View of HUMANITARIAN FACTS IN THE NOVEL 'EL' BY LULUK HF BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF LUCIEN GOLDMAN

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‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

HUMANITARIAN FACTS IN THE NOVEL 'EL' BY LULUK HF BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF LUCIEN GOLDMAN

Rosa Hidayah[1], Siti Latifah Nanda Mudhakir [2], M. Faisol [3] Nur Latifah [4]

ȏʹȐʹͲͲ͵ͲͳͳͳͲͳʹͲ̷•–—†‡–Ǥ—‹ǦƒŽƒ‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐǡȏ͵ȐǡȏͶȐ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ••Žƒ‡‰‡”‹ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰ǡƒŽƒ‰ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

AbstractǣŠ‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒƒŽ›œ‡•Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒƒ•’‡…–•‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”–‹–Ž‡†̶̶„›—Ž—

ǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘†‡•…”‹„‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•

„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡–‹… •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• –Š‡‘”› ’”‘’‘•‡† „› —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒǤ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

‡–Š‘†‹•—•‡†‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶Ǥ̶

Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶…‘–ƒ‹•–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǣ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–•ǡ Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •‘…‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–•

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡…‘‘›Ǥ —”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹ŽŽ—–‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‡–Š‘†‘”‡

‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ• ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ‘”‡ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ ˜‹‡™‹‰ ƒ† ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǤǤ

Keywordsǣ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘

INTRODUCTION

—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡Š—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡–Šƒ––ƒ‡‘˜‡”„ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’Š›•‹…ƒŽˆ‘”•

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ

™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ…–—ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ’”‡•‡– ‹ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ …‘—‹–› ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Š—ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‹•‡†—‡–‘

–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆŠ—ƒ•™‹–ŠƒŽŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–‡š‹•–ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š ƒ”—̵•‘’‹‹‘

ȋ‹Šƒ‹”—‹•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲʹʹȌ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡‘–•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡•‘–Š‡‹”

‘™ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡…–Ǥ

ŽŽŠ—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‡•ˆ”‘ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡•—„Œ‡…–‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹…‡”–ƒ‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Š‡•‡ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘•‘”ƒ––‡’–•–‘‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‘Ž†ƒ̵•ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•

ȋ—”Šƒ•ƒƒŠǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ–Š‡ʹͳ•–…‡–—”›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•—…Š†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ„‘—–Š—ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡

’”‘„Ž‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‰”‘—’•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ”‹–‡”•†‘‘–•‘Ž‡Ž›ƒ—–Š‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ•’‡…–•

–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡•–—†‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›…”‹–‹…‹•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ‘…‡”‹‰–Š‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•

‘”•‘…‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

‘Ž†ƒ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–• ‡…‘’ƒ•• ƒŽŽ Š—ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ

™Š‡–Š‡”’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ•‘…‹ƒŽǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽǡ‘”ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•Š‘Ž†

Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ‘Ž†ƒ†‹˜‹†‡•–Š‡‹–‘–™‘

–›’‡•ǣ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ȋŠƒ‹”—‹•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲʹʹȌ

•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„› ƒ”—ȋ‹

‘œƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͻȌǡƒ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ˜‡”„ƒŽ‘”

’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Šƒ–•‡‡–‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†„›•…‹‡…‡ǤŠ‡•‡ˆƒ…–•…ƒ–ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…•‘…‹ƒŽ

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ …”‡ƒ–‹‘• •—…Š ƒ• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ƒ”–•ǡ —•‹…ǡ

•…—Ž’–—”‡ǡƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡…‘ˆ‹‡•Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•–‘‡…‘’ƒ••ƒŽŽ‘—–…‘‡•‘ˆ

Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”˜‡”„ƒŽ‘”’Š›•‹…ƒŽǤ

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‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

HUMANITARIAN FACTS IN THE NOVEL 'EL' BY LULUK HF BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF LUCIEN GOLDMAN

Rosa Hidayah[1], Siti Latifah Nanda Mudhakir [2], M. Faisol [3] Nur Latifah [4]

ȏʹȐʹͲͲ͵ͲͳͳͳͲͳʹͲ̷•–—†‡–Ǥ—‹ǦƒŽƒ‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐǡȏ͵ȐǡȏͶȐ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ••Žƒ‡‰‡”‹ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰ǡƒŽƒ‰ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

AbstractǣŠ‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒƒŽ›œ‡•Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒƒ•’‡…–•‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”–‹–Ž‡†̶̶„›—Ž—

ǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘†‡•…”‹„‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•

„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡–‹… •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• –Š‡‘”› ’”‘’‘•‡† „› —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒǤ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

‡–Š‘†‹•—•‡†‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶Ǥ̶

Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶…‘–ƒ‹•–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǣ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–•ǡ Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •‘…‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–•

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡…‘‘›Ǥ —”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹ŽŽ—–‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‡–Š‘†‘”‡

‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ• ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ‘”‡ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ ˜‹‡™‹‰ ƒ† ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǤǤ

Keywordsǣ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘

INTRODUCTION

—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡Š—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡–Šƒ––ƒ‡‘˜‡”„ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’Š›•‹…ƒŽˆ‘”•

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ

™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ…–—ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ’”‡•‡– ‹ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ …‘—‹–› ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Š—ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‹•‡†—‡–‘

–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆŠ—ƒ•™‹–ŠƒŽŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–‡š‹•–ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š ƒ”—̵•‘’‹‹‘

ȋ‹Šƒ‹”—‹•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲʹʹȌ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡‘–•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡•‘–Š‡‹”

‘™ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡…–Ǥ

ŽŽŠ—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‡•ˆ”‘ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡•—„Œ‡…–‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹…‡”–ƒ‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Š‡•‡ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘•‘”ƒ––‡’–•–‘‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‘Ž†ƒ̵•ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•

ȋ—”Šƒ•ƒƒŠǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ–Š‡ʹͳ•–…‡–—”›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•—…Š†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ„‘—–Š—ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡

’”‘„Ž‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‰”‘—’•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ”‹–‡”•†‘‘–•‘Ž‡Ž›ƒ—–Š‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ•’‡…–•

–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡•–—†‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›…”‹–‹…‹•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ‘…‡”‹‰–Š‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•

‘”•‘…‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

‘Ž†ƒ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–• ‡…‘’ƒ•• ƒŽŽ Š—ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ

™Š‡–Š‡”’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ•‘…‹ƒŽǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽǡ‘”ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•Š‘Ž†

Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ‘Ž†ƒ†‹˜‹†‡•–Š‡‹–‘–™‘

–›’‡•ǣ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ȋŠƒ‹”—‹•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲʹʹȌ

•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„› ƒ”—ȋ‹

‘œƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͻȌǡƒ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ˜‡”„ƒŽ‘”

’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Šƒ–•‡‡–‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†„›•…‹‡…‡ǤŠ‡•‡ˆƒ…–•…ƒ–ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…•‘…‹ƒŽ

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ …”‡ƒ–‹‘• •—…Š ƒ• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ƒ”–•ǡ —•‹…ǡ

•…—Ž’–—”‡ǡƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡…‘ˆ‹‡•Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•–‘‡…‘’ƒ••ƒŽŽ‘—–…‘‡•‘ˆ

Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”˜‡”„ƒŽ‘”’Š›•‹…ƒŽǤ

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž –‹–Ž‡† ̶̶ „› —Ž— …‘–ƒ‹• ƒ •–‘”› ƒ„‘—– Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ „‘–Š

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‹•‘˜‡Žǡ—Ž— ƒƒ‰‡•–‘„Ž‡†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”

•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ—Ž— ̵•™‘”•‘ˆ–‡ƒ††”‡••–‘’‹…•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘…‘—‹–›Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•–Šƒ–

’‘”–”ƒ›•Ž‹ˆ‡‹•–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶Ǥ̶–Š‹•‘˜‡Žǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•–”‹˜‡•–‘†‡’‹…–ƒ”‡•‹Ž‹‡–™‘ƒˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‹•

