Impact of corporate SocIal reSponSIbIlIty (cSr) In IndoneSIa: a caSe Study of General
mInInG InduStrIeS
DAMPAK TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN (CSR) DI INDONESIA: STUDI KASUS INDUSTRI PERTAMBANGAN UMUM
uKar W. SoelIStIJo
Department of Mining, Faculty of Engineering Bandung Islamic University
Jl. Taman Sari No. 1 Bandung Faculty of Mining and Oil Engineering
Institute of Technology Bandung Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Mining companies as the stakeholder of the community should implement community development (CD) as a translation of corporate social responsibility (CSR). In other words, they should involve business activities for developing humankind. The application of CSR in the general mining in Indonesia is expected to encourage min- ing company to allocate its profit for developing the local people who live around mining area. The quantitative models for evaluating the CD impact include net social gains (NSG) and net gain coefficient (NGC). The NGC shows that the value between 1 to 23% of the companies’ revenue has satisfied the local people. The values could be increased in the future to make beneficial for the regional sustainable development.
Keywords: CSR, general mining industries, local people
SARI
Perusahaan pertambangan sebagai pemangku kepentingan dari masyarakat perlu melaksanakan pengembangan masyarakat (CD) sebagai terjemahan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan (CSR). Dengan kata lain, mereka perlu ikut serta dalam upaya kegiatan untuk pengembangan kemanusiaan. Penerapan CSR di dalam pertambangan umum di Indonesia diharapkan dapat mendorong perusahaan pertambangan untuk mengalokasikan keuntun- gannya bagi pengembangan masyarakat setempat yang tinggal di sekitar daerah pertambangan. Model-model kuantifikasi yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi dampak CD meliputi manfaat sosisal neto (NSG) dan koefisien perolehan neto (NGC). NGC menunjukkan bahwa pada kisaran nilai antara 1 dan 23% perolehan perusahaan telah bermanfaat bagi masyarakat setempat. Nilai-nilai tersebut, sudah tentu, dapat ditingkatkan di masa datang untuk menciptakan manfaat bagi pengembangan wilayah berkelanjutan.
Kata kunci: CSR, industri petambangan umum, masyarakat setempat
IntroductIon
Indonesia has abundant mineral resources such as oil and gas, coal, metallic- and non-metallic- minerals, radioactive- as well as rock materials.
Since 1970s, the country has produced several varieties of metallic minerals and coal, for instance iron sand, bauxite, tin, copper, gold, silver and nickel and step by step, it developed the added value processing technology, e.g., gold/silver, tin, aluminum, copper and nickel. Moreover, in the broader sense, the simple meaning of added value is the result of techno-economic transforma- tion from the initial condition of mineral resources and commodity toward the condition with the greater value of economic, utilization and useful- ness than before, then this new condition would contribute positive impact upon the economic, social and culture at the level of global, regional, national and local (Soelistijo, 2013).
The accredited mining enterprise includes the successfulness indicator both in the fields of financial management and mining enterprise.
Moreover, a more specific indicators of financial management include several matters such as, (1) an enterprise characterized by good gover- nance and clean management, that is supported by systematic/professional, accountable and transparent/auditable financial management sys- tem; (2) the system of fund raising (debt equity, loan rescheduling, diversification of enterprising, and services development; (3) the system of book-keeping; and (4) the system of audit. The indicators of mining enterprise management may include the activities from upstream (resource/re- serve management), management of production activities, up to downstream activities (marketing management) and problems relating to regional development (Herfindahls, 1974; Isard, 1975;
Richardson, 1979) and including CSR (corporate social responsibility) (Anonymous (h), 2004).
The indicators of successfulness in the mining enterprise either in the financial management or in the business management is indicated by internal capability in relation to the least cost and the optimal profit obtained as well as by external capability in relation to optimal benefit for the na- tion where the enterprise operate. For instance, in the case of accountable tax paying and optimal benefit for the regional development including lo- cal community development as a corporate social responsibility.
