Hybrid solar fish dryers as a solution for improving the quality of fisheries products to support green technology during the pandemic COVID-19

(1)

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Hybrid solar fish dryers as a solution for improving the quality of fisheries products to support green technology during the pandemic COVID-19

To cite this article: M Risa et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 980 012037

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

Hybrid solar fish dryers as a solution for improving the quality of fisheries products to support green technology during the pandemic COVID-19

M Risa¹, A Irawan², A Pratomo³, A Khalid⁴ and Y R Fauzi⁴

1 Department of Business Administration, Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Brigjen H.

Hasan Basri, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, 70123, Indonesia

2 Department of Information Management, Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Brigjen H.

3 Department of Business Digital Department, Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Brigjen H. Hasan Basri, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, 70123, Indonesia

4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Brigjen H.

* email: [email protected]

Abstract. The fishing communities in Sungai Rasau village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, have several joint business groups that mostly process their fish catch into salted fish products and shrimp paste for sale in the market. The fish drying technique still uses traditional methods that rely on sunny weather, this is not effective because the weather is difficult to predict due to climate change globally. This means that high rainfall affects fish drying production activities.

If left unchecked, this certainly results in a decrease in the quantity and quality of salted fish production and affects their income and welfare. To maintain and improve the quality of raw materials for fisheries production, the solution is the use of appropriate technology, namely making salted fish processing equipment or dryers that are energy efficient and not influenced by weather factors such as rain. Using this tool can improve the quality and quantity of production. The form of activity methods carried out includes (1) coordination with related parties to foster local fishing groups; (2) identifying problems and determining solutions; (3) solar fish dryer design; (4) making efficient technology fish dryers that effectively and efficiently utilize solar energy. At the time of implementation of the dryer, the measurement of water content using TDS obtained results that the water content of mackerel has been reduced to about 10%

1. Introduction

As the largest archipelagic country in the world with 2/3 of its territory in the sea, Indonesia has a large area of sea, coast, and small islands that are strategically significant as pillars of national economic development. Specifically for fish catches, Indonesia's potential is very abundant so that it can be expected to be a leading sector of the national economy. The potential of captured fish can be consumed by Indonesian citizens and can even be exported abroad. To get a good level of sales, of course, must be balanced with quality processed products.

(3)

2

Sungai Rasau Village is one of the coastal and densely populated villages in the prosperous sub- district of Tanah Laut regency with a population of 2,044 inhabitants. About 70% of the population earns a living as fishing and fishing laborers. Sungai Rasau village has the potential to develop fisheries and maritime businesses because it is in the Java seafront position as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. Map location

The headman of Sungai Rasau Village as shown in figure 1 has a plan to solve the problems faced by fish processing groups in tidying up:

• Improving the quality of salted fish and other sea products (quality) that have fallen due to fungal attacks when raw materials have not been dried up.

• Increase salted fish production (quantity) which decreases when rainfall is high.

• Utilization of cheap new renewable energy sources.

Figure 2. Traditional drying method

As shown in figure 2, the fish processing group in Sungai Rasau village still uses traditional methods in which the process of drying salted fish and other sea products is highly dependent on the weather. If the weather is uncertain, the drying process will be disrupted, because the results of dried fish and other marine products are very dependent on the sun's heat. Besides the problem of dependency on the weather, another thing that is a problem in the storage process of the product which is less than the maximum so that sometimes the product becomes damaged. The problems faced by the Fish Processing Joint Business Group (KUB) in Sungai Rasau Village, Tanah Laut South Kalimantan Regency are the

(4)

inability in mastering the energy-saving salted fish processing technology sector and minimal funding problems.

Fish meat is very good for consumption because it contains a source of about 15-20% protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, and other substances that can dissolve in water (1). Fish is one type of food that contains water, but it would be better if the water content in fish was removed when consumed. (2).

Fish require proper handling so that the quality of fish is maintained. There are various methods of preserving fish such as smoking, drying, salting, and freezing. Drying of food products is important to increase resistance to degradation due to decreased water activity (3). Drying is a better choice than refrigeration of food products due to the cost and complexity of the device (4). Fish drying by drying can be done using traditional methods, both open drying and sun drying using hot air. The open drying process still has many weaknesses including the length of time it takes to dry, a large area of land, dust disturbances, animal disturbances and requires a large amount of labor (5). Compared to open sun drying, the use of a greenhouse dryer can reduce drying time by up to 50% and produce a higher quality product in terms of color, texture, and taste (6). Solar dryers for fish products have been developed in several studies. Sengar, Khandetod, and Mohod (2009) investigated the solar dryer with the cost of dried shrimp (Kolambi) (6). Bintang, Pongoh, and Onibala (2013) made a solar fish dryer with a loading and unloading system. Sidhi, Pujianto, Prasetyo, and Muhfizar (2018) conducted an experimental study of drying yellowtail fish under an active greenhouse dryer (2).