‘˜‡Ž‹•‘–‡”‡Ž›‡ƒ––‘„‡‡Œ‘›‡†ǡ„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡••…Š‘Žƒ”Ž›”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡

†‡•…”‹’–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹•–—†›‹‰‹–ǡƒ‹Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ

Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•„›—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒ•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”

–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›„‡…ƒ—•‡‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ‹–•ƒ•’‡…–•‹••–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†›‡–

…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ™ƒ”‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ȋ‹Šƒ‹”—‹•ƒǡʹͲʹʹȌ–Šƒ–‘Ž†ƒ’Žƒ…‡•

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•ƒ†›ƒ‹…Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–Ǥ‘‡š’Žƒ‹Š‘™–Š‡†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”„‡…‘‡ƒ

Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–ǡ‘Ž†ƒ„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‡‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•–Šƒ–’Žƒ›ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ”‘Ž‡ǣ ȋͳȌŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡȋʹȌ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡•—„Œ‡…–ǡƒ†ȋ͵Ȍ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ

–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶‹†—›ƒ‰‡„ƒ™ƒ——Žƒ‰̶™‹ŽŽ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†—•‹‰–Š‡

‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ

—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒ‹•ƒˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†–Šƒ–‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”̵•

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–—†‡”Ž‹‡•–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‘”›ȋ‡ŽƒŽ—†‹ǡ‹ƒ„‹ŽƒŠǡʹͲʹͳȌǤ

‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ”‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ˆ‘”••—…Šƒ•‘˜‡Ž•ǡ•Š‘”–

•–‘”‹‡•ǡƒ†’‘‡•ǤŠ‹•–Š‡‘”›‹•ƒ„”ƒ…Š‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡•–Š‡–‡š–—ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ

•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”̵•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•‹–”‘†—…‡†„›—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǡƒ

’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒ†•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘ˆ‘ƒ‹ƒǦ ”‡…Š‘”‹‰‹ǤŠ‹•–Š‡‘”›™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†‹Š‹•„‘‘̶Š‡

‹††‡‘†ǣ–—†›‘ˆ”ƒ‰‹…‹•‹‘‹–Š‡‡•±‡•‘ˆƒ•…ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒ‰‡†‹‡•‘ˆƒ…‹‡ǡ̶’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹

”‡…Š‹ͳͻͷ͸ȋ—ˆ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲʹͳȌǤ

–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‡˜‹‘—•

•–—†‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡…‘†—…–‡†„›—ˆ‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹͲȌǡ‹‰ƒŽ‹‰‰‹‰ȋʹͲʹͲȌǡŠƒ‹”—‹•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǡ

ƒ‹„‘›‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹͳȌǡ”ƒ›ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹͳȌǡƒ•ƒ†‹ƒ†ƒŠ”‘ȋʹͲʹͲȌǡŒƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ†ƒ”‹Ž‘—ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ

ƒŠƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳͷȌǡ‘—”‹ȋʹͲʹͲȌǡƒ•ƒƒŠȋʹͲʹʹȌǡ——”‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǡ‹›ƒ†ŒƒŠŒ‘‘ȋʹͲͳʹȌǡ

—•–‘ˆƒ ȋʹͲʹͲȌ †‹•…—••‹‰ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•ǡ ‹ƒƒ ȋʹͲʹͳȌ †‹•…—••‹‰ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•ǡ ƒ›ƒ–‹ ȋʹͲʹͲȌǡ

—”ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹͳȌ†‹•…—••‹‰Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ‘œƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ ƒ…Š”—†‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǡ

ƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍ†‹•…—••‹‰Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•Ǥ

”‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”

…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ǤŠ‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›„‡–™‡‡–Š‹••–—†›ƒ†•‘‡’”‡˜‹‘—•‘‡•Ž‹‡•‹

–Š‡‹”‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹–Š‹••–—†›Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ

™Š‡”‡–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•‡šƒ‹‹‰Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•‹ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›

—Ž— —•‹‰—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒ̵•‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ

–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹–Š‹••–—†›†‡Ž˜‡•†‡‡’‡”ǡ‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰„‘–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•Ǥ

Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‹

–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›—Ž— Ǥ—Ž— ‡’Ž‘›•ƒ•‹’Ž‡ƒ†‡ƒ•‹Ž›—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡™”‹–‹‰•–›Ž‡‹–Š‹•

‘˜‡ŽǤ‹†ƒ›ƒ–—Ž ƒŒ”‹›ƒŠǡ„‡––‡”‘™ƒ•—Ž— ǡ‹•ƒƒ‘‰ƒǡƒ•–ƒ˜ƒ™”‹–‡”ǡƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›•Šƒ”‹‰

Š‡”™”‹––‡™‘”•‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•Ž‹‡ƒ––’ƒ†Ǥ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ

ˆƒ…–•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›—Ž— Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž

„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•–Š‡‘”›’”‘’‘•‡†„›—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǤ THEORY

‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†•™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

™‘”• •—…Š ƒ• ‘˜‡Ž•ǡ •Š‘”– •–‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ’‘‡–”›Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡‘”› ‹• ƒ „”ƒ…Š ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ–

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

…‘„‹‡•–‡š–—ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”̵•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”ƒ†‹–••‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ•‘…‹‡–›ǡŠ—ƒ•…‘ˆ”‘–‘”•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–•…‘•…‹‘—•Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘”•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–„‡‹‰‹’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Š‹•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒŽ•‘’‘”–”ƒ›•Š—ƒƒš‹‡–‹‡•ǡŠ‘’‡•ǡƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡ˆ‘”‰ƒ—‰‹‰Š—ƒ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘•‘…‹ƒŽ

ˆ‘”…‡•Ǥ

‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•…ƒ„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ‘Ǧ’—”‡‡–Š‘†ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘’—”‡

‡–Š‘†•–Šƒ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡‹–”‹•‹…˜ƒŽ—‡•‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋƒ•ƒǡʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‹•‡–Š‘††‡Ž˜‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”

‹–‘–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”Ǥ‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•‹–”‘†—…‡†„›

—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǡƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒ†•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘ˆ‘ƒ‹ƒǦ ”‡…Š‘”‹‰‹Ǥ‹•„‘‘̶Š‡‹††‡‘†ǣ

–—†›‘ˆ”ƒ‰‹…‹•‹‘‹–Š‡‡•±‡•‘ˆƒ•…ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒ‰‡†‹‡•‘ˆƒ…‹‡̶’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›‹

”‡…Š‹ͳͻͷ͸Ǥ†”ƒ•™ƒ”ƒȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒ•‡‹Ǧ’—”‡‡–Š‘†–Šƒ–

…‘„‹‡••–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•™‹–Š’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†•Ǥ‘Ž†ƒȋ‹ ƒ”—ǡʹͲͳͲȌ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†

–Šƒ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›ǡ‘™ƒ•‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ƒ”‡•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

–Š‡•‡ •–”—…–—”‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– •–ƒ–‹…Ǣ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’”‘†—…–• ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ

•–”—…–—”‹‰ƒ††‡Ǧ•–”—…–—”‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‹˜‡†ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›…‘—‹–›Ǥ‘•—’’‘”–Š‹•

–Š‡‘”›ǡ‘Ž†ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•‡–‘ˆ‹–‡”…‘‡…–‡†…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡•—„Œ‡…–ǡ

™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ•–”—…–—”‹‰ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ƒ–ƒȋʹͲͲͶȌ†‡ˆ‹‡†‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ•–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ•–”—…–—”‡ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•

‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǥ‡••‡…‡ǡ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•’ƒ›•ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘„‘–Š‹–”‹•‹…ƒ†‡š–”‹•‹…ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•ƒ–‡•–‡†–Š‡‘”›™‹–Š˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǡ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•—•–•–‹ŽŽ„‡•—’’‘”–‡†„›

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›…‘…‡’–•‘–ˆ‘—†‹‘–Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡•›‡–”›‘”Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ǡ

•‘…‹ƒŽ…Žƒ••‡•ǡ–”ƒ•Ǧ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–•ǡƒ†™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ‘–Š‡”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘’”‘’‘•‡†„›‘•›‹†‹‡–ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†–Šƒ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”ƒ†‹–••‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›…‘•‹†‡”•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•

