'i*i:ffi

Komuniras 7 (2) (z}t5):224_l_f5.

DOI: I 0. l -529ryko.rnrO"Jiil

r_. ^KOMUNITAS

International Journal

hrt^./r;^..-_-r

^of Indonesian SocietyAnd Cuthrre http://

journal.unnes.ac.idlrr"/,rd";;;;;;"';;,;,

r li.rrrres

Institutional in Indonesia: Membership _case a."dy and Rural Deveropment

"f Tt;;"-wt"gu"

in purbalingga

Sutiyorr.r, Ismail

Nurdinl

rDepartment

of Governance & ^politics, _Insdfi

su,n.au ng

ru# j#:,Til:ta

^{n Da la} m Negeri, Jarinangor, Ptrmali nv D

ol:

http : /

/

^ilx- doi. orgl | 0.

I

s29 4

/

komsnitas.v i i2. 4s 18

Received _: August 2015, Accepred: Seprember 2015; published;

Seprcmber 2015

Abstract

Keywords: _rurol

insfitufion,' insfitution ar membershipi rurar dgv.,.rm.r, This.study oims fo mr

development oft"" Irdo"otl'e ^community mentbers,hip in rural insfifuti

sumiti,,iilas;oln;;;;,,x:;;:;i,",:,::r!:::::ii::!:::,""";'";';dv';;on

and anarvze its benents in rurar clata are analyzed botn

oJiir^ii,)-;:':::':'"'tyo

Province. RespondLnt* ni;;;:::.'-T uI rerQng, Kedorpan and

r:i!t,exis,,'and;;;:,';::iilij!'i*:ifi::;ffi';i',i:W,rix:":i{i+#::':i.,,,i,pr",ii)

rettgtous and farmer ^qrouDs

;;;;:-::::

^{acr.we members in oie}

t" t*.

,j,{^iiI'^"..,t.Qt ^{atve.rse community} meetins Membership-i,::::,":"

.!!, ;;;:; ;;;;: f:nlii,i:iZ:i:,"^Iff,ii^,ii:!l::;;"i;"lsntou,t

_ooi,

improv-ins

i;;;;';,;r;;;i"I1::i^'!'"tjons

^{improves access} tofinar"iot, pdl membership and cn,iins _periodic

v,,ttase sovernm"nt jo"r".l!l'.',:,f:_t.'villagqrs ^are member

"f";t;i';;:,:;ht;'jo'.:"d

natural capitar, but tess in

!*'X,#:: *ii;;;i:!,:il,i #:J:!;'ii,i::::: ^*itn ini'7'iJti,iloo'

^{Iorner ond retiqious} e.roups' the wtthout sovern."n,,rrjj1

s

^thei;

tiveii;d"ii"ufjt:^"t!

a"n"'ii""',,Tiions

n

meednss to formilate

iit"i"

sovernment to

invorve;i':,,:!:1,",;i;;;iyf;;i::y,s'

^some

-iniii'';;;

^;:::"

rnsrrturions caniot

"*i^'riv'iii neishbou,hood,;i;;;.;;:;i;H;!I:j!i:"iY,i;il!"i:;l::*i#:I;#:#ffi:;i!!;I;':**il,:t:

ry oy tmproving the participation o7

INTRODUCTION

lil:iil'fi :,X*':?'.',iif:HinT:T:;ilT1+:,fitt':::iir'carcapaci,v(an,.

in Inrl^-^-:- _^-

*nl?:lfr:ffi 1T,.'::+tTilB'r*l-::H#:,:*p-oo'n:"r?,:H;

reptaced by u".iouions

were tiquiaaiea

ana rlil;;;f";;on ^{noliv brought}

^opportu-

Although the _nort tt"tt initiated groups: cen1.alizationtiutu'institutions'

^{under de-}

deveroo?e;i"#itenizationimiroSa*;;;il;;ifi

Uliffi ,t:J:i?,:::,8:

were

cievas,",r"g.'iir?;:i',l::?"t5il0.1t': puni."iputi"i,

_rear

autonomy, demo _{cratiza_}

iff=-nrl# ^*r

'i*i:ffi ^',ii tl "{,H-di;fil;'ffi'#:'ffi

nrgher officers rathe

:"fi fiJ"T:',"'":ffi :il?"$:*#ii;::,Fft ^fi :H:;n";:r$"s;,:;::"*

and-controt ttie

"ornmunity. Thur,

,r,Ji'tt"

village in west

luu,

itturtru-t"i

ril.iu"r" r'

1"1.

1,o*J;;:;;"s.

0"._

i1fr,*#ftffii**"ru

ff:T" lYllgllryl*an@yahoo.com ffi-*rWs_..*-_- ^-

^,

*iu",il;#frffi*an@Yahoocom ffi*:**|!;Eil

225

sutiyo, Instifutional Membership and Rurol Development in lndonesia: case Study of Thrce villages

ganizations ^were initiated by villagers' These Indicate that some degree of organizational

diversity

was emerging.

Similarly,

Alatas' Pritchett, and Wetterberg (zoo5), through ^a study in 48 villages

in

three provinces,

find that

mernberships

in'community

^organiza- tions were high, especially in groups provi- ding services

of

health, education, ^finance'

or

general neighborhood assistance' Anot- her-study conducted by ^Takeshi (zoo6)

in

Bandung district of ^West Java also fin'ds that

decentrJization

improved the activeness

of rural institutions

^and

civil

organization in local political _Process.

