Human Behavior and the Social Environment II - UILIS Unsyiah

Human Behavior and the Social Environment II by Whitney Payne is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted. Social Issues by the University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.

Perspectives on Families

Perspectives on Groups

Stages of Group Development & Group Think

Perspectives on Organizations

Perspectives on Communities

Communities & Police Relations

Global Perspectives & Theories

Additional Resources

The Meaning Behind This Book

These materials will help students and instructors explore human behavior and how it is shaped and influenced by both traditional and non-traditional paradigms. Social progress depends as much on the process through which it is secured as on the result itself. - Jane Addams.

About the Author

Adapted from Chapter 2 from Social Problems by the University of Minnesota under the Creative Commons Attribution-
Adapted from Chapter 5 and Chapter 9.5 from Social Problems by University of Minnesota under the Creative Commons

Adapted from Chapter 3.2, Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International license, except where noted. Adapted from Chapter 4.2, Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License, except where noted.

TRADITIONAL

INDIVIDUALS

Self and Identity

Introduction
The Social Actor
The Motivated Agent
The Autobiographical Author
End-of-Chapter Summary
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions

For humans, the sense of self as a social actor begins to emerge around 18 months of age. In the development of the self as a social actor, other people act as mirrors – they reflect who I am back to me.

What happens when the three perspectives on self - the self as actor, agent and author - are at odds with each other. How can gender, ethnicity and class influence the development of the self as an actor, as an agent and as a writer.

Attribution

Culture and Meaning

Introduction
Link between Culture and Society
Defining Culture

This perspective in the humanities studied the "ideal type" or "high culture" of affluent social groups that depicted who was "cultured" or rather was wealthy and educated in society, lending itself to a variety of cultures in its study. Social scientists adopted this perspective and expanded the study of culture beyond the ethnocentric elitism of "high culture". Emphasizing human social life as a reflection of culture, social scientists sought to understand not only how culture reflects society, but also how society reflects culture.

Non-Material vs. Material Culture

Cultural Sociology

The theoretical works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber and the field of anthropology shaped the sociology of culture. During the cultural revolution movement of the 1970s, cultural sociology emerged as a field of study among anthropologists and social scientists assessing the role of culture in society.

Theoretical Perspectives on Culture

In the field, ethnographers are participant observers and participants in the study group or community. Feminism, a macrosociological perspective, studies the experiences of women and minorities in the social world, including the results of inequality and oppression for these groups. Consider how education is an important concept in the United States because it is valued.

For example, although cultural diversity is valued in the United States, some people and countries prohibit interracial marriage, same-sex marriage, and polygamy (Griffiths et al. 2015).

Culture as a Social Construct

Social Production of Culture
Collective Culture

Think of the mantra, "Follow your dreams." The term is often used in the United States when discussing educational and career motivation and planning. Afghan girls' educational and career choices are limited by their country's culture and social location. Describe the context or social environment that led to the development and growth of this issue.

The description of cultural universals speaks to the generalization of culture as in the practice of marriage.

Cultural and Social Bonds

Different social groups share the institution of marriage, but the procedure, ceremony and legal obligations vary according to the culture of the group or society. Durkheim referred to this type of social integration as mechanical solidarity, which means that all members of a community are working parts of a group or work in unity, creating a sense of connectedness and forming a collective identity. In this case, the members of the community think and act alike because they share a common culture and common experiences of living in distant, close-knit areas.

Durkheim characterized this type of social unity as organic solidarity, which means that each member of the community has a specific task or place in the group in which he contributes to the general function of the community, which is spatially and culturally diverse.

Group and Organizational Culture

Cultural Change

Social movements often begin in response to changing circumstances, such as an event or issue, to promote cultural change. During natural disasters, people must culturally change everyday norms and practices, such as donating time and money to help with relief efforts (flexible), while rebuilding homes and businesses. People adapt and learn to manage cultural changes, whether adaptive or maladaptive, to satisfy psychological or emotional needs.

Modern society operates on a global scale (known as globalization) and people are now interconnected and interdependent.

Cultural Power

Cultural Hierarchies

The common culture found in society is in fact the selective transmission of elite-dominated values (Parenti 2006). This practice known as cultural hegemony suggests that culture is not autonomous, it is conditioned, regulated and controlled by dominant groups. The main forces that shape culture are in the power of elite-dominated interests, who make limited and marginal adjustments to appear, culture is changing in accordance with evolving social values (Parent 2006).

Social and Culture Capital

Cultural Hegemony

Culture-producing organizations such as multinational corporations and media industries are busy producing. When you consider the cultural purpose of buying and owning a home, the concept of owning a home represents achieving the "American Dream." Although not all Americans are able to purchase and own a home, the cultural operating system has embedded home ownership as a requirement for success and achievement in America. What types of values, beliefs, norms and practices are reinforced in the cultural objects or projects created by the cultural operating system.

This power to influence the masses also gives the hegemonic ruling class known as the cultural operating system the ability to reinforce stereotypes, mind-lock and promote fear to encourage acceptance or rejection of certain cultural ideas and artifacts.

Prejudice and Discrimination

Even with people's ability to create popular culture, multinational corporations and media industries retain the power to spread awareness, control access and messages. Many people find infanticide to be a violation of human rights regardless of a person's cultural traditions and beliefs, and believe that the practice should stop. People often feel justified in condemning the practice of infanticide and the people who believe and practice the tradition.

To think that the practice of infanticide should be stopped and those who practice it maliciously is prejudiced.

Cultural Identity

Identity Formation
Sex and Gender
Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
Body and Mind
Race and Ethnicity
Religion and Belief Systems
Identity Today

In the United States, there are several age-related characteristics, including the legal age to drive (16 years old), the use of tobacco products (21 years old), the consumption of alcohol (21 years old), and the retirement age (65-70 years old ). In the United States, people have a restrictive attitude towards premarital sex, extramarital sex and homosexuality compared to other industrialized countries (Griffiths et al. 2015). On the other side of the country, in California's Central Valley, many residents live in rural communities.

Representations of the body and mind in media and fashion create stereotypes about appearance that indicate status and class. The dominant group in the United States is white, middle-class Protestants of Northern European descent (Doane 2005). Whites in the United States rarely experience racial discrimination, leaving them unaware of the importance of race in their thinking and the thinking of others compared to minorities of color or ethnic minorities (Konradi and Schmidt 2004).

The Multicultural World

Globalization and Identity
Building Cultural Intelligence

However, globalization has the unintended consequences of connecting every person in the world to each other. A food production deficit in the United States affects the overall economic and physical well-being and livelihood of people around the world in an obvious way. Our ability to communicate and communicate with each other plays an integral role in the successful development of our relationships for personal and social prosperity.

Rather than engaging in negative words to take sides (eg, "Tell your side of the issue" or "How did this affect you?"), use positive words that describe an experience or feeling.

ALTERNATIVE

PERSPECTIVES ON INDIVIDUALS

Individual and Cultural Differences in

Introduction
Perceiver Characteristics
Cultural Differences in Person Perception
Attribution Styles and Mental Health
End-of-Chapter Summary

Because of differences in accessibility, different people will attend to different aspects of another person. One difference is between people from Western cultures 156 | Chapter 7: Individual and Cultural Differences in Person Perception. Participants in the Chinese culture priming condition saw eight Chinese icons (such as the Chinese dragon and the Great Wall of China) and then wrote 10 158 | Chapter 7: Individual and Cultural Differences in Person Perception.

Individual differences in attributional styles can influence how we respond to negative events we experience.

Figure 6.7 Cultural Differences in Perception

Poverty

Introduction
The Measurement & Extent of Poverty

It also examines poverty in the world's poorest countries and describes poverty reduction efforts in the United States and in these countries. Inspired by books such as The Other America: Poverty in the United States (Harrington, 1962) and In the Midst of Plenty: The Poor in America (Bagdikian, 1964) that described the plight of the poor in excruciating detail, the federal government created programs of various financing and other policies that greatly reduced poverty rates in less than a decade (Schwartz, 1984). Americans ages 20-75 who live in or near poverty for at least one year of their lives.

As a national measure, the poverty line also does not take into account regional differences in the cost of living.

The Extent of Poverty

Thus, they use double-poverty data (ie, household income below twice the poverty line) to provide a more accurate understanding of how many Americans face serious financial hardship, even if they are not living in official poverty. Problems with the official poverty measure noted earlier have led the Census Bureau to develop a Supplemental Poverty Measure. Because the official poverty measure identified 46.2 million people as poor, the new, more accurate measure increased the number of poor people in the United States by nearly 3 million.

Remember that many poverty experts think that twice-poverty data - the percentage and number of people living in families with incomes below twice the official poverty level - is a better measure than the official poverty level of the true extent of poverty, widely defined, in the United States.

Key Takeaways

Using twice the poverty line, approximately one-third of the US population, or more than 100 million Americans, live in poverty or near poverty (Pereyra, 2011). Those in near-poverty are only one crisis away from poverty - job loss or serious illness or injury.