Related to the title of this study, it was the suc- cessful indicator of mining management from the upstream activities to downstream activities and the problems relating to the environment which include corporate social responsibility (CSR) as part mission of regional development. Thus, CSR is one of the present important parameters as indicated that “the company is the stakeholder of the community”.
The core content and understanding of CSR as the meaning of community development (CD) is a form of stimulant for the industry to make ef- fectual CD so that it can be more beneficial for the society and the local government. Moreover, the CSR will implement and utilize the concept of sustainable development in the country as well. However, it can be simplified that CD is an instrument to implement CSR in term of founda- tion for sustainable development in term of the transformation from the mining economy era into the non-mining economy era in the forms of the ever increasing and continuation of the primary, secondary as well as tertiary economic sectors beyond the post mining era. Indonesia has tried to implement the CSR in relation to CD in the field of energy and mineral resources, oil and natural gas industries as well as the general mining such as coal industry.
tHeory and metHodoloGy theory
The fields of added value in the mineral resource development is that may include sector or eco- nomic as well as regional added value.
Sector or economic added value means the value gained by the process of vertical enrich- ment and it can contribute to the national income or gross domestic product (GDP) or upstream- downstream added value. This macroeconomic added value could create multiplying effects that could be measured by using economic multiplier and linkages.
The another added value is regional one meant as the beneficial for the local people coming from such as corporate social responsibility (CSR). The mining company as the servant of the community should implement community development as translation of their CSR for the development of
humankind as well (Figure 1) toward regional resilience due to firm and positive interaction between the mining companies and the local community. Those two types of added value could measure the beneficial of the mining activity in the economic field at the level of national as well as regional.
where:
DRC = Domestic Resource Cost NGC = Net Gain Coefficient uj is export revenue of sector j;
mj is intermediate goods imported;
rj is repatriation;
v is shadow price;
f is commodity price;
E is external effects.
reSultS and dIScuSSIon
Quantitatively the social-economic benefits of CSR for the local development could be identified among others by using the net social gains (NSG) methodology
In principle, NSG is the difference between the company revenue and the cost of production.
While, the profit or loss is called net external ef- fects (NEE). The positive NEE means that the impact of the existence of mining companies is beneficial to the lives of the local people. The negative NEE means that the mining companies create social unrest. NEE consists of backward and forward linkages, technological, final demand and fiscal linkages of the company as well.
The formula for calculating NSG is as followed (Pearson and Cownie, 1974):
basic concept of cSr in the context of regional development
Government:
Central, Province, Regency/City, District, Village
Regional Development Natural
resources (including minerals) Article 33, Verse 3 Constitution1945
Mining
companies Community Development
Ecological Social Justice Regional
mission
NGO
Social, Economics
Personal spiritual
Sustainability of mining business
Harmonic relationship between company
and community
Community welfare
Regional/Local Residence
Culture
Political SecurityEnvironment
Figure 1. Basic concept of CSR in the context of regional development NSG = (uj – mj –rj) vj – f sj vj + Ej DRC = f sj vj + Ej / (uj –mj –rj) vjss NGC = NSG / Total Output
model, in this case, the net gain coefficient (NGC) has been practiced in general and manufacturing industries (see Tables 1 and 2).
Based on the above-mentioned data, it was ob- served that the NGC ranges from 1 % to 61.62
%. It therefore means that the contribution of the mining companies in Indonesia related to CD as the core of CSR could be encouraged to be instrumental in sustainable regional or local development as well. It depends on the govern- ment approaches or policies and the spirit of the companies.
In relation to COW the financial benefit at the national was estimated at 55% of the companies’
revenue and around 60% of the Coal COW rev- enue was gained by Indonesia. Net social gain from the COW companies and the State-owned companies were between 1% – 23% of their revenues gained by the local community in the form of their participation in the regional develop- ment which include the environment protection and CSR. Nevertheless it is advised that those amounts should be increased and enforced in the future.
