THE IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION OF TURKISH CHARACTERS IN THE BASTARD OF ISTANBUL

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda

CONTESTING IGNORANCE AND REMEMBRANCE:

THE IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION OF TURKISH CHARACTERS IN THE BASTARD OF ISTANBUL

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda

‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•†‘‡•‹ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–™‡”’‡Ž‰‹—

ƒ‹Žǣ‘ŠǤœƒ‹‹Ž̷—‹Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

Abstract: Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›Šƒ•„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†‹The Bastard of Istanbulǡ™”‹––‡„›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‹…‘˜‡Ž‹•–•Ž‹ˆŠƒˆƒǤŠ‡‘˜‡Žƒ””ƒ–‡•Š‘™—”‡›ƒ––‡’–•–‘„Ž‘–

‘ut people’s collective remembrance upon the violent history of –Š‡”‡‹ƒ

‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ •–‘”› †‡’‹…–• –Š‡ ‹••—‡ „› •Š‘™‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š

…‘–”ƒ†‹…–‘”› ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ —”• ƒ† ”‡‹ƒ ‡”‹…ƒ• ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡ ‹ ƒ

†‹Ž‡ƒ–‹… ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‰‘”‹‰ ƒ† ‡‡’‹‰ •—…Š ƒ ‡‘”›Ǥ Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡

†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ‘‰•–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰—”•ƒ†

”‡‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ• –™‘ …‘’‡–‹‰ ȋ‹†Ȍ‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ• †‡’‹…–‡† ‹ The Bastard of IstanbulǤ Š‡ •–—†› ‹• ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› …”‹–‹…‹• –Šƒ– ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ

‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ – ƒ’’Ž‹‡• ƒ•–‡ŽŽ•̵ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›

…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹•œ–ƒŽ̵• ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡‘”› ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Š‹• •–—†› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ•

–Šƒ– —”‹•ŠǦ‡•• ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

…‘’”‹•‡• –Š”‡‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– …‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ†

’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘–Šƒ–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š–Š‡…‘’‡–‹‰‹†‡–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ—”•ƒ†”‡‹ƒ•Ǥ Keywords: Identity, identity construction; social memory; Turks; Armenians;

INTRODUCTION

Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› …‘’Ž‡š ƒ†

•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‘†‡”‹–›Ǥ–Šƒ’’‡•ƒ•–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›‹•

’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒŒ‘” …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ

–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡƒ†‡…‘‘‹… ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ™Š‹…Š‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡™

ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ Š—•ǡ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ –Š‡ –‡” ‹†‡–‹–› ‹• ƒ• –”‹…› ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰

‹†‡–‹–›‹–•‡Žˆ ȋƒŠ‘‡›ǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍ „‡…ƒ—•‡‹†‡–‹–› †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–

ƒ› •Š‹ˆ– …‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› †—‡ –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ …‘–‡š–•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡

…Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›—†‡”‹‡•–Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›‹–•‡Žˆǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›

‹ –‘†ƒ›̵• ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†

‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ǡͳͻͻͲȌǤ

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

CONTESTING IGNORANCE AND REMEMBRANCE:

THE IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION OF TURKISH CHARACTERS IN THE BASTARD OF ISTANBUL

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda

‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•†‘‡•‹ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–™‡”’‡Ž‰‹—

ƒ‹Žǣ‘ŠǤœƒ‹‹Ž̷—‹Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

Abstract: Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›Šƒ•„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†‹The Bastard of Istanbulǡ™”‹––‡„›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‹…‘˜‡Ž‹•–•Ž‹ˆŠƒˆƒǤŠ‡‘˜‡Žƒ””ƒ–‡•Š‘™—”‡›ƒ––‡’–•–‘„Ž‘–

‘ut people’s collective remembrance upon the violent history of –Š‡”‡‹ƒ

‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ •–‘”› †‡’‹…–• –Š‡ ‹••—‡ „› •Š‘™‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š

…‘–”ƒ†‹…–‘”› ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ —”• ƒ† ”‡‹ƒ ‡”‹…ƒ• ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡ ‹ ƒ

†‹Ž‡ƒ–‹… ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‰‘”‹‰ ƒ† ‡‡’‹‰ •—…Š ƒ ‡‘”›Ǥ Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡

†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ‘‰•–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰—”•ƒ†

”‡‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ• –™‘ …‘’‡–‹‰ ȋ‹†Ȍ‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ• †‡’‹…–‡† ‹ The Bastard of IstanbulǤ Š‡ •–—†› ‹• ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› …”‹–‹…‹• –Šƒ– ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ

‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ – ƒ’’Ž‹‡• ƒ•–‡ŽŽ•̵ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›

…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹•œ–ƒŽ̵• ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡‘”› ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Š‹• •–—†› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ•

–Šƒ– —”‹•ŠǦ‡•• ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

…‘’”‹•‡• –Š”‡‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– …‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ†

’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘–Šƒ–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š–Š‡…‘’‡–‹‰‹†‡–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ—”•ƒ†”‡‹ƒ•Ǥ Keywords: Identity, identity construction; social memory; Turks; Armenians;

INTRODUCTION

Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› …‘’Ž‡š ƒ†

•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‘†‡”‹–›Ǥ–Šƒ’’‡•ƒ•–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›‹•

’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒŒ‘” …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ

–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡƒ†‡…‘‘‹… ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ™Š‹…Š‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡™

ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ Š—•ǡ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ –Š‡ –‡” ‹†‡–‹–› ‹• ƒ• –”‹…› ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰

‹†‡–‹–›‹–•‡Žˆ ȋƒŠ‘‡›ǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍ „‡…ƒ—•‡‹†‡–‹–› †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–

ƒ› •Š‹ˆ– …‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› †—‡ –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ …‘–‡š–•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡

…Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›—†‡”‹‡•–Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›‹–•‡Žˆǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›

‹ –‘†ƒ›̵• ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†

†‡–‹–› ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ‹š‡† ‡–‹–› ‹ –Š‹• …‘–‡š–ǡ ƒ• ‹– ‹•

…‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ† ‹• …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‡†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ ‹†‡–‹–›

•‡‡•–‘„‡•‡ŽˆǦ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‘‰‘‹‰…‘•–”—…–‹‘–Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒ›†‹•…‘˜‡”›‘”

“—‡•– ȋƒŽŠ‘—ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ƒŽŽ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ •‘…‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›

ˆ‘”‡† ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ› ‡’Ž‘› ‡Ž‡‡–• ˆ”‘ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡŠ‹•–‘”›–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›ȋƒ•–‡ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͳͲƒȌǤ–‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡

…‘…‡’– ’—– ˆ‘”–Š „› †”—•ǡ ƒ•Š‹ǡ ƒ† ›†‹ ȋʹͲʹͲȌǡ ™Š‹…Š •–ƒ–‡ –Šƒ–

–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›†‡’‡†•‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰„—–‘–Ž‹‹–‡†–‘

‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ǡƒ†•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ‘”•Ǥ

ƒ•–‡ŽŽ•ȋʹͲͳͲƒȌƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–’‘™‡”†›ƒ‹…•ƒ†’‘™‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ”ƒ‡

–Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• •‡”˜‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” Š‹•

‘–‹‘‘–Š‡–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǣŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ

ƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘Ǥ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›‹•…‘…‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ƒ•

’”‡•‡–‡†„›ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–‘’”‘Ž‘‰ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹”†‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ

Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›ƒ…–‘”•‹ƒ‘”‡†‡˜ƒŽ—‡†‘”•–‹‰ƒ–‹œ‡†Ž‡˜‡Žǡ–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›

‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡† ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ™Š‹…Š –‡†• –‘ …‘ˆ”‘– ƒ†

‡…‘—–‡”–Š‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–‘‡ǤŠ‡•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘

…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡• •—…Š ƒ• ‡‘”›ǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡›

‹‰Š–…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’”‘Œ‡…–‹†‡–‹–›ȋƒ•–‡ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͳͲƒȌǤ—…Š˜‹‡™•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘

ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‹†‡–‹–› Šƒ• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘˜‡” –Š‡

”‡•‹•–ƒ– ‘‡Ǥ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• ˜‹‡™‡† ‹ –Š‹• …‘–‡š– ƒ• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹…

…‘‡…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘‡™Š‘ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘‡™Š‘‹•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†

ȋŽ—–ƒ‹”‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•‘ˆ–‡•–”‘‰Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›•‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›Ǥ‡‘”›„‡…‘‡••‘…‹ƒŽ•‹…‡‹–†‘‡•‘–‘……—”‹ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ…——ǡ›‡–

‹ …‘‡…–‹‘ –‘ •Šƒ”‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‘•– ‘–ƒ„Ž› •‘…‹‡–› ȋ‹•œ–ƒŽǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

‹•œ–ƒŽ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡• •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡‘”› ‹–‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –Š”‡‡ ‹†•ǣ

ˆŽƒ•Š„—Ž„ǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡‘”›Ǥ Žƒ•Š„—Ž„‡‘”›‹•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ

”‡‡„‡”‹‰–Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‡•Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘‡‘–‹‘•Ǥ‘–‹‘•’Žƒ›ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡

‹ ”‡‡„‡”‹‰•‹…‡‡‘–‹‘• ƒ”‡…‘•–ƒ–Ž› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ’ƒ•–ǡ ƒ†‡‘”‹‡•

–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–Ž‹‡†™‹–Š•—…Š•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘–‹‘•–‡†–‘ˆƒ†‡‘—–Ǥ‹•œ–ƒŽȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ

ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‹˜‹‰Ž‹„‡–™‡‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

…‘–‹—‹–›‹•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ–‹•…‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š

–Š‡ ƒ••‡”–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ…Š‘„–ƒ‹•‹–•Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‡…‡†‹‰‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ’ƒ••Ǥ Š‹• –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ˆ”ƒ‡† ƒ• ‡‘”›ǡ ‹•

•‘‡Š‘™…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡…‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›…‘–‹—‹–›ǤŠ‡Žƒ•––›’‡‘ˆ

‡‘”›‹•‘ˆ–‡„‡‹‰…‘‡…–‡†–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘‹•ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆ•—’’‘”–

ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡’Žƒ…‡ ‹ –Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š› ȋ‹•œ–ƒŽǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda

”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ ƒ†

”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰ ‰”‘—’ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‘”› ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡ƒ• ˆ‘”

’‡‘’Ž‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•—…Šƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹

–Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ ‘”•ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”

Šƒ†‡††‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•––Šƒ–•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‰—‹†‡ˆ‘”ƒ…–•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•

‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–ȋ‹•œ–ƒŽǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Šƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡”‘Ž‡‹’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›

…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡‡„‡”‹‰ƒ††‡‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–›

–Šƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›’‘•‹–‹‘•‹–•‡Žˆ–‘†‡’‹…–•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ–Šƒ–‘……—”‹ƒ…–—ƒŽ

Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ  –‡”• ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘” ‹

”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ƒ‹Ž› ‹’Ž‹…‹–ǡ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ› ’‘”–”ƒ› •‘‡ ‘‘†‡Ž•’ ‘ Š‘™ ‹†‡–‹–› ‹• ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‡†

ȋ—ŽŽ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‡ ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ

™Š‡–Š‡”Ž‹‡†–‘•—…Š‹••—‡•ƒ•”ƒ…‹•ǡ•‡š‹•ǡƒ†…Žƒ••‹•ǡ‹•–‘ƒŽ‡••‡”‘”

‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡‰”‡‡„‡…ƒ—•‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–•‡Žˆ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ†‹˜‡”•‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•

‹ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ȋ—ŽŽ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‡ ‹– …‘‡• –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› †‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‡• …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ–‹•”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†„›ƒŠ–‹ȋͳͻͺͳȌ–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›

’”‡•‡–• ‘”‡ ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š ƒ† ’‡”…‡’–‹˜‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‘˜‡Ž•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›‰‹˜‡‘‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡’†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ

The Bastard of Istanbul„›Ž‹ˆŠƒˆƒ”ƒ‹•‡•‹†‡–‹–›ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†

‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›‘ˆƒŠ‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—••‘…‹‡–›Ǥ–ƒ””ƒ–‡•–Š‡

•–‘”›‘ˆ–™‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•–‹…–‹˜‡–‹‡•–‘•–ƒ„—ŽǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•‘ˆ

—”‹•Šǡ ƒœƒ…‹•ǡ ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡• ‹ •–ƒ„—ŽǤ Š‡ •‡…‘† ˆƒ‹Ž› ‹• ”‡‹ƒǦ

‡”‹…ƒǡ…ŠƒƒŠ…Š‹ƒ•ǡ”‡ˆ—‰‡‡•—”˜‹˜‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ƒ‡‘…‹†‡™Š‘

Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ ”ƒ…‹•…‘ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡…ŠƒƒŠ…Š‹ƒ•ƒ”‡†‡’‹…–‡†ƒ•ƒ

ˆƒ‹Ž› ‰”‘—’ ™Š‘ ‘’’‘•‡† –Š‡ —”‹•Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡

†—”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ•– †›ƒ•–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ––‘ƒ ’‹”‡ǤThe Bastard of Istanbul ƒŽ•‘

”‡˜‡ƒŽ•Š‘™—”‡›Šƒ•–”‹‡†–‘‡”ƒ•‡–Š‡•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ‡‘”›‘˜‡”–Š‡”‡‹ƒ

‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ–‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ ˜‹‘Ž‡–’ƒ”–‘ˆ —”‡›̵•Š‹•–‘”›„›’‘”–”ƒ›‹‰—”•

ƒ†”‡‹ƒ‡”‹…ƒ•™Š‘†‡›–Š‡‡‘”›–‘‘‡‡š–‡–ƒ†”‡‡„‡”‹–

‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ

LITERATURE REVIEW

‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‘–Š‡‘˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡‹••—‡Ǥ

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› ‹• ‘ˆ ƒ‹‡ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ ™Š‘ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‡• ‘ –Š‡ “—‡•– ˆ‘” –Š‡

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ ƒ†

”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰ ‰”‘—’ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‘”› ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡ƒ• ˆ‘”

’‡‘’Ž‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•—…Šƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹

–Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ ‘”•ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”

Šƒ†‡††‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•––Šƒ–•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‰—‹†‡ˆ‘”ƒ…–•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•

‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–ȋ‹•œ–ƒŽǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Šƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡”‘Ž‡‹’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›

…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡‡„‡”‹‰ƒ††‡‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–›

–Šƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›’‘•‹–‹‘•‹–•‡Žˆ–‘†‡’‹…–•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ–Šƒ–‘……—”‹ƒ…–—ƒŽ

Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ  –‡”• ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘” ‹

”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ƒ‹Ž› ‹’Ž‹…‹–ǡ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ› ’‘”–”ƒ› •‘‡ ‘‘†‡Ž•’ ‘ Š‘™ ‹†‡–‹–› ‹• ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‡†

ȋ—ŽŽ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‡ ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ

™Š‡–Š‡”Ž‹‡†–‘•—…Š‹••—‡•ƒ•”ƒ…‹•ǡ•‡š‹•ǡƒ†…Žƒ••‹•ǡ‹•–‘ƒŽ‡••‡”‘”

‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡‰”‡‡„‡…ƒ—•‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–•‡Žˆ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ†‹˜‡”•‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•

‹ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ȋ—ŽŽ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‡ ‹– …‘‡• –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› †‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‡• …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‡‘”›‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ–‹•”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†„›ƒŠ–‹ȋͳͻͺͳȌ–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›

’”‡•‡–• ‘”‡ ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š ƒ† ’‡”…‡’–‹˜‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‘˜‡Ž•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›‰‹˜‡‘‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡’†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ

The Bastard of Istanbul„›Ž‹ˆŠƒˆƒ”ƒ‹•‡•‹†‡–‹–›ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†

‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›‘ˆƒŠ‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—••‘…‹‡–›Ǥ–ƒ””ƒ–‡•–Š‡

•–‘”›‘ˆ–™‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•–‹…–‹˜‡–‹‡•–‘•–ƒ„—ŽǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•‘ˆ

—”‹•Šǡ ƒœƒ…‹•ǡ ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡• ‹ •–ƒ„—ŽǤ Š‡ •‡…‘† ˆƒ‹Ž› ‹• ”‡‹ƒǦ

‡”‹…ƒǡ…ŠƒƒŠ…Š‹ƒ•ǡ”‡ˆ—‰‡‡•—”˜‹˜‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹ƒ‡‘…‹†‡™Š‘

Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ ”ƒ…‹•…‘ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡…ŠƒƒŠ…Š‹ƒ•ƒ”‡†‡’‹…–‡†ƒ•ƒ

ˆƒ‹Ž› ‰”‘—’ ™Š‘ ‘’’‘•‡† –Š‡ —”‹•Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡

†—”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ•– †›ƒ•–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ––‘ƒ ’‹”‡ǤThe Bastard of Istanbul ƒŽ•‘

”‡˜‡ƒŽ•Š‘™—”‡›Šƒ•–”‹‡†–‘‡”ƒ•‡–Š‡•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ‡‘”›‘˜‡”–Š‡”‡‹ƒ

‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ–‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ ˜‹‘Ž‡–’ƒ”–‘ˆ —”‡›̵•Š‹•–‘”›„›’‘”–”ƒ›‹‰—”•

ƒ†”‡‹ƒ‡”‹…ƒ•™Š‘†‡›–Š‡‡‘”›–‘‘‡‡š–‡–ƒ†”‡‡„‡”‹–

‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ

LITERATURE REVIEW

‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‘–Š‡‘˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡‹••—‡Ǥ

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› ‹• ‘ˆ ƒ‹‡ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ ™Š‘ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‡• ‘ –Š‡ “—‡•– ˆ‘” –Š‡

‘˜‡Ž̵• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǡ •›ƒ ƒ† ”ƒ‘—•Šǡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ —”‹•Š ƒ† ”‡‹ƒ

‘”‹‰‹Ǥ‡”•–—†›ˆ‘…—•‡•‘Ž‹ˆŠƒˆƒ̵•…—Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̵•

–™‘ ‡› –Š‡‡•ǣ ‹†‡–‹–› …”‹•‹• ƒ† ”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ •‡…‘† •–—†› ‹•

‹‘̵• ȋʹͲͳͶȌMythology, Taboo, and Cultural Identity in Elif Shafak's "The Bastard of Istanbul." ‹• •–—†› ‡šƒ‹‡• –Š‡ ›–Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• –Šƒ–

ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž˜‹‡™‡†ˆ”‘ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•–ƒ†’‘‹–ǤŠ‡›–Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡

†‹•…—••‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠBarthes’ concept of mythǤŠ‡‘–Š‡”•–—†›‹•‘ˆƒ†—ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ

‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š …‘˜‡”• ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ –Š‡‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ†

ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‡ˆ‘…—•‡•Š‹••–—†›‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Ž‹ˆŠƒˆƒ̵•„ƒ…‰”‘—†

ƒ† –Š‡ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡• …‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‡

‘˜‡Ž̵•…‘”‡•—„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•–—†‹‡•‡–‹‘‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””ƒ‹•‡‹†‡–‹–›‹••—‡•‹

ƒ „”‘ƒ† •‡•‡ǡ –Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› …ƒ’–—”‡ Š‘™ ‹†‡–‹–› ‹•

ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‡† ƒ† Š‘™ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡‘”›Ǥ – ‡…‘’ƒ••‡• –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ

‹‰‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡‡„”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ’Žƒ›• ƒ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‹ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵

‹†‡–‹–‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ†…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›Ǥ

METHOD

Š‹• •–—†› ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› …”‹–‹…‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘…‡”•

‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ǡƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ǡƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ȋ‹ŽŽƒ•’‹‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ‹–‡”ƒ”›

