to get financial rewards from other parties who benefit from the actions of the officials or employees concerned. This problem is endemic because there are many opportunities to do so. In fact, there is a possibility that the bribe is given even though the person concerned does not meet all the licensing requirements. Therefore, accepting a bribe, whatever the reason, is an immoral and unlawful act. Many bureaucrats at various levels, including the Street Level Bureaucrat, can hinder the intention of implementing policies because they do not understand or do not have the capacity to implement policies that are in accordance with the basic intentions of politicians. For this reason, the bureaucracy is
also criticized for being rigid, inflexible and alienated from the local community.
Public services are not only in the context of administration. But in many ways. Such as through irregularities in office and also corruption cases, many things that must be accepted by the people to build their welfare actually boomerang from the failure of development. In addition to the examples above, the failure of public services due to hypocracy is the dismantling of BUMDes which is aimed at fostering and building the Sumbersono Village community.
(Ridho et al., 2017) In carrying out their duties, a leader has a dominant role in influencing his subordinates. This shows that there is an interaction of mutual influence between leaders and subordinates that aims to improve performance. Therefore, a leader must be a good example and have characteristics such as authority, skill, and expertise in each of his activities. Performance appraisal is considered a very crucial activity for an organization because it can be an indicator of the organization's success in achieving its goals.
The results of this performance appraisal can be used as a benchmark for the success of an organization in achieving its mission. However, in evaluating the performance of public service employees there is still a tendency to consider input rather than output.
To achieve community welfare in an area, various factors are needed, one of which is the professionalism of the State Civil Apparatus working in the Regency/City of Mojokerto. The case of the KKN practice that occurred recently shows that the performance of employees has not been optimal. There are still several complaints about the services provided by the district/municipal government of Mojokerto in various regions. Some of these complaints include the lack of quality of service related to communication and attitude, the slow process of completing documents such as KTP and KK, there are still people who ask for administrative fees for handling complaint letters, and even the lack of concern for bureaucrats about environmental and social issues. All of this is clear that the cause of the failure of the State Civil Apparatus Resource Management in the Mojokerto Regency/City area.
The New Public Service Perspective(NPS) on the Impact of Bureaucratic Pathology on Apparatus Performance as Public Servants
A policy must be able to be criticized by the public, as well as the thoughts behind the policy and its position. However, a public policy maker must be able to access and test his thinking in any way. Some people feel that criticism should be constructive, polite, and in accordance with Eastern culture. However, giving criticism does not actually have to be polite to everything related to public policy and inherent positions. Impolite criticism of a person can certainly be considered a reprehensible act, but if the aim is a public official, the criticism should not necessarily focus on politeness. For example, if there is an official who makes a bad policy or as a corruptor thwarts the welfare program, Do the people have to demonstrate politely? When we give voice and our right to be taken care of by someone, is it appropriate for the person who becomes a public official to attack the person who has given him a mandate?
It is indeed difficult to become a public official, because there is no obligation to criticize and question anything related to the results and behavior of public officials in a polite manner. This is because the rules for being polite can entice people to return to the feudal era where the upper class earned a high degree so they could not be harshly criticized by their subordinates. Just imagine if a Governor/Regent with great power had to listen to polite criticism from his weak people.
Only egalitarian officials will listen to a critique.
Remembering that one of the characteristics of an egalitarian person is someone who feels they have the same power as others (Maharsi &
Muslih, 2023). However, today's bureaucrats are people who are offended and then in any way get someone fired because of the power factor, definitely not someone who is egalitarian and lives in a feudal era.
It is really sad that social justice is not created for the community, the manifestation of what has been considered the main responsibility of the state to distribute people's welfare and overcome poverty is in fact the opposite of the situation on the ground. A bad impact of bureaucratic pathology. Therefore, it is not surprising that we are often given information or data about the success of economic growth in the form of numbers or success stories. Despite the fact that the government's performance progress reports actually discuss a lot of issues of poverty and basic services, these documents still always ignore important components of law
enforcement that prioritize intergenerational justice. Enlightenment is needed on the social dynamics that occur in the bureaucracy.
Next, there was also news about burglary of positions within the Mojokerto Regency Government that as many as 23 new officials were appointed in an effort to improve the public. In the news it was due to the fact that the reshuffle of officials was carried out to meet the need for better and more effective public services. Several important positions such as Head of Service, Head of Agency, and Sub- district Head underwent changes. The newly appointed officials have gone through selection and are expected to make a positive contribution in carrying out their duties. In the context of the NPS (New Public Services), the reshuffle of positions and the transfer of officials is an effort to increase the effectiveness, efficiency and accountability of public services. By placing the right officials in the right positions, It is hoped that a government that is more responsive and participatory towards the needs of the people will be created. In addition, selecting officials based on performance and competence will also strengthen government integrity and transparency.
In the New Public Services (NPS) perspective in Mojokerto District/City, the lack of optimization of public services is caused by several indicators that have not been fulfilled in the dimensions of rehabilitation and empathy.
This shows that several indicators of service standards, such as inconvenience in public service places and lack of facilities and infrastructure, have not been implemented properly. In addition, employees who are not yet experts in using service tools are also one of the factors for less optimal service. In addition, the lack of firmness in service and the unfriendly staff also affect the empathy dimension of service standards. Therefore synergy is needed to improve bureaucracy through the New Public Services (NPS) perspective which refers to five indicators, namely tangibles, reliability,
The effectiveness of an organization's performance is highly dependent on the performance of the individuals working in it in this regard. Thus, creating effective public services is the main goal in providing public services with the NPS approach which has three main principles to achieve effective public services, namely: first, public servants must
have the passion to serve the community, second, public services must respond well to all the form of service requests, not only from clients but also from all citizens, and third, accountability in public services is important in various aspects. So to achieve the three main principles of effective public services, support from work culture, bureaucratic commitment, and recipients of public services (community) is needed to create a clean environment.
If there is no support from the people's movement which is the basis of the masses and the basis of bureaucratic activities, then this will not be carried out properly. This base group has a strong ability to push and change the existing situation. However, the formation of an effective base takes a long time and there is a need for continuous guidance so that the base can reflect harmony between programs and bureaucratic behavior in accordance with the vision and mission of the base. The greater the mass base that fights for the same interests, the greater the ability of this base to put pressure on those in power and fight for the aspirations of their people, even though this base is prone to division. Therefore, efforts to build a solid and sustainable basis must be carried out in a programmed and continuous manner.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion that can be drawn is a decrease in the effectiveness and efficiency of a bureaucracy which refers to the hypocracy theory because the behavior of employees or the State Civil Apparatus can influence how a public service is carried out. Such as the pathology of corruption which causes the realization of social welfare to be disrupted and also the instability of the public service process in Mojokerto because the context of public service is not only in administration but in all matters relating to the fulfillment of services for the community.
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