ƒ••–ƒ–‹…•–”—…–—”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‹•‡‘–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ†ƒ•’”‘†—…–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‘”̵•–Š‘—‰Š–•ǡ

‡‡”‰‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†•’‡…‹ˆ‹…•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ RESEARCH METHOD

Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ•“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†

–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹••—‡•

ȋƒ“—‡”‹ƒǡʹͲʹͳȌǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›

—Ž— ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡„‡…ƒ—•‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ—„‡”•…ƒ‘–“—ƒ–‹ˆ›–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ

Š‡†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†’”‡•‡–•ˆ‹†‹‰•„ƒ•‡†‘‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ…–•‘”’Š‡‘‡ƒˆ”‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡††ƒ–ƒ

ȋ‡–‹ƒ™ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›†‡’‹…–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…

ˆƒ…–•ƒ„‘—–ƒ’Š‡‘‡‘–‘•–—†›‹–Ǥ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–Š‡†‘‡•‹ƒǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›—Ž— ǡ…‘•‹•–‹‰

‘ˆ Ͷ͸Ͷ ’ƒ‰‡•ǡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ‡‡”„‹– ‹–ƒ‰ ‡†‹ƒ ‡Ž˜ƒƒ ‡†‹ƒ †‘‡•‹ƒ ‹ʹͲͳ͹Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†• —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ‘–‡Ǧ–ƒ‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰

–‡…Š‹“—‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”†ƒ–ƒ‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‘—Ž†‘Ž›’”‘†—…‡

†ƒ–ƒ™‹–Š”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ•—…Šƒ•”‡ƒ†‹‰„‘‘•ǡŒ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡ‘”ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡‘–‡Ǧ

–ƒ‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‹‰ ‘–‡•‘”ƒ”‹‰ ™‘”†• ƒ† •‡–‡…‡•…‘•‹†‡”‡† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ

†—”‹‰†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘Ǥ Data Analysis Technique

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‡‰ƒ‰‡•‹†ƒ–ƒ”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥ–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•

–Š‡•‡•–‡’•ǣ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‡Ž‡…–•†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ—…‹‡

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

…‘„‹‡•–‡š–—ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”̵•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”ƒ†‹–••‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ•‘…‹‡–›ǡŠ—ƒ•…‘ˆ”‘–‘”•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–•…‘•…‹‘—•Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘”•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–„‡‹‰‹’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Š‹•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒŽ•‘’‘”–”ƒ›•Š—ƒƒš‹‡–‹‡•ǡŠ‘’‡•ǡƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡ˆ‘”‰ƒ—‰‹‰Š—ƒ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘•‘…‹ƒŽ

ˆ‘”…‡•Ǥ

‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•…ƒ„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ‘Ǧ’—”‡‡–Š‘†ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘’—”‡

‡–Š‘†•–Šƒ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡‹–”‹•‹…˜ƒŽ—‡•‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋƒ•ƒǡʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‹•‡–Š‘††‡Ž˜‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”

‹–‘–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”Ǥ‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•‹–”‘†—…‡†„›

—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǡƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒ†•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘ˆ‘ƒ‹ƒǦ ”‡…Š‘”‹‰‹Ǥ‹•„‘‘̶Š‡‹††‡‘†ǣ

–—†›‘ˆ”ƒ‰‹…‹•‹‘‹–Š‡‡•±‡•‘ˆƒ•…ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒ‰‡†‹‡•‘ˆƒ…‹‡̶’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›‹

”‡…Š‹ͳͻͷ͸Ǥ†”ƒ•™ƒ”ƒȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒ•‡‹Ǧ’—”‡‡–Š‘†–Šƒ–

…‘„‹‡••–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•™‹–Š’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†•Ǥ‘Ž†ƒȋ‹ ƒ”—ǡʹͲͳͲȌ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†

–Šƒ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›ǡ‘™ƒ•‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǡ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ƒ”‡•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

–Š‡•‡ •–”—…–—”‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– •–ƒ–‹…Ǣ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’”‘†—…–• ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ

•–”—…–—”‹‰ƒ††‡Ǧ•–”—…–—”‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‹˜‡†ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›…‘—‹–›Ǥ‘•—’’‘”–Š‹•

–Š‡‘”›ǡ‘Ž†ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•‡–‘ˆ‹–‡”…‘‡…–‡†…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡•—„Œ‡…–ǡ

™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ•–”—…–—”‹‰ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ƒ–ƒȋʹͲͲͶȌ†‡ˆ‹‡†‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ•–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ•–”—…–—”‡ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•

‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǥ‡••‡…‡ǡ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•’ƒ›•ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘„‘–Š‹–”‹•‹…ƒ†‡š–”‹•‹…ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•ƒ–‡•–‡†–Š‡‘”›™‹–Š˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǡ‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•—•–•–‹ŽŽ„‡•—’’‘”–‡†„›

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›…‘…‡’–•‘–ˆ‘—†‹‘–Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡•›‡–”›‘”Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ǡ

•‘…‹ƒŽ…Žƒ••‡•ǡ–”ƒ•Ǧ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–•ǡƒ†™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ‘–Š‡”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘’”‘’‘•‡†„›‘•›‹†‹‡–ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†–Šƒ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”ƒ†‹–••‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›…‘•‹†‡”•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•

ƒ••–ƒ–‹…•–”—…–—”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‹•‡‘–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ†ƒ•’”‘†—…–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‘”̵•–Š‘—‰Š–•ǡ

‡‡”‰‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†•’‡…‹ˆ‹…•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ RESEARCH METHOD

Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ•“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†

–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹••—‡•

ȋƒ“—‡”‹ƒǡʹͲʹͳȌǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›

—Ž— ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡„‡…ƒ—•‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ—„‡”•…ƒ‘–“—ƒ–‹ˆ›–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ

Š‡†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†’”‡•‡–•ˆ‹†‹‰•„ƒ•‡†‘‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ…–•‘”’Š‡‘‡ƒˆ”‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡††ƒ–ƒ

ȋ‡–‹ƒ™ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›†‡’‹…–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…

ˆƒ…–•ƒ„‘—–ƒ’Š‡‘‡‘–‘•–—†›‹–Ǥ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–Š‡†‘‡•‹ƒǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›—Ž— ǡ…‘•‹•–‹‰

‘ˆ Ͷ͸Ͷ ’ƒ‰‡•ǡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ‡‡”„‹– ‹–ƒ‰ ‡†‹ƒ ‡Ž˜ƒƒ ‡†‹ƒ †‘‡•‹ƒ ‹ʹͲͳ͹Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†• —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ‘–‡Ǧ–ƒ‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰

–‡…Š‹“—‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”†ƒ–ƒ‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‘—Ž†‘Ž›’”‘†—…‡

†ƒ–ƒ™‹–Š”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ•—…Šƒ•”‡ƒ†‹‰„‘‘•ǡŒ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡ‘”ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡‘–‡Ǧ

–ƒ‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‹‰ ‘–‡•‘”ƒ”‹‰ ™‘”†• ƒ† •‡–‡…‡•…‘•‹†‡”‡† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ

†—”‹‰†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘Ǥ Data Analysis Technique

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‡‰ƒ‰‡•‹†ƒ–ƒ”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥ–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•

–Š‡•‡•–‡’•ǣ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‡Ž‡…–•†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‰‡‡–‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ—…‹‡

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

‘Ž†ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡• †ƒ–ƒ –Šƒ– †‘ ‘– ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‡‡–‹… •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ

—…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒǤ Š‡ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡•‡ •–‡’•ǣ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡

‘„–ƒ‹‡††ƒ–ƒ‹…Ž‡ƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡””‡˜‹‡™•–Š‡‡–‹”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘…‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰

–‘†”ƒ™…‘…Ž—•‹‘•Ǥ

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ˆƒ…–• ƒ”‡ Š—ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ †ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹ˆ‡ –Šƒ– –ƒ‡ ‘ ˜‡”„ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ˆ‘”•