It

is imperative to note that creating ^a democratic village governance is not an end

in

decentralization.

It

_{is iust} an intermedi- a-ry outcome,

or a

prerequisite condition, to achieve the

final

obiective

of

decentrali- zation,

which is the

improvement

of

rural development (Sutiyo zor3).

With

decentra-

tization being

implemented

in

Indonesia,

rural institutions

^{can play}

a lot of

roles

in

organizing

community and

implementing development Programs. The success

of

de- centralization should not be measured only from the emergence of more diverse and ac- tive institutions,

but

also from the benefits created by

institutional

membership to sol- ve community livelihood ^problems'

An

^important analytical element

that

is so far missing

in

the literatures is about how far the existing institutions can contri- bute to rural development. This study aims

to

address

this

issue, which is whether the emergence of rural institutions after decent-

ralizJion

can help villagers

in

addressing

their

livelihood problems. ^To

do

^so,

it will identiff ^the institutions existing in

^rural

areas,

iommunity

activeness to become the members, and benefits

of the institutions'

This study

will

highlight benefits of

institu-

tions for rural development in term of imp- rovement

in

human, financial, physical and natural caPital of the members'

The basic idea of social capital is

that

kinship, friends and groups belonging to ^a

p"rtotr

constitut€

an important

^asset

that

create benefits, material

gain and

can be called

during time of ^crisis

^{(Woolcock &}

Narayan zooo). As a concept, social capital

ffi:*-$}Ll

is abstract and ^less tangible to ^measure than the other ^types of capital tike human, frnan- cial, physical and natural capital. Most

lite-

ratures argue that

institutional

membership

is the

main element

of

social capital, and the degree

of

social capital can be measu- red among others through the density and activeness of household

in

local

institution

membership (Bebbington 1999; Poteete &

ostrom

^zoo4; szreter zooz)

Effort

to identify the

type

of

institu- tional membership that highly contribute

to

development have been conducted ^{by Szre-} ter {zooz). He identifies three ^{types of} social capital,

which are bonding,

^{bridging and} linking. Bonding social capital is built from connections of people having similar backg- round whoestablish ^a group to ^share identi- ty without expecting benefit' Bridging social capital constitutes connections

of

^people

having different demographic ^character and motivated by benefits offered bygroups- Lin- king social capital constitutes connections

of

people having

not only

different demo- graphic character, but ^also different political

po*et

Bonding and bridging social capitals are a horizontal relation among the people, while

linking

social capital is a vertical as- sociation between ^less powered people and government or external ^agencies. According to Szreter,

linking

social capital

will

contri- bute to community development ^more than bonding and bridging ^ones-

One

wav to

understand

the

role

of

social

capital in rural

development

is

by using

the

ffamework

of

capital and ^capa-

bility (Bebbington rygg)- The

^framework elaborate that rural development should be understood ^as efforts to improve communi- ty ^access to various types of capitals, which include human, social, financial, ^physical or natural capital. Membership

in

rural insti- tutions is a

form of

social capital, through which people are able to widen their access to resources and other actors. Rolesof social capital

in

rural development can be traced

from the

ways whereby villagers ^expand their access to the other capitals througlr en- gagement

in the institutions.

Bebbington's

frameuork applies livelihoods

^pemP€c-

tive in

analyzing

rural

development- The

perspective does

not

see rural development

as a sectoral program, e.g. agriculture or

inf-

rastructure. Rather, it analyzes combination of resources used and activities undertaken by villagers

to

make a living.

Although

the ways in which villagers compose livelihoods are

multiple

and diverse across

the

world,

the

framework is suitable enough

to

apply

in different

localities. Effectiveness

of

go- vernment policies can be seen

from

how

it

can create

institution

to optimize livelihood resourcesand to improve the livelihood stra- tegy as accordance to local context ^(Scoones zoog).

Scholars

highlight the

importance

of institutional

membership

in rural

develop-

ment.

Grootaert

and

Narayan (zoo4)

find that institutional

membership significantly contribute

to

household welfare more than human capital and other household assets.

Social capital plays

important

roles

in

local development,

for

example

in the

develop- ment

of

local economy through pottery

in- dustry

^(Karmilah

et al

^zor4), development

of social solidarity in fishery

community (Anwar et al zor4), sustainable forest mana- gement (Chetri, Joshi, & Maharjan zooT;Jo- shi & Maharjan zooT), and many aspects

of

livelihood problems (Bebbington et

al

zoo6;

Poteete

& Ostrom zoo4).In

the context

of

decentralization

in

Indonesia, a study con- ducted

by

Bebbington

et al.

(zoo6)

in

_4o

villages

in

West _Java, Jambi and East Nusa Tenggara province finds that social capital is increased after decentralization

policy

and improves the capacities

to

solve some local livelihood and

institutional

problems.

RESEARCH

METHODS

By assuming

that livelihood

problems are more

profound in the poor

localities, this study purposively selects Serang, Kedarpan and Sumilir village

of

Purbalingga District, Central _Java Province

to

be the study sites.

Purbalingga

District in

Central _{Java Pro-} vince

is

selected because

it is the

poorest district in the poor province. Serang, Kedar- pan and Sumilir villages are selected due

to their

far distance from urban area, therefo- re character of rural areas is

still

dominant.

