https://links.lww.com/HRP/A22

(1)

Table 1a

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Children’s Body Image and Eating Questionnaire

Study Sample

size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Independent variables Main findings^a Girls Boys Both

sexes Cross-sectional studies

Oliver & Thelen (1996)¹⁷

264 Community- based sample of school children

9–11 Girls and boys

BIEQ EDI

Sex (female) Age (older)

Body mass index (higher)

Negative social interactions about weight or eating

+ n.s.

+ +

Vander Wal & Thelen (2000)¹⁸

526 Community- based sample of school children

BIEQ Body weight (higher)

Age (older)

+ +

− n.s.

a The main findings show the independent variable’s association with early-onset disordered eating: positive (+), negative (−), or not statistically significant (n.s.).

BIEQ, Body Image and Eating Questionnaire; EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory.

(2)

Table 1b

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Children’s Eating Attitude Test

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Hill et al.

(1990)¹⁹

52 Community-based sample of school children

9–11 Girls EAT Parental disordered eating +

Flannery- Schroeder &

Chrisler (1996)²⁰

ChEAT Gender traits (femininity) Body dissatisfaction

n.s.

+ Rolland et al.

(1997)²¹

244 Community-based sample school children

ChEAT Age (older)

Sex (female)

+ n.s.

+ + Kelly et al.

(1999)²²

7–9 Girls ChEAT Age (older)

Body dissatisfaction Social interactions

Low self-esteem/self-worth

+ + n.s.

n.s.

Gardner et al.

(2000)²³

216 Community-based sample of children

ChEAT Body weight (higher) Negative social interactions Body dissatisfactions Depression

+ + + + n.s.

(3)

Thomas et al.

(2000)^24,b

ChEAT Age (older)

Body mass index (higher) Gender traits (femininity) Low self-esteem/self-worth

+ n.s.

n.s.

Holt &

Ricciardelli (2002)^25,b

ChEAT Age (older)

Social interactions about weight or eating

Negative affect Positive affect

+

n.s.

−

n.s.

+ +

Vander Wal, (2004)²⁶

10 Girls ChEAT Ethnicity

Body weight (higher)

n.s.

+ DeLeel et al.

(2009)²⁷

581 Community-based sample of children enrolled in The Pittsburgh Girls Study

Ethnicity (African Americans) Socioeconomic status

− + n.s.

Evans et al.

(2013)²⁸

Body mass index (higher) Body dissatisfaction Thin idealization Depression

− +

− + + Longitudinal studies

Davison et al.

(2003)²⁹

182 Community-based study of children

9 Girls ChEAT Previous disordered eating +

Parkinson et al.

(2012)³⁰

ChEAT Sex (female) −

(4)

enrolled in the Gateshead Millennium Study

Body mass index (higher) Body dissatisfaction

Socioeconomic status (lower) Parental body mass index (higher) Previous disordered eating Emotional symptoms

n.s.

+ + + + +

b Thomas et al. (2000) and Holt & Ricciardelli (2002) are based on the same data source.

ChEAT, Children’s Eating Attitude Test; EAT, Eating Attitude Test.

(5)

Table 1c.

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Children’s Eating Disorder Examination

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Klump et al.

(2010)^31,b

172 Community-based sample of children enrolled in the Minnesota Twin Family Study

10–12 Girls EDE Genetic influence +

Pearson et al.

(2010)³²

10 Boys EDE Pubertal stage

Eating expectancies Thinness and restricting expectancies

Negative urgency

n.s.

+ + +

cGoossens et al.

(2011)³³

ChEDE Low self-esteem/self-worth

Insecure attachment toward parents

+ + Madowitz et al.

(2012)³⁴

79 Community-based sample of overweight children enrolled in the Parents as Agents of Change Study

EDE Negative social interactions about weight or eating

Parental comments and concerns about child’s weight or eating

+ n.s.

Sinton et al.

(2012)³⁵

204 Community-based sample of overweight children enrolled in a randomized controlled trial on weight

ChEDE Age

Sex Ethnicity

Socioeconomic status

n.s.

(6)

maintenance treatment

Body mass index

Parental body mass index Internalizing symptoms Externalizing symptoms

Loneliness

Parental disordered eating Parental psychological problems

n.s.

+

+ + n.s.

Longitudinal studies Stein et al.

(2006)³⁶

56 Hospital-based sample of children born to eating-disordered mothers

Community-based sample of children born to mothers enrolled in a study on eating habits

10 Girls and boys

ChEDE Parental disordered eating Parental comments and concerns about child’s weight or eating

+ +

Goossens et al.

(2012)^37,c

ChEDE Sex (female)

Previous disordered eating

Insecure attachment toward parents

+ + + Matton et al.

(2013)³⁸

613 Community-based sample of children enrolled in a large prospective project

8-12 Girls and boys

ChEDE Sex

Body mass index (higher) Parental feeding practices Previous disordered eating

n.s.

+ n.s.

+

(7)

b Klump et al. (2010) is based on the same data source as Klump et al. (2000) in Table 1e.

c Goossens et al. (2011) and Goossens et al. (2012) are based on the same data source.

ChEDE, Children’s Eating Disorder Examination; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination.

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Table 1d

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Hill et al.

(1992)³⁹

8–10 Girls DEBQ Body weight (higher) +

Hill & Bhatti (1995)⁴⁰

9 Girls DEBQ Ethnicity (Asian) +

Hill & Franklin (1998)⁴¹

11 Girls DEBQ Body mass index (higher)

Low self-esteem/self-worth Parental disordered eating Parental comments and concerns about child’s weight or eating

+ + + +

Hill & Pallin (1998)⁴²

8 Girls

and boys

DEBQ Body mass index (higher) Body dissatisfaction Low self-esteem/self-worth Parental disordered eating

+

+ n.s.

n.s.

+ Anschutz et al.

(2009)⁴³

DEBQ Body mass index (higher) Parental disordered eating Parental comments and concerns about child’s weight or eating

n.s.

+ +

+

Silva et al.

(2013)⁴⁴

DEBQ Body mass index (higher) External eating

Emotional eating n.s. −

+

−

(9)

DEBQ, Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire.

(10)

Table 1e

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Eating Disorder Inventory

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

sexes Cross-sectional studies^b

Striegel-Moore et al. (1995)^45,c

613 Community-based sample of children enrolled in The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

9–10 Girls EDI Ethnicity (African Americans)

Socioeconomic status (lower—only in Caucasians)

Body mass index (higher) Pubertal stage

Body dissatisfaction (only in Caucasians)

Low self-esteem/self-worth Negative social interactions about weight or eating (only in African Americans)

+ +

+ n.s.

+

n.s.

+

Klump et al.

(2000)⁴⁶

341 Community-based sample of children enrolled in The Minnesota Twin Family Study

10–12 Girls EDI Genetics influence n.s.

Phares et al.

(2004)⁴⁷

9 Girls

and boys

EDI Parental disordered eating Negative social interactions about weight or eating

Depression

+ +

+ + Case-control studies

Striegel-Moore et al. (1992)⁴⁸

36 Hospital-based sample of insulin-

8–11 Girls EDI Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus n.s.

(11)

dependent diabetes mellitus patients

Community-based sample of

matched controls

b Oliver & Thelen (1996) in Table 1a also used EDI to measure presence of disordered eating.

c Striegel-Moore et al. (1995) is based on the same data source as Schreiber et al. (1996) in Table 1h.

EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory.

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Table 1f

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Kids’ Eating Disorder Survey

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Robinson et al.

(2001)⁴⁹

8 Girls

and boys

KEDS Sex (female)

Ethnicity (African Americans) Body mass index (higher)

Socioeconomic status (lower—only in Latin and African American girls)

+ n.s.

+

−

Ricca et al.

(2010)⁵⁰

KEDS Body mass index (higher) Parental body mass index Family meals

+ n.s.

+

n.s.

+

KEDS, Kids’ Eating Disorder Survey.

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Table 1g

Characteristics of Included Studies Using McKnight Risk Factor Survey

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Haines et al.

(2008)⁵¹

73 Community-based sample of school children enrolled in the Ready. Set.

Action! program

10 Girls and boys

MRFS Parental disordered eating Parental body dissatisfaction Parental comments and concerns about child’s weight or eating

+ + +

Longitudinal studies Jacobi et al.

(2001)⁵²

8 Girls

and boys

MRFS Sex

Body mass index

Parental disordered eating (only in girls)

n.s.

+

MRFS, McKnight Risk Factor Survey.

(14)

Table 1h

Characteristics of Included Studies Using Other Assessment Instruments

Study Sampl

e size

Study population

Age (years)

Sex Assessment

instrument

Schreiber et al.

(1996)^53,b

2353 Community-based sample of children enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

9–10 Girls Self-reported weight-control behaviors

Ethnicity (African Americans) Age (older)

Body mass index (higher) Body dissatisfaction

Socioeconomic status (lower) Pubertal stage

+

− + + + n.s.

+

Taylor et al.

(1998)⁵⁴

9–12 Girls Stanford Weight Concern Scale

Importance peers put on weight or eating

Parental disordered eating Pubertal stage

Media influence

Low self-esteem/self-worth Ethnicity

+ n.s.

n.s.

+ n.s.

n.s.

+ Morgan et al.

(2002)⁵⁵

112 Community-based sample of obese school children

Adolescent Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Pattern

Age Sex

Ethnicity (African Americans)

n.s.

+

(15)

Body mass index (higher) Fat mass (higher) Bone age Trait anxiety Depression

Body dissatisfaction

+ + n.s.

+ + + Ricciardelli et al.

(2003)^56,c

Body Change Inventory

Body dissatisfaction Body mass index (higher) Negative affect

Low self-esteem/self-worth Negative social interactions about weight or eating

+ n.s.

n.s.

−

+

n.s.

+

Jacobi et al.

(2008)⁵⁷

Inventory for Assessment of Eating Behaviors and Weight Problems in Children

Age (older) Sex

Body mass index (higher) Parental disordered eating Parental body weight (higher)

− n.s.

+ n.s.

n.s.

Lourenco et al.

(2008)⁵⁸

128 Hospital-based sample of obese children seeking treatment for obesity

10 Girls and boys

Binge Eating Scale

Age Sex

Body mass index Waist

Body mass composition Pubertal stage

n.s.

Råstam et al.

(2013)⁵⁹

12,304 Community-based sample of children enrolled in the Child and Adolescent Twin

Eating Problems Age (older)

Concentration/attention problems Impulsiveness/activity problems

n.s.

+ +

n.s.

(16)

Study in Sweden Language problems Social interaction problems Flexibility problems

n.s. +

n.s.

Longitudinal studies McCabe et al.

(2005)^60,c

412 Community-based sample of normal weight and overweight school children

Body Change Inventory

Previous disordered eating Body dissatisfaction Positive affect Negative affect

Low self-esteem/self-worth Parental comments and concerns about child’s weight or eating

+

− n.s.

n.s.

b Schreiber et al. (1996) is based on the same data source as Striegel-Moore et al. (1995) in Table 1e.

c Ricciardelli et al. (2003) and McCabe et al. (2005) are based on the same data source as Thomas et al. (2000) and Holt & Ricciardelli (2002) in Table 1b.−