Housing Facilities as Spatial Factors for Assessment of Inclusivity in Settlements
(Case Study: Gampong Keudah, Banda Aceh)
Aghnia Zahrah1*, Sarvina Fitri Rizky2, Kania Egidia3
1,2.3Architecture and Planning Department, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received: May 7, 2023 Approved: May 12, 2023
Abstract
Inclusivity is a principle that we often hear about in economic, social, and spatial development. The principle of inclusivity is one of the principles used to achieve balance in the 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations. In settlements, the ability to be inclusive is indicated by the completeness of facilities and the affordability of locations. The affordability of the location in question is the ease of access to housing facilities in settlements. This accessibility will be a form of quantification that can be seen from the distance to each facility. Based on the quantification of distance, the level of spatial inclusivity in settlements is obtained. The method used is qualitative research with case studies in Gampong Keudah. The data in the form of distance collected from this qualitative research is the basis for looking at the level of inclusivity in Gampong Keudah. Through an assessment of inclusivity from a spatial perspective based on this measurement, it can be concluded that in general Gampong Keudah has developed towards inclusive settlements. This inclusivity assessment method can be considered for use in other locations.
Keywords: inclusive, housing, settlement, spatial, accessibility, Gampong Keudah
Abstrak
Inklusivitas merupakan prinsip yang sering kita dengar dalam perkembangan ekonomi, sosial, dan spasial.
Prinsip inklusivitas menjadi salah satu prinsip yang digunakan untuk mencapai keseimbangan pada Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals United Nations. Pada permukiman, kemampuan untuk menjadi inklusif diantaranya ditandai oleh kelengkapan fasilitas dan keterjangkauan lokasi. Keterjangkauan lokasi yang dimaksud adalah kemudahan akses menuju fasilitas perumahan pada permukiman. Aksesibilitas ini akan menjadi bentuk kuantifikasi yang terlihat dari angka jarak capaian ke masing-masing fasilitas.
Berdasarkan kuantifikasi jarak, didapat Level inklusivitas spasial pada permukiman. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan studi kasus pada Kampung Keudah. Data berupa jarak yang dikumpulkan dari penelitian kualitatif ini menjadi dasar dalam melihat level inklusivitas pada gampong Keudah. Melalui penilaian inklusivitas dari segi spasial yang didasarkan pada pengukuran ini, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum Kampung Keudah sudah berkembang menuju permukiman yang inklusif.
Metode penilaian inklusivitas ini dapat menjadi pertimbangan untuk digunakan pada lokasi lainnya.
Kata Kunci: inklusivitas, perumahan, permukiman, spasial, aksesibilitas, Gampong Keudah
1. Introduction
Inclusivity is a principle that we often hear about in economic, social, and spatial development.
Inclusivity is also a principle that is often used in urban development. Espino takes an inclusivity approach to address the issue of segregation in cities and exclusively developments around the world [1]. exclusivity occurs in a housing area that tends not to interact with other surroundings [2]. This exclusivity word is often attached to people with high incomes. Espino argues that what is fundamental in inclusivity is society [1].
Societies that form divisions based on social roles or social functions that are essential to the existence of certain groups. Society groups them into different social circles so that this will enable, or even hinder inclusivity from a social aspect, thus giving rise to social inequalities. The most basic social grouping can be seen in the gender separation of men and women which has started from the smallest unit, namely the house [3].
In the 2030 Agenda, the principle of inclusivity is used to achieve balance. In accordance with the 11th goal of sustainable development (SDGs), creating cities and settlements that are inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. The target to be achieved is by 2030, guaranteeing access for all to decent, safe,
affordable housing and basic services, as well as managing slum areas [4]. In order not to form an exclusive physical (spatial) area, this can be done by providing housing facilities in settlements to be used as a place for social interaction. This is intended as a form of inclusive service because it is shared property [2].
McGranahan describes inclusivity as a process of increasing the ability, opportunity and dignity of people who are disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in society [5]. The inclusive development approach is the application of the down-to-earth concept of development, balancing development with the collaboration of government and society [6]. Maftunim believes that the key to inclusivity is to respect its citizens equally, the voices of the poor are heard, involved in planning and budgeting processes, and they physically gain access to basic services while living [7]. This has not been able to reach all levels of society so that the community has withdrawn. The most worrying thing is when people don't want to make improvements and choose not to be touched by modernization [8].