Fieldworks were conducted

in

_January

to

Komuniras 7 (z) (zor5): 2.2.4-23j 226

February zor3.

In

each village, households

were

classified based

on hamlet,

gender and relative economic status.

About

roo/o

of

them were randomly selected, thus z3z res- pondents consisting

of u3 in

Serang, 6r

in

Kedarpan and ₅₈

in

Sumilirwere selected.

This study

applies Bebbington's fra- mework

of

capital and capabilities

of

rural development. The framework

will

be used in the context of the studyvillages, in which

the

areas

are

endowed

with rich

natural resources,

particularly land

and water,

but

villagers are not able to optimally utilize the resources due to low skill, insufficient finan- cial capital and

limited

physical infrastruc- tures. Benefits

of institutional

membership

will

be analyzed in line

with

those contexts.

RESULTS

AND FINDING

Identification of Rural Institutions

The villages

of

Serang, Kedarpan

and

Su-

milir

covered an area of r3.o9 km,, z.z5 km, and z.z6

km',

respectively. There were r,256 households

in

Serang, 598 households

in

Kedarpan,

and

564 household

in

Sumilir.

Farming was

the

occupation

of most vil-

lagers. _77o/o

of

household heads

in

Serang, 460/o

in

Kedarpan, and _5zo/o

in

Sumilir were farmer. The education

of

household heads was majority primary level.

At

least 14 kinds of rural organizations existed

in

the studyvillages ^(Table r). Some

of them

were state

initiated

organization having been existed since pre decentralizati- on. These included Neighbourhood Groups (Rukun Tetangg a IKT), Village Development Committee (Lembaga Ketahanan Masyara- kat Desa

i LKMD), Women Group

^(Pem-

berdayaan

Kesejahteraan KeIuargalPKK),

Health Post

(Posyandu)

Groups,

Youth Group (Karang taruna) and Civilian Defence

(Hansip).In

addition, there were two newly state initiated organization established after decentralization, which were Village Parlia-

ment (Bcdon

Perwakilan DesalBPD), and

pupil

group (Komite Sekolah). Several com-

munity initiated

groups also existed, which mainly included farmer groups and religio-

us

groups.

In very limited

number, there were artist group (kelompok wayang), sport J$||HilRlS

227

^Sutiyo, Institutional Membership and ^Rural Development in Indonesia: Case Study ofThreeVillages

grouP and driver group in the studyvillages (Table r).

BPD

and LKMD could

^be categorized as formal

institutions

in village governance.

BPD tasks were

to

formulate village regu- lations and

to monitor

village head, while LKMD tasks were to execute physical infra- structure projects. These organizations had members elected

by village

meeting. The members

of

BPD were ¹⁰ people

in

Serang, 5 people

in

Kedarpan and 4 people

in

Sum- itir.

fhe

members

of

LKMD were ¹⁵ people in Serang, rz people

in

Kedarpan and 9 peo-

ple in

Sumilir.

Majority of

them were

civil iervice

and averagely graduated

from

high secondary level.

No periodic

^{meeting was} conducted, rather, the meeting was held ^as per need to respond the

invitation

of village heads. The activities were mainly about dis- cussing village budget and executing devel- opment proiects.

Under village, households were orga- nized

into

^{RTs, which was a group of about}

fifty

households

living in the

same area.

Most ^RTs had periodic meeting, and village aparatus

might

^come

to

socialize govern-

ment

programs.

The

heads

were

^mostly farmer

with

education

from primary

^level.

Their activities were mainly to

maintain roads,

to

clean

public

facilities,

to

collect dues and

to

manage money-saving system (arisan).

PKK existed in the

studY villages.

While the designated taskwas to train hou- sewives in generating secondary income, its real activities were

limited to

ceremony

in

government meeting.

Although all

house- wives were encouraged to

join

PKK, the cur-

rent

members were mostly the

wife

of

vil-

lage apparatus.

It

had no periodic meeting, except when there ^{was a} visitation from the sub district office.

Posyandu

GrouPs existed in

^each

hamlet. They were the organizations spon- sored

by health

officers

to promote

rural health.

The

members

mainly

consisted

of

the pregnant, mother

with child

under five and elderly. They had periodic meeting ^eve-

ry

^month,

with

the activities were medical check up, vaccination and contraception by health officer.

There were several farmer grouPs es- tablished byvillagers. The groups had peri- odic meeting, and the activities ranged from maintaining

irrigation

channels, discussing to start plant seasons and managing arisan.