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡƒ†ƒŽŽ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡

ƒŽ•‘ƒ…–—ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰…‘—‹–›‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•

„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Š—ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‹•‡†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•

ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆŠ—ƒ•™‹–ŠƒŽŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–‡š‹•–Ǥ‘Ž†ƒ‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•

‡…‘’ƒ•• ƒŽŽ Š—ƒ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ •‘…‹ƒŽǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽǡ ‘”

ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•Š‘Ž†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ

Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ‘Ž†ƒ…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡•–Š‡‹–‘–™‘–›’‡•ǣ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ

Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǤȋŠƒ‹”—‹•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲʹʹȌǤ

˜‡”› Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘” Šƒ• ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‹ ‹–• ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘

‡Ž‡‡–• ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ …‘—‹–›Ǥ • ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ •‘…‹‡–›ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”•

ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ‹–‡”ƒ…– ™‹–Š –Š‡ …‘—‹–›ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ˆƒ…–•Ǥ Š‡

…‘—‹–›̵••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹–‡”–™‹‡†™‹–Š‡˜‡–•ƒ†‘……—””‡…‡•‹‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ž‹ˆ‡ǡƒ•‹„‘™‘

ȋ‹—”ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͻȌ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‡˜‡–•‘”‘……—””‡…‡•‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘˜‡”„ƒŽƒ†‘˜‡”„ƒŽ

Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ǡ‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•ǡƒ•‘–‡†„› ƒ”—ȋ‹—”ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹‡–

ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͻȌǤ

–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶ǡ̶‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡†‡’‹…–‡†Ǥ†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•”‡•—Ž–

ˆ”‘Ž‹„‹†‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•—…Šƒ•†”‡ƒ•ǡ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•’‡”–ƒ‹–‘ƒ––‡”•

”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ …‘—‹–› ȋ ƒ…Š”—†‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲʹʹȌǤ  –Š‹• …‘–‡š–ǡ –‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ

Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶„›—Ž— ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”™‹ŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‡Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•‹–Š‡

ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ Table 1 1.

Category Quote Page

Individual Facts

If asked about her strengths, there might be only one, that is, Dafychi is a brilliant student; from elementary school first grade to middle school second grade, this girl always holds the first rank!

... Dafychi also has weaknesses. She becomes quiet when there is no light. No human is perfect.

Christopher Columbus, Albert Einstein, and Jang Yeong-sil also had weaknesses in their discoveries in the past, just like Dafychi.

15-16

She used to be a very obedient and cheerful girl, but since her mother passed away, she has changed a bit, becoming somewhat colder and more prone to breaking rules. Understandably, she is still a seventeen-year-old teenager.

33

A figure who had not appeared on the surface of the earth for almost two years finally revealed themselves once again. A significant secret of a

55

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ Dafychi that had never been known by anyone

except her family, childhood friends, and household staff.

Social Facts

Mario vividly remembered his father's final words before he closed his eyes forever. Mr.

Haling was eager for Mario to succeed him and make the Haling company's name known worldwide. Eventually, he let go of his dream of becoming a police officer.

8

"Improve your performance, or tomorrow I'll

force you to write resignation letters!" 12

"Why did you buy a tie?" "Not for me," Dafychi replied quickly. "Then?" Dafychi moistened her dry lips, a little nervous in her response. "For you."

149

Because of Dafychi, both of them had to leave early this morning, succumbing to Dafychi's whining. "Please help me...," Dafychi cried out in frustration.

153

Dafychi felt like crying. Why am I crying? Why does my chest hurt? Dafychi, he's ended it. That's what you wanted! It's over for you! You should be smiling, Dafychi! You should be smiling, not crying like this. Smile, Dafychi. Quickly smile now.

Helping others

From: Ando Gunawan Hey, really sorry, I'm entrusting you with Dafychi. Don't let her escape and wander around aimlessly outside. There's no one at home right now. I apologize for bothering you. Just looking after my little sister for a bit. If she's being difficult, take her out for pizza. She'll quiet down.

46

"I'm entrusting you with Dafychi, Yo. Thanks."

Ando then walked away from there, leaving

Mario and Dafychi alone. 180

Social Facts related to the economy

The higher the power and success of his company, the more people despise him and want to remove him.

43

"You're going to die, Mario! I'm going to kill you,

Mario! You scumbag, Mario!" 118

ͳǤ Humanitarian Facts Related to Individual Facts

†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•‘”Ž‹„‹†‹ƒŽƒ…–‹‘•ǡ

•—…Šƒ•†”‡ƒ•ǡ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡƒ†•‘‘ǤŽ‹‡•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‘Ž‡‹Š‹•–‘”›ǡ

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–Šƒ–”‘Ž‡Ǥ†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ•‘‡‘‡

‡š’‡”‹‡…‹‰†—ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ…‘‘Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•†‹••‘…‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹†‡–‹–›†‹•‘”†‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‡‡”‰‡•

‹ƒˆ›…Š‹ǤŠ‡—•‡†–‘„‡ƒ…Š‡‡”ˆ—Žǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–ǡƒ†„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž‰‹”Žǡ„—–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰…Šƒ‰‡†™Š‡Š‡”

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ Dafychi that had never been known by anyone

except her family, childhood friends, and household staff.

Social Facts

Mario vividly remembered his father's final words before he closed his eyes forever. Mr.

Haling was eager for Mario to succeed him and make the Haling company's name known worldwide. Eventually, he let go of his dream of becoming a police officer.

8

"Improve your performance, or tomorrow I'll

force you to write resignation letters!" 12

"Why did you buy a tie?" "Not for me," Dafychi replied quickly. "Then?" Dafychi moistened her dry lips, a little nervous in her response. "For you."

149

Because of Dafychi, both of them had to leave early this morning, succumbing to Dafychi's whining. "Please help me...," Dafychi cried out in frustration.

153

Dafychi felt like crying. Why am I crying? Why does my chest hurt? Dafychi, he's ended it. That's what you wanted! It's over for you! You should be smiling, Dafychi! You should be smiling, not crying like this. Smile, Dafychi. Quickly smile now.

Helping others

From: Ando Gunawan Hey, really sorry, I'm entrusting you with Dafychi. Don't let her escape and wander around aimlessly outside. There's no one at home right now. I apologize for bothering you. Just looking after my little sister for a bit. If she's being difficult, take her out for pizza. She'll quiet down.

46

"I'm entrusting you with Dafychi, Yo. Thanks."

Ando then walked away from there, leaving

Mario and Dafychi alone. 180

Social Facts related to the economy

The higher the power and success of his company, the more people despise him and want to remove him.

43

"You're going to die, Mario! I'm going to kill you,

Mario! You scumbag, Mario!" 118

ͳǤ Humanitarian Facts Related to Individual Facts

†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•ƒ”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•‘”Ž‹„‹†‹ƒŽƒ…–‹‘•ǡ

•—…Šƒ•†”‡ƒ•ǡ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡƒ†•‘‘ǤŽ‹‡•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‘Ž‡‹Š‹•–‘”›ǡ

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–Šƒ–”‘Ž‡Ǥ†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ…–•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶̶‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ•‘‡‘‡

‡š’‡”‹‡…‹‰†—ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ…‘‘Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•†‹••‘…‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹†‡–‹–›†‹•‘”†‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‡‡”‰‡•

‹ƒˆ›…Š‹ǤŠ‡—•‡†–‘„‡ƒ…Š‡‡”ˆ—Žǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–ǡƒ†„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž‰‹”Žǡ„—–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰…Šƒ‰‡†™Š‡Š‡”

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

„‡Ž‘˜‡†‘–Š‡”’ƒ••‡†ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ’‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ†—ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‹•ˆƒŽŽ•™‹–Š‹’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‹•‘”†‡”•

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› •‘‡‘‡ ƒˆ–‡” •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– •–”‡••ǡ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ƒˆ›…Š‹ǡ ƒ ‰‹”Ž ™Š‘ “—‹…Ž› …Šƒ‰‡• Š‡”

†‡‡ƒ‘”ƒˆ–‡”Š‡”‘–Š‡”̵•†‡ƒ–Šǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹†‡‘ˆŠ‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›™Š‡•Š‡‹•‹†ƒ‰‡”

‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰…‘”‡”‡†Ǥ–‹•‡˜‹†‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡“—‘–‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Žǣ

"If asked about her strengths, there might only be one, that is, Dafychi is a brilliant student, from elementary school first grade to middle school second grade, this girl always holds the first rank! …..

Dafychi also has weaknesses. She becomes quiet when there is no light. No human is perfect. Christopher Columbus, Albert Einstein, and Jang Yeong-sil also had weaknesses in their discoveries in the past, just like Dafychi." (pages 15-16)

"She used to be a very obedient and cheerful girl, but since her mother passed away, she has changed a bit, becoming somewhat colder and more prone to breaking rules. Understandably, she's still a seventeen-

year-old teenager." (page 33)

"A figure who had not appeared on the surface of the earth for almost two years finally revealed themselves once again. A significant secret of a Dafychi that had never been known by anyone except her family, childhood friends, and household staff." (page 55).

ʹǤ Humanitarian Facts Related to Social

‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ƒ”‡ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ —ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ…–•Ǣ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ…–‹‘• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†‘…‘•…‹‘—•‡••‘”…‘’—Ž•‹‘ǡ™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘–Š‡‘”•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†

…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡Ǥ–‹•†‡’‹…–‡†‹–Š‡•–‘”›™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶ǡ̶™Š‹…Š

’‘”–”ƒ›•‡ƒ…Š…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵•Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ

‹–Š ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”› “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ ’‘••‡••‡† „› –Š‡ ›‘—‰ ƒ† •—……‡••ˆ—Ž

‡–”‡’”‡‡—”ƒ”‹‘†‹’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹‰ǡŠ‡ƒƒ‰‡†–‘…‘–‹—‡Š‹•Žƒ–‡ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•…‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ†Ž‘‰

„‡‡•—……‡••ˆ—Žƒ†”‡‘™‡†Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡Šƒ†–‘‰‹˜‡—’Š‹•…Š‡”‹•Š‡††”‡ƒ‘ˆ„‡…‘‹‰ƒ’‘Ž‹…‡

‘ˆˆ‹…‡”ǡ Š‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ™Š‘ ‹• …‘Ž†ǡ ˆ‹”ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ”‡† „› ƒŽŽ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ‹ –Š‡

…‘’ƒ›Ǥ–‹•‡˜‹†‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‘–‡ǣ

"Mario vividly remembers his father's final words before closing his eyes forever. Mr. Haling desperately wanted Mario to take over his position and make the Haling company's name known worldwide. Eventually, he surrendered his dream of becoming a police officer." (page 8).

"Improve your performance, or tomorrow I will force you to write resignation letters!" (page 12).

‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Žǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ Ž‘˜‡ •–‘”› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ ƒ”‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒŽ‡

’”‘–ƒ‰‘‹•– ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ̶ǡ̶ Šƒ• ‡˜‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† ƒ ”‘ƒ–‹… ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ —–‹Ž ˆƒ–‡ „”‹‰• Š‹

–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ–‡‡ƒ‰‡‰‹”Žˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ›•–‡”‹‘—•ƒ†‡…Šƒ–‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ‡†ƒˆ›…Š‹—ƒ‹ ”‡†›Ǥ

Š‡‹” Ž‘˜‡ •–‘”› ‹• ˆ—›ǡ ”‘ƒ–‹…ǡ ƒ† …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ ™‹–Š —’• ƒ† †‘™• –Šƒ– –—‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡”•̵

‡‘–‹‘•Ǥ–ˆ‹”•–ǡƒ”‹‘‹•ƒ‘›‡†„›ƒˆ›…Š‹̵•’”‡•‡…‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ—…‘•…‹‘—•Ž›ǡŠ‡•–ƒ”–•–‘‰‡–—•‡†

–‘‹–ƒ†‡˜‡‡Œ‘›•Š‡”…‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹…Š„”‹‰•ƒ‡™…‘Ž‘”–‘Š‹•‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‘‘–‘‘—•Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ–‹•

‡˜‹†‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‘–‡•ǣ "Why did you buy a tie?"

"Not for me," Dafychi quickly replied.

"Then?" Dafychi moistened her dry lips and nervously answered, "For you." (page 149).

Because of Dafychi, both of them are forced to leave early in the morning, complying with Dafychi's insistence.

"Help me...," Dafychi shouted in frustration.

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

Dafychi felt like crying. Why am I crying? Why does my chest hurt? Dafychi, it's over. That's what you wanted!

You're done! You should be smiling, Dafychi! You should smile, not cry like this. Smile, Dafychi. Smile now.

(page 153).

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ …Šƒ”‹‰ ƒ† …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† Ž‘˜‡ •–‘”›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ƒŽ•‘ „”‹‰• –‘ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘‡–• ‘ˆ

ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†—–—ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡–‡š–‡••ƒ‰‡Ž‡ˆ–„›

†‘ǡ™Š‘‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒˆ›…Š‹̵•‘Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‹‘̵•ˆ”‹‡†•‹…‡…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǤŠ‡‡••ƒ‰‡•‡”˜‡•

ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ”‹‘̵•Š‡Ž’Ž‘‘‹‰ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•›‘—‰‡”•‹•–‡”ǡƒˆ›…Š‹ǡ–‘’”‡˜‡–Š‡”ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰‘—–ƒ†

…ƒ—•‹‰–”‘—„Ž‡Ǥ–‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡•–”‘‰„‘†‘ˆˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†•—’’‘”–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǤŠ‡

–‡š–‡••ƒ‰‡”‡ƒ†•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ From: Ando Gunawan:

Hey, I'm really sorry to bother you, but can you look after Dafychi? Make sure she doesn't run off or do anything reckless. Nobody's home right now. Sorry to ask you this. Just keep an eye on my sister for a bit. If she's being difficult, take her out for pizza. She'll quiet down. (page 46).

"I'm leaving Dafychi with you, Yo. Thanks." Ando then left the place, leaving Mario and Dafychi alone. (page 180).

Š‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†–Š‡‹”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘Š‡Ž’†‘„›™ƒ–…Š‹‰

‘˜‡”ƒˆ›…Š‹ƒ†‡•—”‹‰Š‡”•ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘ƒ††•ƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ…‘’Ž‡š‹–›–‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•‹–Š‡•–‘”›ǡ

•Š‘™…ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”…‘‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵•Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘•—’’‘”–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹

–‹‡•‘ˆ‡‡†Ǥ

͵Ǥ Social Facts in the Context of Economics

Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž ƒŽ•‘ ’”‡•‡–• •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘‡…–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•–‘”›†‡’‹…–•–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…†›ƒ‹…•–Šƒ–

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵Ž‹˜‡•Ǥƒ”‹‘†‹’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹‰ǡƒ›‘—‰ǡ‹Š‡”‹–‡†–Š‡…‘’ƒ›ˆ”‘Š‹•Žƒ–‡

ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ •—……‡‡†‹‰ ‹ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ …‘’ƒ› –‘ •—……‡••ǡ –Š‡ Œ‘—”‡› –‘ –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ

•ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‰‹˜‹‰—’Š‹•†”‡ƒ•ƒ†ˆƒ…‹‰ƒ›‡‡‹‡•‹–Š‡„—•‹‡••™‘”Ž†Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Š—ƒǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† ˆƒ…–• –Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘‡…–‹‘•ǡ –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž ƒŽ•‘ ‡…‘’ƒ••‡• •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… •’Š‡”‡Ǥ • †‹•…—••‡†

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ‹–‹•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”‹‘†‹’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹‰ǡƒ›‘—‰ǡƒƒ‰‡†–‘…ƒ””›‘Š‹•Žƒ–‡ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•

…‘’ƒ›ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰‹– ‹–‘ ƒ •—……‡••ˆ—Žƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘

…ƒ‡ƒ––Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ—‡”‘—••ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡•Ǥƒ”‹‘Šƒ†–‘”‡Ž‹“—‹•ŠŠ‹•†”‡ƒ•ƒ†ˆƒ…‡†ƒ›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ

‹…Ž—†‹‰”‹˜ƒŽ•‹–Š‡„—•‹‡••™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡‘˜‡Ž‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•Š‘™–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ”‹‘̵•’‘™‡”ƒ†•—……‡••

‹„—•‹‡••ǡ–Š‡‘”‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•Š‡‰ƒ”‡”‡†ǤŠ‡“—‘–‡–Šƒ–•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–ƒ•’‘™‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ•‘†‘‡•

–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘Šƒ”„‘””‡•‡–‡–ƒ†ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡Š‹‹•ƒ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š

†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ†”‹˜ƒŽ”›ǣ

"The higher the power and glory of his company, the more people hate him and want to get rid of him."