Basically, housing facilities in settlements are also the government's responsibility. Moreover, settlements that are not developed by the private sector. So that inclusivity can be seen from the extent to which the government's efforts to make housing facilities accessible to all people. As mandated in Undang- Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Perumahan dan Kawasan Permukiman which states that: everyone has the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity, to have a place to live, and to get a good and healthy living environment, which is a basic human need, and which has a very strategic role in shaping the character and personality of the nation as one of the efforts to build humanity Indonesia as a whole, self- identified, independent, and productive.
Affordability is a form of sustainability. Sustainable housing is formed from sustainable communities. A sustainable society is one that wants to live and work in the present and in the future.
Sustainable communities have an awareness of meeting their needs so they will be more creative in developing various facilities. In addition, a sustainable society will be more sensitive to its environment and will contribute to getting a good quality of life [9]. Because of this, sustainable societies are more inclusive. There are three important factors to build an inclusivity. First, spatial inclusion or 'space' (physical) inclusion. Second, social inclusion or social inclusion. Third, economic inclusion or economic inclusion. The three inclusive factors are in line with the three aspects of sustainable settlements, namely physical, social and economic [9]. The ability of settlements to be inclusive for the community is marked by the completeness of facilities and the affordability of locations [2].
The principle of inclusivity can be seen from its affordability, in a spatial context it can be seen from its accessibility. The more accessible, the more inclusive [9]. Burton & Mitchell argues that towards inclusivity, the need for street and environmental planning policies to help reduce car use [10]. This is done by providing good quality by making roads for pedestrians, cycling and providing alternative transportation that is fun and feasible for the community. Because basically, the accessibility of facilities is seen from how to reach services on foot. Burton & Mitchell stated that walking around 800m is an affordable distance for pedestrians [10].
Kustiawan described several efforts made to achieve more inclusive in policies and strategies [11].
The power of inclusivity that exists focuses on the active role of the community [12]. Therefore, an inclusivity approach cannot necessarily be applied exactly the same from one region to another [12]. The principle of inclusivity that is implemented in settlements tends to take the form of settlement planning programs. For this reason, there is hope from the community in these programs as settlement structuring programs. Moreover, villages that are considered capable of restoring justice, empowering and increasing their capacity so that they can alleviate poverty in urban areas. Therefore, a standard is needed that can be used to see inclusiveness in settlements.
Based on the above literature, it can be concluded that spatial inclusivity in settlements can be seen from the accessibility of housing facility services in settlements. Accessibility is an important factor to reach housing facilities. The quantification of accessibility can be seen from the distance to each facility.
Therefore, when viewed from a spatial perspective, the closer and more accessible by walk, the more inclusive. To get the level of inclusivity in settlements, it is necessary to measure the distance. Through this various literature, it is necessary to conduct a case study in Gampong Keudah to see whether spatial physical inclusivity can be a benchmark in assessing the level of inclusivity in general.
2. Material and Methods
This study used qualitative research methods. Qualitative research is a type of research whose findings are not obtained through statistical procedures or other forms of calculation [13]. However, the data collected from qualitative research allows for analysis through a calculation. Data obtained through
observation process produces the distance from the housing to the housing facility. Calculation of the distance between housing and housing facilities using the help of Google Maps. The distance will be analyzed to prove the level of inclusivity. The level of inclusivity is assessed based on the benchmark in the Table 1 below.
Table 1. Inclusivity benchmarking based on distance accessibility INCLUSIVITY
Spatial Factor (Housing Facilities)
Distance Inclusivity Level 1. Location of work places
2. Public transportation stops 3. Schools
4. Shopping facilities 5. Health Cares 6. Recreation Facilities 7. Green Open Spaces 8. Places of Worships 9. Interment
0-400m Very High 400m-800m High 800m-1200m Medium
>1200m Low Source: Adaptation and reprocessed of [9]
3. Results and Discussion
Gampong Keudah is located near the city center and is included in a developing area. This village is close to facilities for worship, education, health and other public services in the city of Banda Aceh, so the location of this village is quite strategic. Gampong Keudah has boundaries on the south side with Gampong Merduati and Kampung Baru, on the east side it is bordered by the Krueng Aceh River, on the north side it is with Gampong Peulanggahan and on the west side it is bordered with Gampong Peulanggahan and Merduati. Gampong Keudah which borders the river is also known as a fishing village.