2. Method

To achieve its objectives, technology implementation activities in Sungai Rasau village will be carried out through several approaches, including:

a. Data collection

b. Data requirement analysis

c. Design and develop solar powered fish dryer d. Testing

e. Implementing the fish dryer f. Evaluation

.

Evaluation

conduct evaluations and draw conclusions

Implementation

drying machine implemented on site

Testing

In this study, a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation was carried out to

determine the temperature

Design and Develop

Based on the results of the analysis, then fish dryer design is develop

Data Requirement Analysis

In the technical analysis of the fish dryer, an analysis of the heat transfer system that occurs in

the fish dryer is carried out using solar energy

Data Collection

Data collection is done by measuring related parameters in the analysis of the technical

calculations of the dryer

(5)

4

3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Analysis

The heat required for evaporation of water content in fish is:

Heat to heat water + Heat to evaporate water + Heat to raise the temperature of fish

= ( 389.96 + 6771.6 + 137.17 ) kJ

= 7298.73 kJ

The result of the calculation of total sun intensity on inclined surface, can be seen in the table 1.

While the result of the calculation of can be seen in the table 2 The calculation results of the drying time can be seen in the table 3.

Table 1. Total sun intensity on inclined surface

Hour Ibt (MJ/m2) Hour Ibt (MJ/m2)

08.00 96.005 13.00 183.149

09.00 352.743 14.00 411.159

10.00 137.875 15.00 96.261

11.00 72.716 16.00 68.777

12.00 86.994

Table 2. Calculation of airflow velocity in the heating room

No Tb

( °C) Te

(°C) P g

(m/s2) L

(m) Vc

(m/s) G

(kg/s)

1 50 33 ^1.093 9.81 3 0.83 ^0.031

2 55 33 1.076 9.81 3 0.95 0.032

3 60 33 1.059 9.81 3 1.05 0.034

Table 3. Calculation of drying time Drying

Time Mt Removed

content Drying time (hours) 50ôC 55ôC 60ôC 50ôC 55ôC 60ôC

1 0.92 1.31 1.69

3 Kg

2 1.84 2.63 3.38

3 2.76 3.94 5.07

4 3.68 5.25 6.75

5 4.60 6.57 8.44

6 5.51 7.88 10.13

7 6.43 9.20 11.82 7.11

8 7.35 10.51 13.51

9 8.27 11.82 15.20 9.13

10 9.19 13.14

11 10.11

12 11.03

13 11.95 13.06

14 12.87

3.2. Design

The solar fish dryer uses the main material of the Solar Collector which functions to absorb solar radiation energy that falls on the surface of the absorbent plate so that the plate temperature becomes high {Formatting Citation}. Solar cell construction as follows on table 4.

(6)

Table 4. Tool specifications

Tools Function

1 Solar panel board Functioning to convert solar energy into electrical energy is used to supply electrical energy in fish drying equipment. The module used is 300 wp, so the power produced is 300 watts/hour.

2 Solar charge controller Functions as a voltage regulator that comes from the photovoltaic module supply to charge the battery and supply the inverter.

3 Inverter Functioning as a converter input voltage from the solar regulator in the form of a DC voltage which would then be converted into AC voltage to supply power to the control thermometer, heater, and fan.

4 Battery serves to store energy from solar

photovoltaic modules that can be used as a backup power supply so that the tool is used at night

5 Heater plate Function as a medium fish dryer

6 Cables As a power supply

The design of the sea fish dryer into salted fish uses a rack system with the main components in the form of solar panels (9,10), solar charge controller, batteries (batteries), intervers, temperature control, RTD temperature sensors, incandescent lamps, as seen in figure 4 until figure 7.

Figure 4. Top view design Figure 5. Rear view design

(7)

6

3.3. Implementation

Figure 8. Fish dryer

Figure 9. Dryer fish mat. Figure 10. Electronic systems.

Design the size of the Fish drying chamber using data from the calculation of the heat load needed for a fish dryer with a capacity of 5 kg and can be expanded to 7 kg with a tool size of about 1.5 meters, where Qtotal is obtained 12867.212 kJ / the drying cycle and also the collector's need to get heat is 2573.75 kJ / cycle for the needs of the collector used to dry 1 kg of wet fish based on calculations to obtain energy to dry the water fish for 7.11 hours then it is equivalent to the collector of 3.65 m2.

The fish dryer uses a controller that can adjust the temperature automatically, where when the temperature reaches 50^o C automatically, the heating machine will turn off. After the temperature drops and reaches 45^o C the heater will turn on again. The temperature setting can be adjusted according to the needs of drying raw materials.