(page 43).

Š‹•–‡•‹‘ƒ†”‹˜ƒŽ”›ƒ”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›–Š‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ”‹‘ǣ "You will die, Mario! I will kill you, Mario! You jerk, Mario!" (page 118).

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

Dafychi felt like crying. Why am I crying? Why does my chest hurt? Dafychi, it's over. That's what you wanted!

You're done! You should be smiling, Dafychi! You should smile, not cry like this. Smile, Dafychi. Smile now.

(page 153).

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ …Šƒ”‹‰ ƒ† …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† Ž‘˜‡ •–‘”›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ƒŽ•‘ „”‹‰• –‘ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘‡–• ‘ˆ

ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†—–—ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡–‡š–‡••ƒ‰‡Ž‡ˆ–„›

†‘ǡ™Š‘‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒˆ›…Š‹̵•‘Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‹‘̵•ˆ”‹‡†•‹…‡…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǤŠ‡‡••ƒ‰‡•‡”˜‡•

ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ”‹‘̵•Š‡Ž’Ž‘‘‹‰ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•›‘—‰‡”•‹•–‡”ǡƒˆ›…Š‹ǡ–‘’”‡˜‡–Š‡”ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰‘—–ƒ†

…ƒ—•‹‰–”‘—„Ž‡Ǥ–‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡•–”‘‰„‘†‘ˆˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†•—’’‘”–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǤŠ‡

–‡š–‡••ƒ‰‡”‡ƒ†•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ From: Ando Gunawan:

Hey, I'm really sorry to bother you, but can you look after Dafychi? Make sure she doesn't run off or do anything reckless. Nobody's home right now. Sorry to ask you this. Just keep an eye on my sister for a bit. If she's being difficult, take her out for pizza. She'll quiet down. (page 46).

"I'm leaving Dafychi with you, Yo. Thanks." Ando then left the place, leaving Mario and Dafychi alone. (page 180).

Š‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†–Š‡‹”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘Š‡Ž’†‘„›™ƒ–…Š‹‰

‘˜‡”ƒˆ›…Š‹ƒ†‡•—”‹‰Š‡”•ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘ƒ††•ƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ…‘’Ž‡š‹–›–‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•‹–Š‡•–‘”›ǡ

•Š‘™…ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”…‘‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵•Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘•—’’‘”–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹

–‹‡•‘ˆ‡‡†Ǥ

͵Ǥ Social Facts in the Context of Economics

Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž ƒŽ•‘ ’”‡•‡–• •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘‡…–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•–‘”›†‡’‹…–•–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…†›ƒ‹…•–Šƒ–

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵Ž‹˜‡•Ǥƒ”‹‘†‹’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹‰ǡƒ›‘—‰ǡ‹Š‡”‹–‡†–Š‡…‘’ƒ›ˆ”‘Š‹•Žƒ–‡

ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ •—……‡‡†‹‰ ‹ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ …‘’ƒ› –‘ •—……‡••ǡ –Š‡ Œ‘—”‡› –‘ –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ

•ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‰‹˜‹‰—’Š‹•†”‡ƒ•ƒ†ˆƒ…‹‰ƒ›‡‡‹‡•‹–Š‡„—•‹‡••™‘”Ž†Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Š—ƒǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† ˆƒ…–• –Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘‡…–‹‘•ǡ –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž ƒŽ•‘ ‡…‘’ƒ••‡• •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… •’Š‡”‡Ǥ • †‹•…—••‡†

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ‹–‹•‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”‹‘†‹’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹‰ǡƒ›‘—‰ǡƒƒ‰‡†–‘…ƒ””›‘Š‹•Žƒ–‡ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•

…‘’ƒ›ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰‹– ‹–‘ ƒ •—……‡••ˆ—Žƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘

…ƒ‡ƒ––Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ—‡”‘—••ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡•Ǥƒ”‹‘Šƒ†–‘”‡Ž‹“—‹•ŠŠ‹•†”‡ƒ•ƒ†ˆƒ…‡†ƒ›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ

‹…Ž—†‹‰”‹˜ƒŽ•‹–Š‡„—•‹‡••™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡‘˜‡Ž‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•Š‘™–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ”‹‘̵•’‘™‡”ƒ†•—……‡••

‹„—•‹‡••ǡ–Š‡‘”‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•Š‡‰ƒ”‡”‡†ǤŠ‡“—‘–‡–Šƒ–•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–ƒ•’‘™‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ•‘†‘‡•

–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘Šƒ”„‘””‡•‡–‡–ƒ†ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡Š‹‹•ƒ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š

†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ†”‹˜ƒŽ”›ǣ

"The higher the power and glory of his company, the more people hate him and want to get rid of him."

(page 43).

Š‹•–‡•‹‘ƒ†”‹˜ƒŽ”›ƒ”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›–Š‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ”‹‘ǣ "You will die, Mario! I will kill you, Mario! You jerk, Mario!" (page 118).

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

Š‡•‡‹•–ƒ…‡•—†‡”•…‘”‡Š‘™•‘…‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…†‘ƒ‹…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‹–”‹…ƒ…‹‡•

‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘”›ǡ•Š‘™‹‰Š‘™•—……‡••ƒ†’‘™‡”…ƒƒ––”ƒ…–‘–‘Ž›ƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‘•–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†

‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘”‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ CONCLUSION

Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ̶̶ „› —Ž— ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Š”‡‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ‹•–‹… ˆƒ…–•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†Š—ƒ‹•–‹…ˆƒ…–•ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†Š—ƒ‹•–‹…ˆƒ…–•ǡƒ†‡…‘‘›Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†Š—ƒ‹•–‹…

ˆƒ…–•Ǥ

†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†Š—ƒ‹•–‹…ˆƒ…–•‡Ž—…‹†ƒ–‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†‹–•‹’ƒ…–‘‡‘–‹‘•

ƒ† –Š‘—‰Š–•Ǥ  –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ‡…‘’ƒ•• ƒˆ›…Š‹̵• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒˆ–‡” Š‡” ‘–Š‡”̵• †‡ƒ–Šǡ

”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ•’Ž‹–’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ–‹•”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†‹ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆƒš‹‡–›ǡ•ƒ†‡••ǡƒ†Šƒ—–‹‰‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ

–Š‡ ’ƒ•–Ǥ ‘…‹ƒŽǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† Š—ƒ‹•–‹… ˆƒ…–• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ‘‰

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ”‹‘̵•Ž‘›ƒŽ–›–‘Š‹•†—–›‘ˆƒƒ‰‹‰Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•…‘’ƒ›ƒ†

Š‹•ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡–‘†‘‹…ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”ƒˆ›…Š‹ǡ†‘̵•›‘—‰‡”•‹•–‡”Ǥ

…‘‘›Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† Š—ƒ‹•–‹… ˆƒ…–• ’‘”–”ƒ› –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ‹’ƒ…– ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •–‘”›Ǥ ƒ”‹‘̵•

•—……‡••‹ƒƒ‰‹‰Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•…‘’ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘Š‹•„—•‹‡••”‹˜ƒŽ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡Š‘™