Table r. Rural O in the

Studyvi

Founder of

organi-

Number of grouPs Name of

institutions

rRT

z

^LKMD

3

^BPD

4

^PKK

5

^Posyandu

6

Farmer grouP

7

Religious group

8

Funeral grouP

g

Pupil group

ro

Karang Taruna

ll ^Artist

^grouP

:r2,

Sport grouP

13

^Hansip

State State State State State Community Community Community State State Community Community State

33

I I I 8 9 6 o 6 I o 2

I

1l

I I I 6 5

)

I 2 I o I I

9

1

t I

3 7

2,

o I I I o

1

dtff.itrnRt$

14

^Driver

grouP Communiw I o

^o

s

Table z. ^{Komunitas 7} e) (zo5):22.4-za5 _22g in _Rural

Institutions

No d""ffi["

bership member bershio rnpmhar

_^uuve M"T- _Active r-^-^r._ M# A"rtyu tutu--l.tiuu IRT

I f.,j:1'sroup ffi ';?:l][3m :,,o,.zzeeoo),35(5e)

--r..6rvqDu.'uup +zllil y(l) zr\g _,zei) ^- _rsfrq ,r"rri, ";::;

:;,gl

i;:il::il::., ^{-:,8 ::tA ,':S} l6i :[r ^{sail ;,6}

^s+e+)

: ;;l*'sroup "!;i ^{;6i ,6?;).} ,r}j J1'4 j,(;i Ay, ^;;a;;

7 BpD ^+G) {z) "g! -;(;

,,r)l ₈₆₊₎ ,a(ii

rr(6)

t ffxi ^{iilt :[?, :[?, :i?,} _"tr ^{.:,! ;i; sb,}

"ti,i :S ri{ :fl _;[3 lA

Dource:

field

_Surve

Note: Number in

p"""rrtf,uri,

_indicates

a

D^r:_:

^_

^{'rurudLCs a} percentage _by total respondents

*it'"ili"";l:i:1,-".rt:,':'1't.,1:'iiff ;:*:#",,il"?H,#";';:ff _o::;,:#ff

":::

iu."r"J,"iii;;"too.'"

^gathering

*1;::"- _{-i.,g ;;}

_active

-";;;;;i;;r"exampre,

_{art_}

gg1"""s.*;:"il'ilT:J:1:ilr::,1,tr#l:i1k'L:.ffi

{?fJff '',*"Jfl _fr

iqTi:ffi11,1"'**t"iig 'ur-i-;t"' 6"'i- _;;;; ;;;"

lflb"",. 4 ^.*,i

^{or having ac_}

i" r'a.""pJ" il:il# fiHlii{::i

ir'""T:f H1il**,T"T;,active ^gr;uf

^,

the

activities were

mirea to,,, luiirrurirrg

_(Tabre

.).', ""tigious and"fr*",

_groups

preaching and managirg o"r."oo-

*-.

rhe _{rest s-:oll,,}

^-

_tike

iarons

!::: 0"""*? llli,jlXI#ffi:;Ti:,fi'#J#::

i{,y,il'ifr'::,?"iryi: ""*, ^{i.oi,ii, pup,} ;;i;;.' iv,-u",

"L;;" ;"-berships i3,ro m"y-ili'grofP

^existed

^iust

^bg

for; *;;;;":{ _gitrr

_gende4

eJucation _and

t"lt"a"r"iiffir::r:fi:membership and

cated

d"";;us.

frome Those who were mare, edu_

MembershipActiveness

^active

-u-i'uT"ntaryand

notpoorbecame

n"rp""l""ilG*"g

_to

join in organiza- ;t"'''rc'rD€rrnmoreorganizations(Table

tions that

oo"**li:

l"-r'";l;;i ^,r,il n: ^{Benefits for R'rar} Development

:il$',"f:i:n:,H'*:1il?*i',',.":r'r',1: yf;tr#ting substa,,,irrrflu,urmined

m em ber, most resDo"a

u"rr

_*uru

r

"il;

^u

". ;ffi ,ilr:,..T:t'r";:fi:iifnlru*l

of

religious

g'oup',_a';;;r**;:.i:r

ill;rTi;

the sorutior,,

pri' or"oilecti_

F:ii+5.':,"":fr:tyi:ii*j1"-*j:l"l;""J;;i.",r".orinrormationandderi_

notorryi""i,,,i.""r,""_u"+1il1l.i|*.f

:1di:l;*n:,f *:"Xk#*J""j

tr""':f.illi':ilil?:tr":";;#ii":;:lr:Hlffi

:i:H';:ewinnerorarisinandrecipi_

f:iff :#il:Han*i"ffiii:l:qt6

lr::;il:::"HT*;

:irr. f fi"H*,***1,*"x3}flr",""*;:;, ^ilth

^{rrna o, n}

^{po ai!}

^{pKK were}

orrural

organizitions, not

"u "r,r,"-,,lJ'fi ;H$:#H'H HflT.T",t,[" :,hf

F

I

22g

^Sutiyo, Institutional Membership and Rural Development in Indonesia: Case Study of ThreeVillages

Table _3. Socio-Economic Factors of Memberships

Number ^{of active}

memh$hip

No Variables 5 groups

ormore

Total Pvalue

None 3-4

Village Serang Kedarpan Sumilir

Sex Male Female Education None Primary Low secondary High secondary University Occupation Agriculture Business Jobless

Labour Salaried job Poverty status

zr(g) rz(s) u(s)

nG+)

rr(:) r8(8) zr(g) 2(r) 3G) o

ro(rr) +(z) +(z)

r(z)

r(o) zl(ro)

+;hg) zz(g) z6(n)

8+(t6)

8G)

zz(g)

v(zz)

rz(s)

r(z)

r(o) 6+(28)

66)

o 15(6) 7G)

+g(zi

s(z)

7b)

rr(13) g(+) s(z)

2G)

36(16)

+(z) r(o)

zb) 6b)

z+6o)

zl(ro)

13(6) 6(3)

4r(r8) r(o)

3(1) 30(13)

s(z) z(r) 2(r)

z6(u) 7B) r(o) +(z) +(z) 8G) zs(n)