CSR is a measuring instrument of community development (CD) that could be utilized from the company. From the community point of view, the CD instrument could be measured by using Hu- man Development Index (HDI) such as human ba- sic needs (clothes, food, housing), education and health toward the measurement of their wealth.
Economically, wealth of the community could be measured by their currency, assets and bound as well. Macro-economically, HDI of the Indonesia people could be seen on Table 3. Between 1975 and 2011 the HDI significantly increased. For example, in the case of Papua human resource development carried out by PT Freeport Indonesia (PT FI), it shows that the current operational and partnership program were running successfully.
This program is aimed at lifting the Papua people in term of their professional and self-confidence in the era of globalization, so that they are able to secure job wherever they want. Since the Indonesia Human development Index (HDI) in the years of 2001-2006 was about 68.2 (UNDP;
2002), then HDI of South Jakarta Province is es- timated at 75.7 (the highest one), Yogyakarta 7.3, Mimika Regency (where PT Freeport Indonesia copper mine is located) 64.8 and Jaya Wijaya Regency 47.0 (the lowest one). It is shown that Mimika Regency HDI exists at the middle score
(Anonymous (e), 2006). In 2011, Papua province still has the ranking of 64.9 as the lowest among the provincial ranking in Indonesia, where Nduga Regency in Papua also has the lowest ranking of 48.0 among other regencies in the country (Table 3). In 2012, Indonesia reached HDI of 72.9 and Jakarta of 78.2.
CSR of PT Freeport Indonesia with the net gain coefficient (NGC) is about 0.83 % in 1999, 2.01 in 2006 and it is indicated of about 1.08% (in 2010) (Anonymous (h), 2004). In comparison with that of NGC PT Aneka Tambang (Gebe nickel mine) is of 4.60% (1990) and iron sand mine at Kutoarjo is 22.46 % in 2002, PT Batubara Bukit Asam coal mine 4.31% in 1999 and 4.04% in 2008, PT INCO (Soroako nickel mine) was 1.28% in 1989 to 2.54% in 2005. The lowest NGC is PT Adaro (coal mine) which is 0.59% in 2001. {Achyar, 2007;
Amrullah, 2007; Anonymous (a), (c), 2006; Anony- mous (b), 2011; ; Anonymous (g), 2012; PT Aneka Tambang Tbk, 2002, 2004; PT Bukit Asam Tbk,, 2000; Soelistijo, 1984, 2004, 2010, 2011; Soelis- tijo, et al, 1995, 2002, 2003; Saleh, 1991, 1992;
Mujib 1991, 1992, 2003; Saefudin, 1992, Sugandi, 1992; Toni, 2009}. CSR of any mining companies could be said to have been successfully carried out in the region where the companies operate.
The local people obtain maximum benefit to pro- vide for their professional, so that they could face their own future sustainability in terms of human, social, economy and environment harmoniously as a whole. In principle, however, the program of CSR should be compulsory to encourage and increase the mining companies’ awareness in the form and part of regional development. In fact, that CSR is a compulsory assignment to the private companies as well as state-owned companies based on the existing laws and government regu- lations {Anonymous (d), (e), (f), 2007}.