‡…‘‘‹…ˆƒ…–‘”•…ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡’Ž‘–̵•‹–”‹…ƒ…‹‡•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ• Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† …‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ ’”‘˜‡‡–• ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ”‡ ‡…‡••ƒ”› –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ‘”‡ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ‹– ‹•

”‡…‘‡†‡† –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ ‰‡‡–‹… •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‘”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒ• ‹– …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ †‡‡’‡”

‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǥ–‹•Š‘’‡†–Šƒ–ˆ—”–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ††‡Ž˜‡†‡‡’‡”‹–‘Š—ƒ‹•–‹…ˆƒ…–•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̶Ǥ̶

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–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•„›—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǤRecherches en Langue et Litterature Franaises, 13ȋʹ͵Ȍǡʹ͵ͻǦ ʹͶͳǤ

†”ƒ•™ƒ”ƒǡǤȋʹͲʹ͵ȌǤMetodologi Penelitian Sastra.‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǣǤ

ƒ…Š”—†‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ—™ƒƒǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ —„ƒ†‹›ƒŠǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ ƒ–ƒ ‡ƒ—•‹ƒƒ‘‘Š ƒ”‹ ƒŽƒ ‘˜‡Ž

‡”‡’—ƒ ‡”•ƒ’—” ‡”ƒŠ ƒ”›ƒ –ƒ †ƒ”— ƒŒ‹ƒ –”—–—”ƒŽ ‡‡–‹ǣ —…‹‡

‘Ž†ƒǤJurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education (JIME), 8ȋͶȌǡ͵ͲʹʹǦ͵Ͳ͵ͷǤ ƒ”—ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤPengantar Sosiologi Sastra.‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǣ—•–ƒƒ‡ŽƒŒƒ”Ǥ

ƒ•ƒƒŠǡǤǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•’’”‘ƒ…Š‹Š‡–—†›‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡š–•ǤJurnal Bastra, 7ȋʹȌǡͳͺͻǦʹͲͳǤ

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

”ƒ›ƒ‹ǡ ƒ„ƒ”—††‹ǡ Ƭ ‡Žƒ–‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ †‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹ Šƒ”Ž‘––‡ ‡”‹• ‹Žƒ̵• Š‘”– –‘”› ̶Š‡

‡ŽŽ‘™ ƒŽŽ’ƒ’‡”̶ › •‹‰ ‰‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤJournal of Literate: English Education Study Program, 2ȋͳȌǡ͵ͶǦͶͶǤ

ƒ›ƒ–‹ǡǤǤȋʹͲʹͲȌǤƒ†ƒ‰ƒ—‹ƒƒŽƒ—‹•‹ƒ›ƒ‰‡Ž‘—ǣ‡†‡ƒ–ƒ–”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡‡‡–‹

—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǤBudaya Litera: Jurnal kajian Sastra dan Budaya, 8ȋ͵Ȍǡʹ͵Ǧ͵ͳǤ

ƒ‹ŽƒǡǤǡ ƒ–Š—””ƒŠƒǡǤǡƬƒœ——†‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹ͵ȌǤ ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ—•‹ƒƒ†ƒŽƒ‘˜‡Ž‘‰‰‡‰

——Š ƒ”— ƒ”›ƒ Šƒ† ‘Šƒ”‹ǣ ƒŒ‹ƒ –”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒǤ Edukasiana: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan, 2ȋͳȌǡ͵͵Ǧ͵ͻǤ

ƒ‹„‘›ǡ Ǥǡ ™ƒ”ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‡”†‹ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ —–Š‘” ‘”Ž†̵• ‹‡™ ‹ ƒ„ƒ”‹ƒŠ ‘˜‡Žǣ –—†› ‘ˆ —…‹‡

‘Ž†ƒ̵•‡‡–‹…–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǤPOLINGUA: Scientific Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Language Education, 10ȋʹȌǡͶͻǦͷͶǤ

ƒ•ƒ†‹ǡǤǤǡƬƒŠ”‘ǡ ǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǤ‘˜‡”–›ǡ›•–‹…‹•ǡƒ†‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–›‘ˆ—ƒ–‡”ƒŽƒ†‘—‹–‹‡•

‹ ‹†ƒ†ƒ”‹Ǧ‹†ƒ†ƒ”‹ ›—”‰ƒ ‘˜‡Ž „› ‡”‡ ‹›‡ǣ ‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• ƒŽ›•‹• —…‹ƒ

‘Ž†ƒǤICOLLITE: International Conference on Language, Literatur, Culture, and Education.

424ǡ’’ǤʹʹͲǦʹʹͷǤ–Žƒ–‹•”‡••Ǥ

ƒ—ŽƒƒǡǤǡƒ•‹ŠǡǤǤǡƬ—’”ƒ›‘‰‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ‡‡–‹…–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒŽ›•‹•‘Š‡‘Ž‘”—–‘ˆ’ƒ…‡

›ǤǤ‘˜‡…”ƒˆ–ǤIDEAS: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 10ȋͳȌǡ͸ͶͺǦ͸ͷ͸Ǥ

—•–‘ˆƒǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͲȌǤ ‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ‹ ƒ›ƒ ‰‡Ž‘—̵• ‘‡•ǣ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ̵• ‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•

’’”‘ƒ…ŠŠ‡–‘”›‘ˆ—”ƒ›ƒ–‹ǤLitera Culture: Journal of literary and Cultural Studies, 8ȋ͵Ȍǡ ʹ͵Ǧ͵ͳǤ

—”Šƒ•ƒƒŠǡǤ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ –”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ ƒŽƒ ‘˜‡Ž ”ƒ‰Ǧ”ƒ‰ ”‘›‡

ƒ”›ƒŠƒ†‘Šƒ”‹ǤHumaniora: Language, People, Art, and Communication Studies, 6ȋͳȌǡͳ͵ͷǦ ͳͶ͸Ǥ

—”ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹ǡǤǡƒ”Šƒ—††‹ǡƬƒŠ›—†‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ—•‹ƒƒƒŽƒ‘˜‡Ž‡–ƒ‰ƒ—

ƒ”›ƒ ‡”‡ ‹›‡ ƒ‰ ‡…‡”‹ƒ ‡Œƒ”ƒŠ ǣ ƒŒ‹ƒ –”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡

‘Ž†ƒǤJurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 7ȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͲǤ

——”ǡǤǤǡƒ”™ƒ–‹ǡƬƒ†ƒǡǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤŠ‡—–Š‘”̵•‘ˆŠ‡‘˜‡Ž̶ƒ››ƒ̶„›‡Ž˜›‹ƒƒ‘•ƒƒ†

‡›”ƒ•ǤAl-Hikmah, 24ȋʹȌǡͻͻǦͳͲͻǤ

ƒŠƒǡǤ Ǥǡ—™ƒ”‰‘‘ǡǤǡƬ†‹ƒƒǡǤȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‹Žƒ–Š”‘’‹•‹Šƒ”Ž‡•‹…‡•̵•ƒŠ”‹•–ƒ•

ƒ”‘Žǣ‡‡–‹…–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒŽ›•‹•ǤPublika Budaya, 3ȋʹȌǡʹͷǦ͵ͲǤ

ƒ–ƒǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤPenelitian Sastra.‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǣ—•–ƒƒ‡ŽƒŒƒ”Ǥ

‹ƒƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ —‹ƒ ‡™‹ ‰‰”ƒ‡‹ ƒŽƒ ‘˜‡Ž › ƒ‹ › ‘—–”›ǣ ƒŒ‹ƒ

–”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ ȋ‡™‹ ‰”ƒ‡‹̵• ‘”Ž† ‹‡™  › ƒ‹ ›

‘—–”›ǣ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ ‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• –—†›ȌǤ Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pembelajarannya, 11ȋͳȌǡʹ͹ǦͶͷǤ

“

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

”ƒ›ƒ‹ǡ ƒ„ƒ”—††‹ǡ Ƭ ‡Žƒ–‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ †‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹ Šƒ”Ž‘––‡ ‡”‹• ‹Žƒ̵• Š‘”– –‘”› ̶Š‡