4(6)

15(6)

ur(+g)

6(26) o1j

$(zr)

zu7(8d

o.oo5***

zs(u) 5o(zz)

f8'

^o'oz5**

15(6)

r(z)

$6(67)

;E',

^or38

rGr)

r8(8)

g8(+)

o.oo8***

Poor Non

+thg)

2l

Note: Number

in

parenthesis indicates a percentage; Chi Square technique was applied, and

***,**,*

_mean significant atf/o,5o/o, and ro0/o, respectively

malized

mechanism was

applied through said that it

was impossible

to

^{conduct a}

deliverance

of invitation

issued

by village meetinginthedaylightssincemostvillagers

head. Those receiving no letter of

invitation

^were

^{working in}

the crop land, thus would

was reluctant to attend, thus theywere

auto-

not come. Conducting meeting in the night, matically excluded from the meeting.

Whe-

manyvillagers could attend the meeting.

In

reas, the meetings by BPD and LKMD

were

these meetings, many

livelihood

problems usually

to

discuJs viilage budgetary

decisi-

^{were discussed}

^to

^seek

^for

solutions from orr,

*hi"h

was decisive

in decentralization.

the members. The livelihood problemswere The formalization of meeting had

excluded

^various,

^which

^{ranged from the way to dis-}

manyordinaryvillagersfromtheprocessof tribute irrigation

water

in just

manner, to decision

making.

arrange schedule of road cleaning, and ^even

The meetiigs of the

rest groups

were

^to discuss the solution for villager who ^can-

flexibly conduct[d. It ^{was loclted} in the

^not Pay the debt from the arisan

within

the house

of a

villager, conducted

informally

organization'

without

letter of invitation, and all villagers

were encouraged to attend. Especially

foiRr ^r' Improvement in Human Capital

and farmer

g*tpr,

their meetings were

cus-

In term of human capital, agriculture exten-

tomarily coiducted in the nigf,t, between

^{sion service is needed}

to

improve villager's o7.oo

to

ro.oo P.M.. The interviewed

heads

skill in earning income. Improvement ^of hu-

W

Komunitas 7 (z) (zor:): 224-231, 230 Table 3. Socio-Economic Factors of Memberships

Number of active memhrchip

Variables t-2,

Groups

5grcups ormole

Pvalue 3-4

groups Village

Serang Kedarpan Sumilir

Sex Male Female Education None Primary Lowsecondary High secondary University Occupation Agriculture

Business Jobless Labour Salaried

job

Poverty status

zr(g)

rz(l)

u(s)

n0+) u(:)

r8(8) zr(g) 2(r)

3(t

o roGr) +(z) +(z) s@) r(o) zlGo)

8+(16)

8b)

zz(g)

v(zz)

rz(s) s(z) r(o) 6+(z8)

6b)

o 15(6)

7b)

zS(n)

4(6)

15(6)

+g(zi

s(z)

7b) rrGr) g(+) s(z) 2G)

36(16) +(z) r(o)

zb) 6b) uho)

4r(r8) r(o) 3(r) roGr) s(z) z(r) 2(r)

z6(u)

7b)

r(o) +(z) +(z)

8b)

[r(+g) 6(26)

18(zs)

2o7(lg) z:(u)

so(n)

134G8) z8(rz)

15(6)

s(z)

$6(67) zr(q)

6b)

l(tr)

r8(8)

g8(+)

zrGo)

13(6)

6G) ++6g)

zz(g) z6(u)

Note: Number in parenthesis indicates a percentage; Chi Square technique was applied, and

***,**,*

_mean significant atf/o, _5o/o, andt-oZo, respectively man capital through empowerment, especi-

ally related to participation in village budge-

tary

decision, is also deemed

important in the

context

of

decentralization.

It

was the farmer groups where the officers from agri- culture office

might

come

to

deliver exten- sion service. However, since agriculture of- ficers were staying out of the studyvillages, and the meetings of the farmer groups were conducted

in the nights, thus the

officers rarely attended

the

meeting. Difficulties

to

manage

time, relatively isolated

location

of

meeting and unavailability

of

travel cost were factors discouraging agriculture

offi-

cers to come to the farmer group meetings.

As an impact, although many respon- dents became a member

of

farmer groups, their skill to exercise agriculture was not op-

o.r38

timally

improved. Most respondents ^(SSo/o)

never

received

any agriculture

extension services

in the

last ten years. Nevertheless,

although not so optimal,

membership

in rural institutions

improved

the

frequency

of

agriculture extension service. The more respondent becoming active member, the higher was frequency of received agriculture extension services (Table +).