concluSIon
The role of the mining company is obviously important to carry out community development functions mainly for the local people as part of the regional development program. Many examples, for instances, PT Freeport Indonesia, PT Antam, PT BA, PT Adaro, PT INCO (PT Vale Indonesia) have allocated regional development especially CSR program activities in the forms of facilities and infrastructure at least 1-22% of their annual corporate budget. It is intended to support the development of the physical and non-physical
The linkage effects of the mining companies on the regional or local social economies using NSG model *) Variable
PT INCO
Soroako nikckel mining 2005
PT Bukit Asam Coal Mine 2008
Ombilin Coal Mine
(PT Bukit AsamA) #) 1990
Kutoarjo Iron sand mining (PT Aneka Tambang) +) 2002
Gebe Nickel Mine
(PT Aneka Tambang) 1990
Kijang Bauxite Mining (PT Aneka Tambang) @) 1990
Pomalaa Nickel Mine (PT Aneka Tambang) 1990
PT Adaro Coal Mine 2001
PT Freeport Indonesia 2006 Output8677.85719.141.627.0108.282.0106.93919.1n.a Input40.1n.a. 107.181.8106.7n.an.a 1. Economic rent1.640.90.600.10.20.80n.a 2. Net external effect (NEE)219.0188.02.86.64.82.24.123.1n.a Consisted of: - Forward and backward linkages31.30.42.10.61.20.6 - Fiscal linkages.146.20.70.92.90.20.8 - Final demand linkages 7.11.41.41.10.92.4 - Technological linkages.3.40.32.20.20.040.3 3. Net Social Gain (NSG)220.6231.03.48.04.92.24.423.1729.1 4. Net Gain Coefficient (NGC)0.02540.04040.08120.22460.04600.10400.04210.00590.0201) (2.54%)(4.04%(8.12%)(22.46%)(4.60%)(10.4%)(4.21%)(0.59%)(2.01%, 2006) (1.08%, 2010) Total Assetn.a.n.a109.0n.a.n.an.a69.8n.an.a 5. Economic rent ratio (NSG/Total asset)n.an.a0.0024n.an.an.a0.0747n.an.a *) The only latest available data. #) PTBA Ombilin coal mine wa sterminated in 1997. +) Kijang bauxite mine was terminated in 1999 @) Kutoarjo iron sand mine was terminated in 2004. Achyar, 2007; Amrullah, 2007; Anonymous (a), 2006; Toni, 2009; Soelistijo, et al, 1995, 2003, 2010,2011; Saleh, et al, 1991,1992; Sugandi, et al, 1992; Mujib, et al, 1991, 1992, 2003; Saefudin, 1992; PT Aneka Tambang 2002, 2004; PT Bukit Asam , 2000, Triyono, 2007. CSR study program was just initiated by Mineral Technology Development Center (MTDC) in the early 1990s and resulted CSR studies of the only several mining compa- nies. It is intended that the every mining company in cooperation with the related research institutions and universities to carry out CSR studies from now and on to anticipate the update data and information due to its important evaluation for the national interest for frontier development. In fact, Directorate General of Mineral and Coal as the competent institution in this program, just initiating pilot CSR studies project in 2013 in cooperation with the universities and research institutions, and the result has not yet come up.
Table 2.Net Social Gain (NSG) and Net Gain Coefficient (NGC) of the several mining companies in Indonesia *) Variable PT Inco Tbk (2005) **)PTBA Tbk (1989)Ombilin Coal (1990) Nickel Gebe Island (1990)
Bauxite Ki- jang (1990)
Nickel Pomalaa (1990)
Iron Sand Cilacap (2003)
Coal PT Adaro (2000) ***)Copper PT FI (1990) I. Location Soroako, Luwu, South Sulawesi
Tanjung
Enim, Muara Enim, South Suamtera
Sawahlunto, West Sumatera
Gebe Island, Halmahera, North Maluku
Kijang, Riau Archpelago
Pomalaa, Kolaka, South-East Sulawesi
Cilacap, Central Java South Kalimantan Tembagapuer, Mimika, Papua II.