Fig. 1: Mapping of nine housing points and housing facilities Source: Author Illustration
Access to housing in Gampong Keudah can be accessed from various directions and is open. Unlike housing which is one gate, so that the determination of measuring points becomes more flexible. The measuring point (red dot) starts from the main housing street area as shown in Figure 1. This distance measurement is carried out using the help of Google Maps. In Gampong Keudah there are nine housing points. Of the nine facilities, some are located in the village area and some are located outside the village area. The housing facilities that are included in the Gampong Keudah area are all locations of work places, schools, shopping facilities, and places of worships. This housing facility is a spatial assessment to obtain a level of inclusivity in settlements in Gampong Keudah.
Housing area 1
In housing area 1, out of nine facilities, there are two facilities that have a low level of inclusivity in health care as far as >1.200m and green open space as far as 1.250m. This can be influenced by the location of housing 1 which is at the end of the Gampong Keudah area.
Table 2. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 1 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 2
In housing 2, out of nine facilities there is one facility that has a low level of inclusivity in health cares as far as >1.200m. This can be influenced by the location of health cares outside the Gampong Keudah.
Table 3. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 2 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis
Housing area 3
In housing 3, out of nine facilities there is one facility that has a low level of inclusivity in health cares as far as >1.200m. This can be influenced by the location of health cares outside the Gampong Keudah.
Table 4. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 3 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 4
In housing 4, out of nine facilities there is one facility that has a low level of inclusivity in health cares as far as 1.200m. This can be influenced by the location of health cares outside the Gampong Keudah.
Table 5. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 4 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 5
In housing 5, out of nine facilities, there are no facilities that have a low level of inclusivity. This can be influenced by the location of housing 5 which is in the middle of the Gampong Keudah area.
Table 6. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 5 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 6
In housing 6, out of nine facilities, there are no facilities that have a low level of inclusivity. This can be influenced by the location of housing 6 which is in the middle of the Gampong Keudah area.
Table 7. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 6 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 7
In housing 7, out of nine facilities there is one facility that has a low level of inclusivity in health cares as far as 1.200m. This can be influenced by the location of health cares outside the Gampong Keudah.
Table 8. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 7 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 8
In housing 8, out of nine facilities there is one facility that has a low level of inclusivity in health cares as far as 1.200m. This can be influenced by the location of health cares outside the Gampong Keudah.
Table 9. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 8 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis Housing area 9
In housing area 9, out of nine facilities, there are two facilities that have a low level of inclusivity in health care as far as 1.300m. This can be influenced by the location of health cares outside the Gampong Keudah. Then, shopping facilities as far as 1.300m. This can be influenced by the location of housing 1 which is at the end of the Gampong Keudah area.
Table 10. Level of inclusivity based on measuring the distance from the housing area 9 to the housing facility
Source: Author analysis 4. Conclusion
Through the results of research that has been done, physical affordability (accessibility) seen from a spatial perspective also influences inclusivity. With closer distances, it is easier to reach, moreover, it can be reached only by walk, so the community will also feel that they are part of the area. Moreover, the quality and psychological well-being of the population with the current situation is usually neglected.
Accessibility is a spatial aspect which is also very influential in fulfilling the principle of inclusivity.
Each housing area has a different level of inclusivity for housing facilities in Gampong Keudah. As in housing 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8, the level of inclusivity is low for health cares. Meanwhile, housing 9 is low for public transportation stops, health cares and shopping facilities. Housing 5 is an inclusive housing area because the longest distance is still at a medium level and is still reachable by walk. Through an assessment of inclusivity from a spatial perspective based on this measurement, it can be concluded that in general Gampong Keudah has developed towards inclusive settlements.
Seeing the quantification of this method, this inclusivity assessment can be considered for use in other locations. In general, the government needs to consider efforts to build inclusive growth through spatial aspects. This spatial aspect can help increase interaction and create more inclusive growth.
5. References
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