With

regard

to

respondent's

partici- pation in

village budgetary decision, most respondents ^(4go/o) were never involved

in

decision

making

^(Table

5). It

was

the

RT groups where village apparatus often came to the meeting to discuss about administra- tive affairs. However, most respondent said

that the

aparatus

only informed what

the decision having been made

in

village mee-

J|||'nilRls

+t6g)

D*elopment in Indonesia: Case Study ofThree Villages

Seryice

rif agriculture extension

r"*i""ln thi

-_

last tenyears _P value

ormore

6(l)

'(o)

^2G)

e(8) ¹⁵⁽⁶⁾

rb)

^6(z)

decision

Pvalue Never

35(rt

y(zt)

a(p) 3G)

^sQ)

^o***

- 3ormoregroup pG) ro(+) A(8)

^z(r)

Total

S6ffiFiEEEi@,

zor3

No|9:.N1mber

in

parenthesis indicates a percentage; Chi Square technique was applied, and ***, _{**,n mean}

significant atf/o, _5o/o, aidro%o, rJspectively Table _5. Participation in Village Budgetary Decision

Number of active groups

Never Often

None

n1d ^8b)

^{2G) r(o)}

+sbil y(rs) gQ)

_+Q\

zs(u) ro(+) 13(6)

6G)

3 or more

group ro(+) 4G) ge)

^gG)

Total

@zor3

Nof.: Nlmber in

parenthesis indicates a percentage; Chi Square technique was applied, and ***, **,* _mean significant atf/o, _5o/o, aid,ro%o, rispectively

1 groups

2 groups

d$uailBts

ting.

Nevertheless, being active

in

rural or- ganization improved

the possibility to

be involved

in

budgetary decision,

thus

res- pondent

participation in

village _budgetary decision was increased

in

line

with

number of active memberships.

Low respondent's participation in

vil-

lage budgetary decision was

not

merely the mistake of village aparatus. The interviewed village head' said

that the

mechanism es- tablished _by the government

did not

make compulsory

to him to

involve

all

villagers

in

budgetary decision

making.

Rather,

it

was deemed enough

only to

involve BpD

member and some representation from

PKK,

LKMD and

RT heads. Documentary study on

District

Head Decree, finds that

it

was procedurally enough to conduct village hudgetary meeting

just

by involving _mem-

r

Interviewwith the head of SumilirVillage in February3'd, zor3

z

^Decree of Purbalingga District Head r4lzoro on General Guideline of Village Fund Allocation

o***

bers of LKMD, head of BpD, village appara- tus, RT heads and community prominent

fi-

gures. Therefore, in most of decisions made byvillage government, most villagers had no

access to participate.

z.

Improvement in Financial Capital In term of financial capital, rural institu- tions are

expected

to improve

_member's access

to financial institutions, either for

saving

or

loan.

In this

regards, one unique nature of rural organizations

in

Indonesia is that manyof them managed arisan.In _most

of

organizations, _{arisq.n also} provides _soft loan

forthe

members.

With

regard to access

to

financial

institutions,

most respondents

(6o0/o) at least had one to two orisons, which means that they had an alternative source

of

loanwhen

itwas

needed. The more respon-

dent

becoming active member,

the

higher was number of orisan he had (Table 6)

231

^sutiyo, Institutional Membership and Rural Development in Indonesia: Case study of Threevillages Table ^. Freque of Received Extension Service

griculture extension service in the

Number of active

grouPs

^{last ten}

vears

^{P value}

Never ormore

35(rt

st?t)

o***

Table 5. ParticiPation

inVil

^{Bud Decision}

None r groups

2 groups

(o)

15(6)

6(7) r8(8)

z(r) sQ) 3(r) z(r) t-2.

6G) e(8) 7b) ro(+) ,8(rz)

rz(:)

Note: Number

in

parenthesis indicates a percentage; Chi Square technique was applied' and ***, **,* mean-significant atf/o,596, and ^ro0l0, respectively

Number of active grouPs _Never nQ+)

+r(rs)

zS(n) ro(+)

Often None

r grouPs

2 groups

ting.

Nevertheless, being active

in rural

or- ganization improved

the possibility to

be involved

in

budgetary decision,

thus

^res- pondent

participation in

village budgetary decision was increased

in

line

with

^number

of active membershiPs'

Low respondent's participation in

vil-

lage budgetary decision was

not

merely the mistake of village apamtus. The interviewed village head' said

that the

^{mechanism es-} tablished by the government

did not

^make compulsory

to him to

involve

all

villagers

in

budgetary decision

making.

^RatheS

it

was deemed enough

only to

^{involve BPD}

member and some

rePresentation

from

PKK, LKMD,

and RI

heads. Documentary study on

District

Head Decree'finds

that it

was procedurally enough to conduct village hrrdgetary meeting

just

by involving mem-

r

Intirviewwith ^{the head of} SumilirVillage in

February3'd, zor3

z

^{Decree of} Purbalingga District ^Head r4lzoro on General Guideline of Village Fund Allocation

JSUAilRt$

bers of LKMD, head of BPD, village apPara- tus, RT heads and community prominent

fi-

gures. Therefore,

in

most of decisions made byvillage government, mostvillagers had no

access to ParticiPate.

z. Improvement in Financial Capital In term of financial capital, rural institu- tions are

expected

to improve

member's access

to financial institutions, either for

saving

or

loan.

In this

regards, one unique nature of rural organizations in Indonesia ^is that manyof them ^managed arisan.In most

of

organizations, crisan ^also provides soft loan for the members.