The costs incurred for the manufacture of this fish dryer are relatively large, but this is a result of the quality of the durability of the equipment. When compared to a dryer made of wood, of course, the appliance will not last long because it will break quickly. In contrast to tools made of aluminium which have a better level of resistance, termite and fire resistance.

(8)

3.4. Evaluation

For comparison, a load test was carried out. The purpose of load testing is to calculate the time and determine the level of drying efficiency (11). The results of the implementation of the solar powered fish dryer that can be seen are the drying process that is more faster and more production with a better results as seen in the figure 11, figure 12 and table 5.

Figure 11. Drying result using traditional method. Figure 12. Drying result using solar dryer.

Table 5. Comparison of drying results

Traditional drying Using solar dryers

Production / day 0.5 - 1 ton 0.5 - 1 ton

Drying time in hot weather 1 - 2 days 1 day Drying time on cloudy days 3 - 7 days 1 - 2 days

Production Loss 300 kg 100 kg

Another benefit felt by the community with the solar fish dryer is that more free time can be used to do other jobs such as packing, doing housework, and more time socializing with other parties so that there are more opportunities to expand the market network.

In this activity, a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation is carried out which aims to determine the distribution or temperature distribution of the freshwater fish dryer in the drying chamber.

It can be seen that the dryer can spread a uniform temperature, so that the heat is evenly distributed, this can accelerate the drying rate of water in mackerel from 70% to 10% using a fish dryer. At the time of implementation of the dryer, the measurement of water content using TDS obtained results that were not much different from the simulation.

4. Conclusion

Solar fish dryer is a solution to the constraints of the traditional drying process that relies on hot weather, where when the weather is rainy, the resulting product will rotten. The comparison between traditional drying and solar drying shows that solar drying can be done within 1 day while using the traditional method can take up to 2 days. Drying on cloudy days using solar power can be faster with a difference of 2 days. The total production loss for solar drying is 20 percent better than the traditional method, which can be reduced to 10 percent of the total material being dried. At the time of implementation of the dryer, the measurement of water content using TDS obtained results that the water content of mackerel has been reduced to about 10%. During the pandemic, the process of drying fish using a solar powered fish dryer is very useful because it can reduce time outside the home and the drying process can be done at home.

(9)

8

References

[1] Sobukola OP, Olatunde SO. Effect of salting techniques on salt uptake and drying kinetics of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Food Bioprod Process. 2011;89(3).

[2] Sidhi SDP, Pujianto A, Prasetyo D, Nurfauzi A, Muhfizar. Experimental Study Of Salted Fish Drying Under Greenhouse Dryer. Russ J Agric Socio-Economic Sci. 2018;77(5).

[3] Bellagha S, Amami E, Farhat A, Kechaou N. Drying kinetics and characteristic drying curve of lightly salted sardine (Sardinella aurita). Dry Technol. 2002;20(7).

[4] Swami VM, Autee AT, T R A. Experimental analysis of solar fish dryer using phase change material. J Energy Storage. 2018 Dec 1;20:310–5.

[5] Setyoko.B., Darmanto S R. Peningkatan Kualitas Pengeringan Ikan Dengan Sistem Tray Drying.

Pros SNST ke_3. 2012;

[6] Das T, Tiwari GN. Heat and mass transfer of greenhouse fish drying under forced convection mode. Int J Agric Res. 2008;3(1).

[7] Bintang Y, … JP-MTH, 2013 undefined. Konstruksi dan kapasitas alat pengering ikan tenaga surya sistem bongkar-pasang. ejournal.unsrat.ac.id [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 Oct 2];1(2):40.

Available from: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jmthp/article/view/1632

[8] Handoyo E, Kristanto P, Mesin SA-JT, 2011 undefined. Desain dan pengujian sistem pengering ikan bertenaga surya. fportfolio.petra.ac.id [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 2]; Available from:

http://fportfolio.petra.ac.id/user_files/91-021/Pengering Ikan.pdf

[9] Nugrahani E, … QA-… and UE, 2018 undefined. Experimental Analysis of Solar Cabinet Dryer for Fish Processing in Gresik, Indonesia. ieeexplore.ieee.org [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 2];

Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8635737/

[10] Rizal T, engineering ZM-C studies in thermal, 2018 undefined. Fabrication and testing of hybrid solar-biomass dryer for drying fish. Elsevier [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 2]; Available from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X18300972

[11] Sengar S, Khandetod Y, Environmental AM-AJ of, 2009 undefined. Low cost solar dryer for fish. ajol.info [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2021 Oct 2];3(9):265–71. Available from:

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajest/article/view/46076