Table 1. Number and percentage of recommended confirmatory blood lead testing among
children with unconfirmed EBLLs by individual and neighborhood characteristics
2017 Birth Cohort 2018 Birth Cohort
Characteristic Unconfirmed
EBLL No.
Confirmatory Testing No. (%)
Unconfirmed EBLL No.
Confirmatory Testing No. (%)
All children 3241 1881 (58.0) 3018 1674 (55.5)
Initial blood lead level, μg/dL
5.0−9.9 2535 1357 (53.5) 2356 1229 (52.2)
10.0−24.9 616 451 (73.2) 586 379 (64.7)
≥25.0 90 73 (81.1) 76 66 (86.8)
Age, y
<1.0 1313 825 (62.8) 1077 716 (66.5)
1.0−1.9 1928 1056 (54.8) 1941 958 (49.4)
Sex
Female 1465 816 (55.7) 1363 747 (54.8)
Male 1776 1065 (60.0) 1655 927 (56.0)
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic 458 249 (54.4) 440 227 (51.6)
Non-Hispanic Asian 161 80 (49.7) 159 75 (47.2)
Non-Hispanic black 424 175 (41.3) 373 141 (37.8)
Non-Hispanic white 2074 1305 (62.9) 1935 1164 (60.2)
Othera 124 72 (58.1) 111 67 (60.4)
Maternal educational attainment
<High school 524 267 (51.0) 482 216 (44.8)
High school/some college 1797 1017 (56.6) 1638 869 (53.1)
≥College 894 580 (64.9) 873 576 (66.0)
Otherb 26 17 (65.4) 25 13 (52.0)
Payment source for delivery
Private insurance 1279 786 (61.5) 1279 781 (61.1)
Medicaid 1667 932 (55.9) 1506 757 (50.3)
Self-payment 48 24 (50.0) 41 23 (56.1)
Otherc 247 139 (56.3) 192 113 (58.9)
WIC enrollment
Yes 1752 968 (55.3) 1494 780 (52.2)
No 1430 874 (61.1) 1460 857 (58.7)
Unknown 59 39 (66.1) 64 37 (57.8)
Table 1. Number and percentage of recommended confirmatory blood lead testing among
children with unconfirmed EBLLs by individual and neighborhood characteristics (continued)
2017 Birth Cohort 2018 Birth Cohort
Characteristic Unconfirmed
EBLL No.
Confirmatory Testing No. (%)
Unconfirmed EBLL No.
Confirmatory Testing No. (%) Maternal smoking
Yes 857 478 (55.8) 738 381 (51.6)
No 2336 1376 (58.9) 2233 1264 (56.6)
Unknown 47 26 (55.3) 47 29 (61.7)
Maternal infection
Yes 287 165 (57.5) 264 145 (54.9)
No 2954 1716 (58.1) 2754 1529 (55.5)
Maternal risk factor
Yes 1204 708 (58.8) 1198 657 (54.8)
No 2037 1173 (57.6) 1820 1017 (55.9)
Poverty
Q1 397 259 (65.2) 374 236 (63.1)
Q2 590 375 (63.6) 610 364 (59.7)
Q3 867 541 (62.4) 802 470 (58.6)
Q4 (highest) 1387 706 (50.9) 1232 604 (49.0)
Old housing
Q1 373 250 (67.0) 397 249 (62.7)
Q2 607 393 (64.7) 635 383 (60.3)
Q3 1013 597 (58.9) 853 461 (54.0)
Q4 (highest) 1248 641 (51.4) 1133 581 (51.3)
Abbreviation: EBLLs, elevated blood lead levels; Q1, first quartile; Q2, second quartile; Q3, third quartile; Q4, fourth quartile.
a Other race/ethnicity includes all other races/ethnicities, unknown or missing race/ethnicity.
b Other maternal educational attainment includes unknown or missing maternal educational attainment.
c Other principal source of payment for delivery includes unknown or missing principal source of payment for delivery.