With

regard to ^access

to

financial

institutions,

^most respondents

(6o0/o) at least had ^one to two orisons, which means that they had ^an alternative ^source

of

loanwhen

itwas

needed. The more respon-

dent

becoming active ^member,

the

higher was number of arisan he had (Table 6) 8G)

t+6s)

ro(+)

4(6)

z(r) g(+) 13(6)

s(+)

r(o) +(z)

6b)

g(+)

o***

Note: Number

in

parenthesis indicates a Percentage; Chi Square technique was applied' and ***, **r* mean significant atto/o,5o/o, and ro%o, respectively

Komunitas 7 (z) (zor5): 224-236 2gz

Table 6. Respondent's Access

to

Arisan

Numberof

arisan

q ormore

P Value Number of active groups

None t-2

None

^zr(q)

rgroups A@)

2groups

6b)

3 groups or

more

_4(d

Total

^yq(u)

e(8)

y\ry) y(L)

ro(r3) r4o(60)

4Q)

^o(o)

6(3) rz@

'(o)^z(r)

6(,

^z(r)

a(tz)

s(z)

oroo2***

Source: Field Survey, zor3

Note: Number in

parenthesis indicates a percentage;

Chi

Square technique was ap- plied, and

***, **,*

_mean significant at f/o,

5o/o, and ro7o, respectively

Amount

of money collected

in

orisan was usuallysmall. It ranged from Rp. 5,ooo,-

to

Rp. 25,ooo,- per person. Roughly calcu- lated,

if

an organization had

fifty

members and

the

amount

of

orison money was Rp.

25.ooo,-, then each respondent had a chan- ce

to win

Rp. r.z5o.ooo,-.

In

some groups

that

managed soft loan, amount

of

money

that

could be borrowed also almost similar as those

of

arisan. For example,

in

a fune- ral group

in

Kedarpan village,

it

managed a

fund of

about

z million rupiah.

Member's loan was

limited to

Rp. 5oo.ooo,-. The mo- ney was borrowed

with

interest at ro0lo per year.

Although

itwas

just _small moneyand might be

difficult

to be used for starting bu- siness,

it

could be

veryworth

to be used

for

Table _7. Activeness in Gotong-Royong and Kerja Bakti

buyrng

fertilizer,

paylng education cost or just buying staple foods.

It

also constituted

an important financial capital,

whereby member can make saving

or

propose soft loan

without

collateral.

3.

Improvement in

Physical

qndNatural Capital

In

term of physical and natural capital,

ru-

ral institutions are

expected

to

improve access

to various

physical infrastructures, either public or private. There are two ways in which rural

institutions in

Indonesia can facilitate,

which

are labour

contribution in

government sponsored projects (kerja bak-

tf) to

improve

public

facilities, and helping neighbors

in improving their

private faci-

lities

(gotong-royong). Roles

of rural insti- tutions in

improving access to physical and natural capital was by

facilitating

collective action, whereby villagers

work

together

to

improve physical infrastructure, repair hou-

Number of active grouDs P

value

No Indicators

q or

more

Total Activeness in g otong -roy ong

Poor

r Slightlypoor

Good enough Good

Activeness

in

kerj a b

akti

z

Poor

Slightlypoor

Good enough

3G) o(o) r(o) o(o) +(z)

^o,zg8

o(o) 2(r) (o) o(o)

3G)

13(6) z6(u) rz(s) 7b)

^58(zs)

z8(p) 64bB) +o(d 35(1t ^,ot@)

3(r) t(o) r(o) o(o) s(z)

^o,4W

r(o) 3G) 3(r) o(o)

zG\

n(r) z6(u) 13(6) 76) ^ybs)

Good zo(n) 6z(zz) vG6) eqGs)

^r6e(zo)

-

DOUTCe:

rlelc

Durvey, 2()13

Note: Number

in

parenthesis indicates a percentage;

Chi

Square technique was applied, and ***, **,* _mean significant atf/o, 5o/o, and.roo/0, respectively

JOIRilRlS

233

^Sutlyo, InstitutionalMembership andRumlDwelopmentinlndonesia:Case Study ofThreeVillages se, maintain road' rehabilitate the river and

so on.

Most respondent ^(7zo/o) had good ac- tiveness in gotong-royong' Similarly' in,term

of

keria bai<ti,

m;st

resPondents (Zo%) had good activeness (Table 7)' Surprisingly'.acti- ieness in collective actionwas not associated

with

number of memberships' Involvement

in

gotong-royong

and

keria bakti was good

i.jatdl"Jt

^they were active

or not in

^rural

oisanizations.

Respondent perceived

that

go"ronguoyong

anilkeria

bakti were obliga-

iory *tt if

^{they were}

^not

^an active mem- ber

of rural insiitutions.

^{They feared}

to

be regarded ^as not able to cooperate

withother

vil"iagers

if

not

ioining

ⁱⁿ collective action' Gotong-royong

*"t

^{mostly conducted}

incidentaly] for eximple to help

^neighbor

to ,up"it the

^house.

In contrary ^most of

kerja'bakti activities had ^been periodically scheduled. ^For example, cleaning roads ^eve-

ry ^month,

^cleaning

^public ":ttt:tty

^every

month

of

Muharam' cleaning irrigationeve-

rv the first

^week

of

rainy season' and clea- ,rirrg

-otque

before Ramadhan

month'

mechanism and loan provider' This is ^par-

ticularly initiated

by the villagers, ^as an.au-

torro-ors

^action

^to

^overcome

their limited

financial institutions.

With

^{regard to access}

to

^physical and natural

capital rural insti-

tutions ^{are also proven to be able} to manage collective action. Rural

institutions

^facilita-

te

gotong'royong and ^kerya bakti, which are

imio.tait

^{to improve access} to physical and

".i"t"t

^capital.