Net Sosial Gain/ NSG (IDR billion) 220574,73821,713369,214963,213349,314462,181633,212310019860 III. Net Gain Coefficient0,02540,02910,08120,04590,10460,04210,17420,0080,0083 NGC= NSG / output-2,54%
-2,91% (4,31%, 1999)
-8,12%-4,59%-10,46%-4,21%-17,42%-0,80%-0,83% Sources: *) See comments on Table 1. Achyar, 2007; Amrullah, 2007,Anonymous (a), 2006; Anonymous (g), 2012;Freeport McMoran, 2010; Toni, 2009; Soelistijo, et al, 1995, 2003, 2010, 2011; Saleh, et al, 1991,1992; Sugandi, et al, 1992; Mujib, et al, 1991, 1992, 2003; Saefudin, 1992; PT Aneka Tambang 2002, 2004; PT Bukit Asam , 2000, Triyono, 2007.
development for the resilience and welfare lo- cal people under the transformation concept of mining sustainability development, in particular toward their future in the post mining period.
The CD fundings from the mining companies between 2005 and 2010 were allocated around IDR 0.8 trillion in 2005 up to IDR 1.16 trillion in 2010 or increased almost 50% within that period.
This amount of funding could be able to increase the socio-economic, cultural and humankind of the local people through the mechanism of part- nership between the mining company and the local people. This phenomena could translate the implementation of the meaning of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as the sustainability in terms of humankind, social, economic and envi- ronmental development in the country. Especially the mining company which operates in the remote areas, so as to function as a prime-mover of the development as well. It is necessary to encour- age the mining companies, if it is necessary by regulation, to increase stage by stage their annual budget for CSR program in line with the spirit of
acKnoWledGement
The author whises to thanks Research and Devel- opment Center for Mineral and Coal Technology, Bandung Islamic University and Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia for providing data to be written as a manuscript.
referenceS
Achjar, N., 2007. Dampak Fiskal dan Ekonomi PT Freeport Indonesia. LPEM UI. Diskusi Pemban- gunan Papua dan Peran PT Freeport Indonesia, Puslitbang Tekmira, DESDM, 22 hal.
Amrullah, A., 2007. Kajian peranan PT INCO (Tbk) dalam mendukung pembangunan ekonomi Kabu- paten Luwu Timur-Sulawesi Selatan era otonomi daerah: pendekatan antarindustri. Tesis Program Studi Rekayasa Pertambangan. Institut Teknologi Bandung, 173 hal.
Anonymous (a), 2006. Laporan Penelitian Analisa Dampak Ekonomi PT Freeport Indonesia, Update Table 3. Historical trend of human development index (HDI) in Indonesia,1975-2012
Year Score (Ranking)
Indonesia Other country (Norway)
National Region
1975 46.4
1980 52.6
1985 57.8
1990 61.9
1995 65.9
1998 67.0 (100) 1999 67.7 (102) 2000 68.4 (110) 2001 68.2 (112) 2005 68.3 (112.2) 2006 68.4 (112.3) 2007 68.9 (118.2) 2008 69.6 (119.4) 2009 70.8 (121.4) 2010 71.8 (123.1)
2011 a) 72 3 (124) b) 77.6 (Jakarta) c) 79.5 (South Jakarta) d) 48.0 (Nduga Regency) e)
(Number 1 of the world ranking)96.5
2012 72.9 (125.0) 78.2 (Jakarta)
Sources: UNDP, 2013.; Wibawa, 2012; Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011; Sagir, 2009. Recalculated.
Tahun 2006. Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat FEUI, 25 hal.
Anonymous (b), 2011. Peningkatan Kualitas dan Kapasitas SDM Papua. PT Freeport Indonesia, Seminar Nasional Pertambangan dan Pendidikan Dini Unisba, 6 Mei 2011, 91 hal.
Anonymous (c), 2006. Berkarya Menuju Pembangunan Yang Berkelanjutan, 1992-2006 (Doing creative works toward sustainable development 1992- 2006.) PT Freeport Indonesia, 72 hal.
Anonymous (d), 2007. Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas.
Anonymous (e), 2007. Undang-Undang No.25 Tahun 2007tentang Penanaman Modal.
Anonymous (f), 2007. Permen BUMN No. 4 Tahun 2007 tentang Penyampaian Ikhtisar Laporan Keuangan Perusahaan Negara pada Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Pusat.
Anonymous (g), 2012. