Supplementary Material
eTable 1. Descriptive Statistics for Cohort and Individuals Lost to Follow-Up Baseline and
Followup Exams (n=1491)
No Follow-up exam (n=1162)
Age (years) 59.6 (9.2) 63.7 (10.6)
Percent female 55% 51%
Race/ethnicity (%)
White, Caucasian 52% 55%
Chinese 11% 9%
African-American 23% 23%
Hispanic 14% 13%
Education (%)
≤ High school diploma 26% 31%
Some college 29% 31%
≥ 4-year college 45% 38%
Study site (%)
Never smoker, no secondhand smoke 26% 27%
Never smoker, secondhand smoke 22% 20%
Former smoker, no secondhand smoke 18% 21%
Former smoker, secondhand smoke 21% 20%
Current smoker 13% 13%
Diabetes (%) 9% 13%
BMI (kg/m
2) 28 28
Triglyceride (mg/dL) 130 138
Hypertension (%) 38% 47%
Pollutants, µg/m
3[median ( IQR)]
PM coarse 5.0 (3.9-6.0) 5.0 (3.8-6.0)
Copper (ng/m
3) 4.8 (2.8-6.5) 4.5 (2.8-6.0)
Zinc (ng/m
3) 10.6 (4.0-15.2) 9.7 (4.0-13.2)
Silicon (µg/m
3) 0.4 (0.3-0.5) 0.4 (0.4-0.5)
Phosphorous (ng/m
3) 16.0 (13.1-18.6) 16.0 (13.0-18.8)
Endotoxin (EU/m
3) 0.1 (0.0-0.1) 0.1 (0.0-0.1)
HRV [Geometric mean ± SD]
SDNN, msec 19.5 (1.8) 18.5 (1.9)
rMSSD, msec 21.3 (1.9) 20.7 (2.0)
Note: 127 individuals only had HRV measurements at Exam 5 and are thus not included in
this table.
Table e2. Adjusted Associations Between Annual Average PM
10-2.5Mass and
Component Concentrations and Percent Change in Heart Rate Variability Levels and Rate of Change
% Change in HRV Rate of Change in HRV (%/year) Estimate 95%CI Estimate 95%CI
PM
10-2.5SDNN -1.0% -4.1%, 2.1% 0.1% -0.3%, 0.6%
rMSDD -1.0% -4.3%, 2.4% 0.2% -0.3%, 0.6%
Cu SDNN -0.8% -6.3%, 4.9% 0.2% -0.5%, 1.0%
rMSDD -0.6% -6.6%, 5.7% 0.2% -0.6%, 1.0%
Zn SDNN 0.6% -2.7%, 4.0% 0.1% -0.4%, 0.5%
rMSDD 0.7% -2.9%, 4.4% 0.0% -0.5%, 0.5%
P SDNN -0.3% -5.7%, 5.5% -0.2% -1.0%, 0.5%
rMSDD 0.1% -5.9%, 6.4% -0.3% -1.1%, 0.5%
Si SDNN 0.3% -3.3%, 4.0% -0.1% -0.6%, 0.4%
rMSDD 1.1% -2.9%, 5.3% -0.2% -0.7%, 0.3%
Endotoxin SDNN -0.6% -4.9%, 3.8% 0.5% -0.1%, 1.1%
rMSDD -1.7% -6.2%, 3.1% 0.7% 0.1%, 1.4%
Models adjusted for: age, race/ethnicity, gender, occupation, education, neighborhood SES, education, physical activity, smoking history, secondhand smoke exposure, pack-years smoked, site and site by time interaction, site by
neighborhood SES, site by neighborhood SES by time. Associations are scaled to interquartile range of PMc mass, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), and endotoxin were 2 µg/m3, 4 ng/m3, 11 ng/m3, 6 ng/m3, and 0.1 µg/m3, and 0.08 EU/m3 respectively.
eFigure 1. Annual Average PM
10-2.5and Co-Pollutant Concentrations and Percent Change (95% CI) in HRV After Adjustment for Confounding Factors
Demographic models adjusted for time, age, race/ethnicity, gender. SES/Lifestyle models added occupation, education, neighborhood SES, education, physical activity, smoking history, secondhand smoke exposure, pack-years smoked. Our main models added site and site by time interaction, site by neighborhood SES, site by neighborhood SES by time. Associations are scaled to interquartile range of PM10-2.5 mass, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), endotoxin (E), PM2.5, LAC, and NO2 were 2 µg/m3, 4 ng/m3, 11 ng/m3, 6 ng/m3, and 0.1 µg/m3, 0.08 EU/m3, 5 µg/m3, 0.18 10-5/m , and 7 ppb, respectively.