‡ŽŽ‘™ ƒŽŽ’ƒ’‡”̶ › •‹‰ ‰‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤJournal of Literate: English Education Study Program, 2ȋͳȌǡ͵ͶǦͶͶǤ

ƒ›ƒ–‹ǡǤǤȋʹͲʹͲȌǤƒ†ƒ‰ƒ—‹ƒƒŽƒ—‹•‹ƒ›ƒ‰‡Ž‘—ǣ‡†‡ƒ–ƒ–”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡‡‡–‹

—…‹‡‘Ž†ƒǤBudaya Litera: Jurnal kajian Sastra dan Budaya, 8ȋ͵Ȍǡʹ͵Ǧ͵ͳǤ

ƒ‹ŽƒǡǤǡ ƒ–Š—””ƒŠƒǡǤǡƬƒœ——†‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹ͵ȌǤ ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ—•‹ƒƒ†ƒŽƒ‘˜‡Ž‘‰‰‡‰

——Š ƒ”— ƒ”›ƒ Šƒ† ‘Šƒ”‹ǣ ƒŒ‹ƒ –”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒǤ Edukasiana: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan, 2ȋͳȌǡ͵͵Ǧ͵ͻǤ

ƒ‹„‘›ǡ Ǥǡ ™ƒ”ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‡”†‹ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ —–Š‘” ‘”Ž†̵• ‹‡™ ‹ ƒ„ƒ”‹ƒŠ ‘˜‡Žǣ –—†› ‘ˆ —…‹‡

‘Ž†ƒ̵•‡‡–‹…–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ǤPOLINGUA: Scientific Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Language Education, 10ȋʹȌǡͶͻǦͷͶǤ

ƒ•ƒ†‹ǡǤǤǡƬƒŠ”‘ǡ ǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǤ‘˜‡”–›ǡ›•–‹…‹•ǡƒ†‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–›‘ˆ—ƒ–‡”ƒŽƒ†‘—‹–‹‡•

‹ ‹†ƒ†ƒ”‹Ǧ‹†ƒ†ƒ”‹ ›—”‰ƒ ‘˜‡Ž „› ‡”‡ ‹›‡ǣ ‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• ƒŽ›•‹• —…‹ƒ

‘Ž†ƒǤICOLLITE: International Conference on Language, Literatur, Culture, and Education.

424ǡ’’ǤʹʹͲǦʹʹͷǤ–Žƒ–‹•”‡••Ǥ

ƒ—ŽƒƒǡǤǡƒ•‹ŠǡǤǤǡƬ—’”ƒ›‘‰‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ‡‡–‹…–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒŽ›•‹•‘Š‡‘Ž‘”—–‘ˆ’ƒ…‡

›ǤǤ‘˜‡…”ƒˆ–ǤIDEAS: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 10ȋͳȌǡ͸ͶͺǦ͸ͷ͸Ǥ

—•–‘ˆƒǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͲȌǤ ‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ‹ ƒ›ƒ ‰‡Ž‘—̵• ‘‡•ǣ —…‹‡‘Ž†ƒ̵• ‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•

’’”‘ƒ…ŠŠ‡–‘”›‘ˆ—”ƒ›ƒ–‹ǤLitera Culture: Journal of literary and Cultural Studies, 8ȋ͵Ȍǡ ʹ͵Ǧ͵ͳǤ

—”Šƒ•ƒƒŠǡǤ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ –”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ ƒŽƒ ‘˜‡Ž ”ƒ‰Ǧ”ƒ‰ ”‘›‡

ƒ”›ƒŠƒ†‘Šƒ”‹ǤHumaniora: Language, People, Art, and Communication Studies, 6ȋͳȌǡͳ͵ͷǦ ͳͶ͸Ǥ

—”ƒŽƒ›ƒ‹ǡǤǡƒ”Šƒ—††‹ǡƬƒŠ›—†‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ—•‹ƒƒƒŽƒ‘˜‡Ž‡–ƒ‰ƒ—

ƒ”›ƒ ‡”‡ ‹›‡ ƒ‰ ‡…‡”‹ƒ ‡Œƒ”ƒŠ ǣ ƒŒ‹ƒ –”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡

‘Ž†ƒǤJurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 7ȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͲǤ

——”ǡǤǤǡƒ”™ƒ–‹ǡƬƒ†ƒǡǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤŠ‡—–Š‘”̵•‘ˆŠ‡‘˜‡Ž̶ƒ››ƒ̶„›‡Ž˜›‹ƒƒ‘•ƒƒ†

‡›”ƒ•ǤAl-Hikmah, 24ȋʹȌǡͻͻǦͳͲͻǤ

ƒŠƒǡǤ Ǥǡ—™ƒ”‰‘‘ǡǤǡƬ†‹ƒƒǡǤȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‹Žƒ–Š”‘’‹•‹Šƒ”Ž‡•‹…‡•̵•ƒŠ”‹•–ƒ•

ƒ”‘Žǣ‡‡–‹…–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒŽ›•‹•ǤPublika Budaya, 3ȋʹȌǡʹͷǦ͵ͲǤ

ƒ–ƒǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤPenelitian Sastra.‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǣ—•–ƒƒ‡ŽƒŒƒ”Ǥ

‹ƒƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ —‹ƒ ‡™‹ ‰‰”ƒ‡‹ ƒŽƒ ‘˜‡Ž › ƒ‹ › ‘—–”›ǣ ƒŒ‹ƒ

–”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡ ‡‡–‹ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ ȋ‡™‹ ‰”ƒ‡‹̵• ‘”Ž† ‹‡™  › ƒ‹ ›

‘—–”›ǣ —…‹‡ ‘Ž†ƒ ‡‡–‹… –”—…–—”ƒŽ‹• –—†›ȌǤ Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pembelajarannya, 11ȋͳȌǡʹ͹ǦͶͷǤ

‘•ƒ‹†ƒ›ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹ˆƒŠƒ†ƒ—†Šƒ‹”ȏʹȐǡǤ ƒ‹•‘Žȏ͵Ȑ—”ƒ–‹ˆƒŠȏͶȐ

‘•›‹†‹ǡǤǤǡ—‹Žƒ”ǡǤǡ—”‹ƒ™ƒǡǤǡƬ—”ƒ‹Ž‹•ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤAnalisis Teks Sastra.‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǣ”ƒŠƒ

Ž—Ǥ

‘œƒǡǤǡƒ•›ƒ†ǡǤǡƬ–‹ƒŠǡǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǤ ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ—•‹ƒƒƒŽƒ‘˜‡Ž›ƒ–Ǧ›ƒ–‹–ƒʹƒ”›ƒ

ƒ„‹„—””ƒŠƒŽŠ‹”ƒœ›ǤDeiksis: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 6ȋͳȌǡͳǦʹͳǤ

‹‰ƒŽ‹‰‰‹‰ǡǡǤȋʹͲʹͲȌǤƒŽ‹•‹•–”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡‡‡–‹‘˜‡Ž—Žƒ‡„ƒ†‹‡’‹ƒ‘„ƒƒ”›ƒ‹Šƒ”

ƒ•‡•‹ƒ–—’ƒ‰ǤJurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan (SINTESIS), 14ȋͳȌǡ͵ͲǦͶ͸Ǥ

—ˆ‹ǡǤǡƒ•—–‹‘ǡǤǡƬƒ•‹ǡǤȋʹͲʹͳȌǤƒŽ‹•‹•–”—–—”ƒŽ‹•‡‡‡–‹ƒŽƒ‘˜‡Ž‡—Ž—•‘Šƒ”›ƒ

Ǥ‡ƒŽƒ™ƒ–‹ǤJurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 2ȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͻǤ

ƒ•ƒǡǤǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤTeori Sastra dan Penerapannya.ƒ†—‰ǣƒ”›ƒ—–”ƒƒ”™ƒ–‹Ǥ