-Gotong-royong

is also a

kind

of social

t"f"ty

net conducted by villag€-rs

to

help each other in time of difficulties' ^Yet'

it

was found membership in rural

institutions did not

improve human capital' ^{As a}

prory

respondeni ^access

to

agriculture extension

,utoi."

^and participation invillage ^budgeta- ry decision ate ^Poor.

Low

^access

to agriculture

^extension

DISCUSSION

Findings

of this

^{study present}

that

diverse community grouPs exist, ranging

from RI'

farmer, religi,ous, funeral, women and many other groups. They facilitate social relations of the-vittagers, provide some

kind

of social

s.ruic. ani ^{tried to}

solve some livelihood problems. Mostly, each household becomes active members

in

one to two rural

institu-

tions. Three most active ^grouPs were neigh-

bourhood, religious and farmer

^groups'

They are the

inititutions

where moet

villa- o"r, b".o-e

^{member, attend}

^the

^meeting

ind

develop social

capital'

^Thus,

with

re- eard

to

the diversity

of

community ^organi-

iations,

findings of this ^{study are} simjlar ^as

Antkiv

^{(zoo3), Alatas et}

al'

(zoo5), Bebbing-

ton

et

al. (ioo6)

^{and Takeshi} (zoo6)' who find that many rural

institutions

^{emerge af-} ter decentralization.

Neighbourhood, religious and

^far-

mer

groups were Proven

to-be ^important fo, "i"ttittg

financial capital'

Inetitutional

memberehip

in

these organizations

impro-

vee community ^access

to

oriscn' as a saving

and village budget indicates that the govern- ment ^do-es

not

optimally

utilize rural insti- tutions in rural

development' RT, religious and farmer grouPs are like un-used resour-

..t i" deceitralization. They exist in

^the

community, ^and

the

members

utilize

^them

to

serve

their

^interest,

but the

^government does not. The government prefer to involve BPD, LKMD and PKK invillage decision ma- king. Yet, membership

in

these

institutions is

li-mited,

and they

have less connection withvillagers.

Sotie initiatives to ^helP

^members

addressing livelihood problems were found'

fot "o.ite, rutal institutions

^{provided al-} ternative

loan

soutce

through Arfson'

^Yet' the benefits wete

limited

^{since the amount}

of

^{money was}

^small

^due

to

lese financial aesietancl

from government' Should

^the sovernment eupport

the inetitution

^{by de-}

ii*titJntanciai

aosistance, the benefite

of

i"rtit"io"

^to the membere

will

^be increased'

In

matters

that

cannot be provided by the

institutions

independently, for example

de'

lit*t"g

agriculture extension service' rural

instituiiois

really could not do much'

The

keY

Point to

^emerge

^from

^this

study is that

itre

main problem

of rural in-

rii "liont

^is

^not

^{about its}

existence and ac-

,i*rr.rr,

rather about its

utilization

^{by go'} vernment. Although ^gome rural inetitutions may have many riembere, lack

of

external

"otttt".tiotts with

the government impliee

to

Jl|$ffnst$

low empowerment to the member. The exis- ting mechanism ofvillage meeting, which is issued by district government, simply exclu- des most of ordinary villagers and

their in-

formal institutions from thevillage decision making. Hence, transfer of knowledge about government affairs and empowerment

from

government apparatus

to

ordinary villagers is not optimally happening.

To refer

the typology of

social capi-

tal by

Szreter (zooz),

the

existing network is only a

bridging

social capital among the members,

but not linking with

the govern-

ment.

Constructive

relation

between go- vernment and

rural institution

is

not ooti- mally built.

Dynamic

interaction betwlen

village actors, as

it

is highlighted by Hadiz (zoo4) to be the prerequisite for the success of decentralization, is not happening in the study sites. So far,

the

Indonesian govern-

ment

has

not

seriously

taken

measure

to

involve religious groups and farmer groups,

in

which social capital exist,

to

execute de- centralization.

Findings of this study present that de- centralization was not completely successful

in

rural development. Positive impacts cre- ated by decentralization were mostly iden-

tified

in term of emergence of rural

institu-

tions and community activeness to become

the

members. However, these impacts

did

not lead to further benefits in improving the livelihood of villagers.

CONCLUSION

Various

rural institutions

existed

in

rural areas. Neighbourhood, religious and farmer groups are among the most active rural

insti-

tutions. Community membership is robust,

in which

each

household

become active member

in

one to two

institutions. Institu-

tional membership provides some benefit

in

improving access

to

financial, physical and natural capital, but less in improving human capital. Generally,

it

can be concluded

that

decentralization is

not

completely success-

ful in

rural development, especially

in imp-

roving the livelihood of villagers. The main factor

contributing to

low benefits

of

rural institutions is a

limited

interaction between the government in one side, and RT, religio-

Komunitas 7 Q) Qor5):224-235 234 us and farmer groups in the other side.

For the

success

of

decentralization

this

study recommends the government

to

involve more

institutions in the

execution of decentralization, especially by improving

the participation of

RT, religious

and

far-

mer

groups

in

village budgetary decision.

This may call for making village government meeting

more informal, and a

revision

of

regulations

related to village

government meeting mechanism.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to thank to _Japanese Government

through the

Program

of

zor3 Young Researcher Dispatch, which provided research grant to conduct field work.

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