…”‹–‹…‹•‡…‘’ƒ••‡•ˆ‘—”™ƒ›•‘ˆƒƒŽ›œ‹‰™‘”•‘ˆƒ”–ǣ‹‡–‹…ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…ǡ

‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ȋ„”ƒ•ǡ ͳͻͷ͵ȌǤ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •‡‡• –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ ƒ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘” –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‹‡–‹… ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ ™Š‹…Š ˜‹‡™• –Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ›

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”• ƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ• ƒ ƒ—–‘‘‘—•

’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‡’Ž‘›• •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …”‹–‹…‹• –‘ …”‹–‹…‹œ‡ –Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ†–Š‡‹”†‡’‹…–‹‘‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”ǡ™Š‹…Š

†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š•‘…‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡…–••‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

™‘”• ȋƒ—”‡•‘ Ƭ ™‹‰‡™‘‘†ǡ ͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ Š‹• •–—†› —•‡•Castells’ ȋʹͲͳͲƒȌ

–Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›

”‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡

‹•œ–ƒŽ̵•–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ‹•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡

”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›‹•Šƒ’‹‰–he characters’ identity in the novel. Š‡†ƒ–ƒ

‹•ƒƒŽ›œ‡†—•‹‰–Š‡•‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••

‹The Bastard of Istanbulǡ™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆIstanbulites’Š‹•–‘”›–Šƒ–”‡‹ƒ•

–Š‹‡š‹•–•„—–†‡‹‡†„›—”•Ǥ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ ƒ††”‡••‡• –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ˜‹œ

†‹•…—••‹‰ Š‘™ •–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡•̵ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• ‹ The Bastard of Istanbul ƒ”‡

ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‡†Ǥ – †‹•…—••‡• —”‹•Š …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „›

…‘–‡•–‹‰ ‹‰‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡‡„”ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡” …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡‘”› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡

”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡ „› —•‹‰ ƒ•–‡ŽŽ•̵ ȋʹͲͳͲƒȌ …‘…‡’–• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ǡ

”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‹••–—†›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•—”‹•Šƒ•–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰

‹†‡–‹–›ǡ”‡‹ƒƒ•–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ†•›ƒƒ†‡Ž‹Šƒ̵•ƒ„‹–‹‘–‘

„‡ƒ—–‘‘‘—••—„Œ‡…–•ƒ•–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹†‡–‹–›Ǥƒ…Šƒ•’‡…–‹••—’’‘”–‡†„›ƒ

†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‹•œ–ƒŽ̵•”‡‡„‡”‹‰ƒ†ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ ’”‘…‡••–‘…‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡

…‘–‡•–‹‰‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

The Construction of Legitimizing Identity

‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘

’”‘…‡•• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ† †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› „› †‘‹ƒ–‹‰

‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ –‹Ž ”‡…‡–Ž›ǡ –‘ „‡ ƒ —”‹•Š ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰

‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‹‡– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹ —”‡› —•‡ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ …‘•–”—…–‹‘

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‹•‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›‹‰Š–„‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”•‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰•‡‡ƒ•—•–Ǧ‘„‡›”—Ž‡•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹–ƒ›

„‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ‡”ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

˜‹‡™•‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”…‘†—…–‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‘–ˆ‘”—”•Ǥ

—”‡› ‹• ’‘”–”ƒ›‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡” •‡…—Žƒ” ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡”Ž› ƒ

‘ƒ”…Š›‘”ƒ‡’‹”‡Ǥƒ•–‡ŽŽ•̵ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ‘–‹‘ǡ–Š‡…‘—–”›̵••›•–‡‹•‘‡

‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ‹•–”—‡–• ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ •‘…‹‡–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š—•ǡ

—”‡›̵•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›ƒ•ƒ‡™ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‡‡†•–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–•’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

‹†‡–‹–› ‹• ‹‡š–”‹…ƒ„Ž› Ž‹‡† –‘ ‹–• ˆ—…–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ

"There aren't monarchs anymore, we are a modern nation." (p. 28)

—–‹‡ ‡˜”‹›‡ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒœƒ…‹• ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”•ǡ ƒ†‡ •—…Š ƒ

’”‘…Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‹‰ƒ—”‹•Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›–‡ƒ…Š‡”ǡ•Š‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•Š‡”

‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘—”‡›̵•’ƒ•–ƒ†…—””‡–•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ††‡†–Šƒ–—”‡›‹•‘™ƒ

‘†‡” ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‘™• ‹–• …‹–‹œ‡• –‘ ”‡•–”—…–—”‡ –Š‡‹” ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ

ƒ† ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘ƒ”…Š› –‘ ƒ ‘†‡”

•–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ „‡ƒ”• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹†‡ƒŽ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‹–• ’‡‘’Ž‡

†‹˜‡”•‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹‘Ž†‹‰‹–•

people’s ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• •‹…‡ ‹– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡‹”

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ ƒ††”‡••‡• –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ˜‹œ

†‹•…—••‹‰ Š‘™ •–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡•̵ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• ‹ The Bastard of Istanbul ƒ”‡

ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‡†Ǥ – †‹•…—••‡• —”‹•Š …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „›

…‘–‡•–‹‰ ‹‰‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡‡„”ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡” …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡‘”› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡

”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡ „› —•‹‰ ƒ•–‡ŽŽ•̵ ȋʹͲͳͲƒȌ …‘…‡’–• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ǡ

”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‹••–—†›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•—”‹•Šƒ•–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰

‹†‡–‹–›ǡ”‡‹ƒƒ•–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ†•›ƒƒ†‡Ž‹Šƒ̵•ƒ„‹–‹‘–‘

„‡ƒ—–‘‘‘—••—„Œ‡…–•ƒ•–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹†‡–‹–›Ǥƒ…Šƒ•’‡…–‹••—’’‘”–‡†„›ƒ

†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‹•œ–ƒŽ̵•”‡‡„‡”‹‰ƒ†ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ ’”‘…‡••–‘…‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡

…‘–‡•–‹‰‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

The Construction of Legitimizing Identity

‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘

’”‘…‡•• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ† †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› „› †‘‹ƒ–‹‰

‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ –‹Ž ”‡…‡–Ž›ǡ –‘ „‡ ƒ —”‹•Š ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰

‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‹‡– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹ —”‡› —•‡ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ …‘•–”—…–‹‘

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‹•‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›‹‰Š–„‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”•‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰•‡‡ƒ•—•–Ǧ‘„‡›”—Ž‡•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹–ƒ›

„‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ‡”ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

˜‹‡™•‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”…‘†—…–‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‘–ˆ‘”—”•Ǥ

—”‡› ‹• ’‘”–”ƒ›‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡” •‡…—Žƒ” ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡”Ž› ƒ

‘ƒ”…Š›‘”ƒ‡’‹”‡Ǥƒ•–‡ŽŽ•̵ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ‘–‹‘ǡ–Š‡…‘—–”›̵••›•–‡‹•‘‡

‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ‹•–”—‡–• ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ •‘…‹‡–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š—•ǡ

—”‡›̵•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›ƒ•ƒ‡™ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‡‡†•–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–•’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

‹†‡–‹–› ‹• ‹‡š–”‹…ƒ„Ž› Ž‹‡† –‘ ‹–• ˆ—…–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ

"There aren't monarchs anymore, we are a modern nation." (p. 28)

—–‹‡ ‡˜”‹›‡ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒœƒ…‹• ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”•ǡ ƒ†‡ •—…Š ƒ

’”‘…Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‹‰ƒ—”‹•Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›–‡ƒ…Š‡”ǡ•Š‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•Š‡”

‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘—”‡›̵•’ƒ•–ƒ†…—””‡–•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ††‡†–Šƒ–—”‡›‹•‘™ƒ

‘†‡” ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‘™• ‹–• …‹–‹œ‡• –‘ ”‡•–”—…–—”‡ –Š‡‹” ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ

ƒ† ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘ƒ”…Š› –‘ ƒ ‘†‡”

•–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ „‡ƒ”• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹†‡ƒŽ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‹–• ’‡‘’Ž‡

†‹˜‡”•‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹‘Ž†‹‰‹–•

people’s ‹†‡–‹–‹‡• •‹…‡ ‹– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡‹”

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—• ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• —†‡” ‹–• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ The state’s fƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹†‡–‹–‹‡•‘”–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‹”…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡

ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‹–Š‡‹”‘™…‘—–”›‹‰Š–Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…––Š‡‹”˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ

‡ƒ‹‰•ǡƒ†‹†‡–‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–†‡˜‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‹†‡–‹–›•—’’”‡••‡†„›

–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ȋƒ•–‡ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ

Š‡†‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘authorized’ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡ǡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ Žƒ™•ǡ ‘”•ǡ ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ ƒ› –Š”‡ƒ–‡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••

‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ–…ƒƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ•…‘…‡”ƒ††”‡ƒ†ˆ‡Ž–„›–Š‡‹ˆ‡”‹‘”‘’’”‡••‡†

‰”‘—’• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž •‡‡ –‘ ‹•‘Žƒ–‡ ƒ† •–‹‰ƒ–‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹‰

’‘™‡”Ž‡••ǤŠ‹•…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž̵•

’Ž‘–Ǣ‘‡‘ˆ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

"Turk Street! Aren't they everywhere?" (p. 93)

‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—”‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•‰‡––‹‰•–”‘‰‡”

ƒ† ‘”‡ ‡‘”‘—•ǡ ”‡‹ƒ• ƒ”‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ† ‹…‘˜‡‹‡…‡Ǥ Š‡

ƒ„‘˜‡ …‘‡– ƒ†‡ „› ”ƒ‘—•Š̵• ˆ”‹‡† ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ ‘’’”‡••‡†

‰”‘—’̵• ƒš‹‡–› ƒ• ƒ ‘’’‘‡– ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ‹ ƒ……‡’–‹‰ —”‡›̵•

•—’”‡ƒ…›Ǥ –‹••ƒ‹† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰‹”Ž ™ƒ• †‡•’‹•‡†ƒ† …‘…‡”‡†

ƒ„‘—–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰—”•–”‡‡–ƒ‡••‹…‡—”•ƒ›ƒŽŽ—†‡–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡†

–‘ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ —”‡›ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‹– ’‡”–ƒ‹• –‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ – ‹•

…‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–‹‰‰”‘—’̵•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‹•…‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡

‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–‘‡•Ǥ

‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‘™‡† „› –Š‡

Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒŒ—•–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›•‘—‰Š––‘ƒ‡‹–•‘’’‘‡–

ˆ‡‡Ž—†‡”˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ†Žƒ…Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ’”‘‘ˆǤ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›…”‡ƒ–‡†„›

–Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡• –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› Šƒ•

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Šƒ†Ž‡† ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ’”‘’‡”Ž› ƒ† ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ”‰—‡–• ‹ ƒ›

†‹•’—–‡ƒ††”‡••‡†–‘–Š‡Ǥ

"The claims of the Armenians are based on exaggeration and distortion.

Come on. Some go as far as claiming that we killed two million Armenians. No historian in his right mind would take that seriously." (p.

210)

Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡š…‡”’–‹•ˆ”‘ƒ—”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵•”‡ƒ”•ƒ–ƒˆ±—†‡”ƒ

‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ”ƒ‘—•Š̵• “—‡”› ‘ –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ǧ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–…‡ƒ”‹•–‘ˆŽ–”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‹‡•…Žƒ‹‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡†‘‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡

•–—†›ǡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘ ™”‹–‹‰ǡ ƒ† Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ˆ‹Ž‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ͳͻͳͷǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‡

†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹ƒ•™‡”‡‡šƒ‰‰‡”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•ƒ”‰—‡–

‹•ƒ„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–‹•–‹–—–‹‘̵•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘‘ˆˆ‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••—…Šƒ

•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡŠ‡…Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ‹—”‡›™‘—Ž†

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda

ƒ……‡’–•—…Šƒ…Žƒ‹ǤŠ‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•Š‘™–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹†‡–‹–›Šƒ•

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –ƒ‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ Žƒ•– ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹–• †‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡

’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹’ƒ…–‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›…‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‹•’—–‡†Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡†‡’‹…–•Š‘™—”•̵–”—‡‹†‡–‹–›’‡”•—ƒ†‡•

”‡‹ƒ• –‘ ƒ••—‡ ƒ †‹•–‹…–‹˜‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …‘’”‡Š‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ƒ†

‡„”ƒ…‹‰ƒ‘–Š‡”‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ—”‹•Š†‘‹ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ

Since they won't join us in our recognition of the past, we are expected to join them in their ignorance of the past. (p. 184)

Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š…‡”’– ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– —”• •‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡‹ƒ• Œ‘‹

–Š‡‹”Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡‹ƒs’…Žƒ‹•ǤŠ‡

’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† „› Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡

—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ–‹•…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›™‡Ž…‘‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡…–‹‰”‡•‹•–ƒ–’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ

•—…Šƒ•”‡‹ƒ•™Š‘ƒ––‡’––‘ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—”‹•Š‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ–‘•‡––Ž‡

†‘™ƒ†ƒ……‡’––Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›…”‡ƒ–‡†„›Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡—”‹•Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘

‡š’‡…–‡†–‘‡š–‡†–Š‡†‘‹ƒ…‡ƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›

–‘ •—…Š ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ —”‹•Š ‹†‡–‹–›

…‘–‹—‡•„‡‹‰‘”‡”‘„—•–ƒ†‘”‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‘…‘—–‡”Ǥ

”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›‹•…”‹–‹…ƒŽ

‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ ‘‹ƒ– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› —•‡

‡‘”› –‘ ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ• ƒ ƒ••‡„Ž‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ ˆ‘”‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• •‘…‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ǡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ†

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ—”‡›ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡’Ž‘›•

•‘…‹ƒŽ ‡‘”› •—’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ‹†‡Ǧ±‘‹”‡ ‰”‘—’• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†

ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹†‡–‹–›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ•ƒ‘˜ƒŽ‹†’‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ

• ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‘‹… ‰”‘—’ ‹ †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰ ‡‘”›ǡ —”‹•Š

…—Ž–—”‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‡• –Š‡ ‡‘”› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡ —”‹•Š ˆƒ‹Ž› Šƒ• ƒ

Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ’ƒ••‹‰†‘™–Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ”‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡

’”‡•‡–ǤŠ‹•ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ƒ›ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ•

‡„‡”•‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹•œ–ƒŽȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›

‹• ƒ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰•‘…‹‡–› –‘ ’—– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹ ƒ „ƒŽƒ…‡†

’‘•‹–‹‘–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ‹”‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡‡„‡”‹‰’”‘…‡••‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‡

’ƒ••ƒ‰‡„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

"Of course, I do," Asya said. "How can I not know the end of a story I must have listened to at least a hundred times? (p. 132)

•›ƒǡƒƒœƒ…‹ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”ǡ‹•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‹”Ž™Š‘‹•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›

–‘Ž†–Š‡•ƒ‡•–‘”‹‡•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǤŠ‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•”‡…‘—–‡†–‘•›ƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡

–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‡„‡”‹‰’”‘…‡••‹˜ƒŽ—‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

ƒ……‡’–•—…Šƒ…Žƒ‹ǤŠ‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•Š‘™–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹†‡–‹–›Šƒ•

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –ƒ‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ Žƒ•– ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹–• †‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡

’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹’ƒ…–‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›…‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‹•’—–‡†Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡†‡’‹…–•Š‘™—”•̵–”—‡‹†‡–‹–›’‡”•—ƒ†‡•

”‡‹ƒ• –‘ ƒ••—‡ ƒ †‹•–‹…–‹˜‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …‘’”‡Š‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ƒ†

‡„”ƒ…‹‰ƒ‘–Š‡”‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ—”‹•Š†‘‹ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ

Since they won't join us in our recognition of the past, we are expected to join them in their ignorance of the past. (p. 184)

Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š…‡”’– ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– —”• •‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡‹ƒ• Œ‘‹

–Š‡‹”Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡‹ƒs’…Žƒ‹•ǤŠ‡

’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† „› Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡

—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ–‹•…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›™‡Ž…‘‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡…–‹‰”‡•‹•–ƒ–’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ

•—…Šƒ•”‡‹ƒ•™Š‘ƒ––‡’––‘ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—”‹•Š‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ–‘•‡––Ž‡

†‘™ƒ†ƒ……‡’––Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›…”‡ƒ–‡†„›Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡—”‹•Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘

‡š’‡…–‡†–‘‡š–‡†–Š‡†‘‹ƒ…‡ƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›

–‘ •—…Š ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ —”‹•Š ‹†‡–‹–›

…‘–‹—‡•„‡‹‰‘”‡”‘„—•–ƒ†‘”‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‘…‘—–‡”Ǥ

”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›‹•…”‹–‹…ƒŽ

‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ ‘‹ƒ– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› —•‡

‡‘”› –‘ ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ• ƒ ƒ••‡„Ž‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ ˆ‘”‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• •‘…‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ǡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ†

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ—”‡›ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡’Ž‘›•

•‘…‹ƒŽ ‡‘”› •—’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ‹†‡Ǧ±‘‹”‡ ‰”‘—’• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†

ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹†‡–‹–›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ•ƒ‘˜ƒŽ‹†’‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ

• ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‘‹… ‰”‘—’ ‹ †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰ ‡‘”›ǡ —”‹•Š

…—Ž–—”‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‡• –Š‡ ‡‘”› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡ —”‹•Š ˆƒ‹Ž› Šƒ• ƒ

Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ’ƒ••‹‰†‘™–Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ”‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡

’”‡•‡–ǤŠ‹•ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ƒ›ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ•

‡„‡”•‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹•œ–ƒŽȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›

‹• ƒ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰•‘…‹‡–› –‘ ’—– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹ ƒ „ƒŽƒ…‡†

’‘•‹–‹‘–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ‹”‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡‡„‡”‹‰’”‘…‡••‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‡

’ƒ••ƒ‰‡„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

"Of course, I do," Asya said. "How can I not know the end of a story I must have listened to at least a hundred times? (p. 132)

•›ƒǡƒƒœƒ…‹ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”ǡ‹•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‹”Ž™Š‘‹•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›

–‘Ž†–Š‡•ƒ‡•–‘”‹‡•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǤŠ‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•”‡…‘—–‡†–‘•›ƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡

–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‡„‡”‹‰’”‘…‡••‹˜ƒŽ—‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›

–Šƒ–…ƒ–”‹‰‰‡”‡‘”›”‡…ƒŽŽǤŠ‡‡š…‡”’–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ”‡…ƒŽŽ‹‰

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡‡‘”›‘–Š‡„”‹‰Š–Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡––‘ƒ‡’‹”‡–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•

„”‘—‰Š–„›ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ‡‘‹……‘—‹–›‹ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡̵•

‹†‡–‹–› ƒ…”‘•• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ – ‹• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ† Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡ ƒ

’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž•‘…‹‡–›̵•†‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ–‹•‡˜‡ƒ””ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–•›ƒǡƒˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”ǡ

Ž‹•–‡‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•–‘”‹‡•ƒŠ—†”‡†–‹‡•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž•‘…‹ƒŽ

‹•–‹–—–‹‘’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›—–‹Ž‹œ‡•–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‘™Šƒ–

–‘ˆ‘”‰‡–ƒ†™Šƒ––‘”‡‡„‡”Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰—”‹•Š‹†‡–‹–›–‡†•–‘ˆ‘”‰‡–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ

”‡‡„‡”Ǥ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† –Š”‘—‰Š

Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ —”‹•Š ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ‹• –‘ †‡‘Ž‹•Š ƒ† †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‡‘”›

ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š—”‡›̵•–—”„—Ž‡–ƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡–Š‹•–‘”›ǤŠ‡•–‘”›†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡

ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ƒ• ‘”‡ Ž‹‡ ƒ ’Š‘–‘ ˆŽƒ•Š ‡‘”›ǡ ™Š‹…Š Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›

‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡• •—…Š •‡–‹‡–• ƒ• ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋ”‡Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡

’ƒ•–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• •—’’‘•‡† –‘ „‡ ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ǡ ‹• •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ †ƒ‰‡” –‘ •‘…‹‡–›̵•

Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ —”‹•Š ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ – ‹• •ƒ‹† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡• –Šƒ– —”‹•Š …—Ž–—”‡ Šƒ•

ˆ‘”‰‘––‡–Š‡‹Ž‹‡—‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‡””‹„Ž‡’ƒ•–…‘‡…–‡†–‘–Š‡„‹––‡”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ ‡‘…‹†‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– ‰”‘—’ǡ

„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ „”ƒ‹™ƒ•Š …‘‹––‡† –‘ –Š‡ —”•ǡ ƒ ’‡”•‹•–‡–ǡ

‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‡‘”› ‡”ƒ•—”‡ †‘‡ „› –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ–‹‰ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹

—”‡›Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–‘”› †‡’‹…– –Š‡ ƒ‹˜‡–› ‘ˆ —”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡

—ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͳͷ–”ƒ‰‡†›ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•ƒ‡š–”ƒ…––Šƒ–•—’’‘”–••—…Šƒ

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǣ

I myself have been brainwashed to deny the Genocide because I was raised by some Turk named Mustafa! What kind of a joke is that? (p. 53)

Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ƒ„‘˜‡‹•ƒ†‡„›ƒ”‡‹ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”™Š‘‹•‹””‹–ƒ–‡†

–Šƒ– ƒ —”‹•Š ƒ ™‘—Ž† ”ƒ‹•‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ• ƒ •–‡’ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ Šƒ– ‹•

‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ••‹˜‡ ‹‰‘”ƒ…‡ –‘ ”‡Œ‡…– –Š‡

‡‘”›‘˜‡”–Š‡‡‘…‹†‡ǤŠ‡–‡”‘„”ƒ‹™ƒ•Š’ †‡’‹…–•–Š‡–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

–Š‡ ƒ‡•‹ƒ ’”‘…‡•• –Šƒ– —”‹•Š •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹Ǥ Š‡

‘˜‡ŽƒŽ•‘†‡’‹…–•…‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡•™‹–Š—”•̵ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ™Š‹…Š

‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ™”‡…‹‰–Š‡‹”’ƒ•–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ–‹•…‘‡…–‡†–‘

–Š‡‡˜‹Ž•‹†‡‘ˆƒŽƒ™ˆ—Ž‰”‘—’‹ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–‘‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ

"My family is a bunch of clean freaks. Brushing away the dirt and dust of the memories! They always talk about the past, but it is a cleansed version of the past. That's the Kazancis' technique of coping with problems; if something's nagging you, well, close your eyes, count to ten, wish it never

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Moh Zaimil Alivin, Miftahul Huda

happened, and the next thing you know, it has never happened, hurray!

Every day we swallow yet another capsule of mendacity...." (p. 147)

Š‡ ‡š…‡”’– ƒ„‘˜‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• Š‘™ –Š‡ —”‹•Š ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ƒ• ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ

Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡—”‹•Š•‘…‹‡–›ǡ†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”—’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–‡‘”‹‡•–‘…‘•–”—…–ƒ

‡™ǡ…Ž‡ƒ‡†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡‹”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”†‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ–

†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• Š‘™ ƒ ‰‡—‹‡ —”‹•Š ‰”‘—’ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹œ‡• ‡‘”› –‘ „‡

’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–•‘…‹‡–›„›‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰‡‘”›‰”‘—’••—…Šƒ•ƒ–‹‘

ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ•—…Š ƒ‡‘”› ‹ƒ‹‰ •‡•‡‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•

•Š‘—Ž† ‡˜‡” „‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‘

ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡

‹–”‘†—…‡† ‹ ƒ …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‘”› ƒ‡”ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘‡

ƒ…‹‡–Žƒ†ƒ”•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›•’ƒ”‘ˆˆƒ‹–‡•‡†‡„ƒ–‡‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡

”‡•‹•–‹‰‰”‘—’•ǡƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

It's gone. No traces left behind...

There are no traces, no records, no reminiscences of the Armenian family who lived in that building at the beginning of the century. (p. 182)

˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ —”ey’s ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ’Žƒ› ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡

…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ‘”•ǡ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ…—•–‘•ǡŽƒ™•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ…‘–”‘Ž•ǡ

ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›„›‹‰‘”‹‰ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹…‹†‡–‹

–Š‡’ƒ•––Šƒ–‹‰Š–Šƒ’‡”–Š‡‹”†‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘””‡‡„‡”‹‰–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›–Šƒ–

‹‰Š– ’”‘Ž‘‰ ‹–Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ™‹ŽŽ

…‘–‹—‡–‘•’”‡ƒ†„›•—’’”‡••‹‰‹–••‘…‹‡–›ƒ†Ǧƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǧ‘’’”‡••‹‰

‹–•‘’’‘‡–Ǥ

The Construction of Resistance Identity

‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‹†‡–‹–›‹•…”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡—†‡”˜ƒŽ—‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ

–Š‡‹” ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ƒ† ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ • ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ

…‘—‹–› ƒ†Š‡”‡• –‘ •—…Š ƒ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ  –Š‹• ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”‡‹ƒ• ƒ”‡

†‡’‹…–‡†ƒ••—”˜‹˜‘”••–”‹˜‹‰–‘†‹‰–”‡…Š‡•–‘’”‘–‡…––Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•„ƒ•‡†‘

Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–•ǤŠ‡”‡‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘”–”ƒ›‡†ƒ•ƒ†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†‡–Š‹…

‹‘”‹–›ǡ ‹• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‘•–”ƒ…‹œ‡† ƒ† †”‹˜‡ ‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡›

ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‘’’‘•‡ ƒ› •›•–‡• –Šƒ– ‘’’”‡•• –Š‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹‘”‹–›

‰”‘—’Ǥ‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡› —•‡–Š‡‹” Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ „ƒ…‰”‘—†

ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ‹†‡–‹–›–‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––›”ƒ›Ǥ–•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡–‘‰ƒ‹

‘”‡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ’‘™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ •—”˜‹˜‘”•Ǥ –• ’—”’‘•‡ ‹• –‘

Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ •—ˆˆ‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‡„‡”• ƒ† –Š‡

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

happened, and the next thing you know, it has never happened, hurray!

Every day we swallow yet another capsule of mendacity...." (p. 147)

Š‡ ‡š…‡”’– ƒ„‘˜‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• Š‘™ –Š‡ —”‹•Š ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ƒ• ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ

Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡—”‹•Š•‘…‹‡–›ǡ†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”—’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–‡‘”‹‡•–‘…‘•–”—…–ƒ

‡™ǡ…Ž‡ƒ‡†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡‹”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”†‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ–

†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• Š‘™ ƒ ‰‡—‹‡ —”‹•Š ‰”‘—’ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹œ‡• ‡‘”› –‘ „‡

’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–•‘…‹‡–›„›‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰‡‘”›‰”‘—’••—…Šƒ•ƒ–‹‘

ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ•—…Š ƒ‡‘”› ‹ƒ‹‰ •‡•‡‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•

•Š‘—Ž† ‡˜‡” „‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‘

ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡

‹–”‘†—…‡† ‹ ƒ …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‘”› ƒ‡”ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘‡

ƒ…‹‡–Žƒ†ƒ”•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›•’ƒ”‘ˆˆƒ‹–‡•‡†‡„ƒ–‡‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡

”‡•‹•–‹‰‰”‘—’•ǡƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

It's gone. No traces left behind...

There are no traces, no records, no reminiscences of the Armenian family who lived in that building at the beginning of the century. (p. 182)

˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ —”ey’s ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ’Žƒ› ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡

…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ‘”•ǡ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ…—•–‘•ǡŽƒ™•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ…‘–”‘Ž•ǡ

ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‘”›„›‹‰‘”‹‰ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹…‹†‡–‹

–Š‡’ƒ•––Šƒ–‹‰Š–Šƒ’‡”–Š‡‹”†‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘””‡‡„‡”‹‰–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›–Šƒ–

‹‰Š– ’”‘Ž‘‰ ‹–Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡–‹–› ™‹ŽŽ

…‘–‹—‡–‘•’”‡ƒ†„›•—’’”‡••‹‰‹–••‘…‹‡–›ƒ†Ǧƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǧ‘’’”‡••‹‰

‹–•‘’’‘‡–Ǥ

The Construction of Resistance Identity

‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‹†‡–‹–›‹•…”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡—†‡”˜ƒŽ—‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ

–Š‡‹” ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ƒ† ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ • ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ„—Ž‹–‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ

…‘—‹–› ƒ†Š‡”‡• –‘ •—…Š ƒ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ  –Š‹• ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”‡‹ƒ• ƒ”‡

†‡’‹…–‡†ƒ••—”˜‹˜‘”••–”‹˜‹‰–‘†‹‰–”‡…Š‡•–‘’”‘–‡…––Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•„ƒ•‡†‘

Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–•ǤŠ‡”‡‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘”–”ƒ›‡†ƒ•ƒ†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†‡–Š‹…

‹‘”‹–›ǡ ‹• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‘•–”ƒ…‹œ‡† ƒ† †”‹˜‡ ‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡›

ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‘’’‘•‡ ƒ› •›•–‡• –Šƒ– ‘’’”‡•• –Š‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹‘”‹–›

‰”‘—’Ǥ‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡› —•‡–Š‡‹” Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ „ƒ…‰”‘—†

ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ‹†‡–‹–›–‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––›”ƒ›Ǥ–•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡–‘‰ƒ‹

‘”‡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ’‘™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡‹ƒ •—”˜‹˜‘”•Ǥ –• ’—”’‘•‡ ‹• –‘

Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ •—ˆˆ‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‡„‡”• ƒ† –Š‡

–›’‹…ƒŽ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ™‘””‹‡†ǡ ‹–‹‹†ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ† ’—•Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹Š‹Žƒ–‡†

’‡”‹’Š‡”›Ǥ

"What will that innocent lamb tell her friends when she grows up? My father is Barsam Tchakhmakhchian, my great-uncle is Dikran Stamboulian, his father is Varvant Istanboulian, my name is Armanoush Tchakhmakhchian, all my family tree has been Something Somethingian, and I am the grandchild of genocide survivors who lost all their relatives at the hands of Turkish butchers in 1915, but I myself have been brainwashed to deny the Genocide because I was raised by some Turk named Mustafa!

What kind of a joke is that? (p. 53)

Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹•‡š’”‡••‡†„›ƒ”‡‹ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǡ‹”ƒ–ƒ„—Ž‹ƒǡ

™Š‘‹•…‘…‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–Š‡”‹‡…‡ǡ”ƒ‘—•Šǡ”‡ƒ”‡†„›ƒ—”‹•Š•–‡’ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ

—•–ƒˆƒǤ Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ‹”ƒ̵• ƒš‹‡–› ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• ‘’’”‡••‹‘

ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‹†‡–‹–› –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– ‘‡Ǥ ‹”ƒǡ ƒ• ƒ ”‡‹ƒǡ

‡š’”‡••‡• Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” Šƒ˜‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒŽ –‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡Armenians’ common

‡‡›ǡ˜‹œ—”•ǤDikran’s action Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹‘’‡”’‡–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡

†‘‹ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘–Šƒ–…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›–Š”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡”‡‹ƒ”‡•‹•–ƒ–

‰”‘—’Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•—”‹•Š‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ƒ•‹–”‘†—…‡†„›—•–ƒˆƒǡƒ—”ǡ

™Š‹…Šƒ›‹’ƒ…–”ƒ‘—•Š̵•”‡‹ƒ‡••Ǥ

ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘—†‡”Ž‹‹‰”‡‹ƒ•̵—†‡”˜ƒŽ—‡†•–ƒ–—•‹‹–•…‘–”‘Žǡ

–Š‡ •–‘”› ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› †‡’‹…–• Š‘™ ”‡‹ƒ• •—ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‘ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ˆ‡‡Ž

„—”†‡‡†„›–Š‡‘authorized’ •‘…‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•”—„›–Š‡—”•ǤŠ‡—”‰‡ˆ‘”

”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‹•’”‡•‡–‡†–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡Š‘™”‡‹ƒ•†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ

‹•—…Šƒ•–‹‰ƒ–‹œ‡†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹”—„‡”•ǡƒ•–Š‡•–‘”›”‡˜‡ƒŽ•ǡƒ”‡

—•—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›†‹‹‹•Š‡†Ǥ

Her face faded from determination to resignation as she slowly bobbed her head and added: "Only an Armenian can understand what it means to be so drastically reduced in numbers. We've shrunk like a pruned tree.... Rose can date and even marry whomever she wants, but her daughter is Armenian and she should be raised as an Armenian." (p. 59)

Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ”‡ƒ” ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‹ƒ•̵ •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ‡‡†•

„‡‹‰ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› †‡…”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ – ‹• Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‡…‡†‹‰ ‡š…‡”’–ǡ ™Š‹…Š

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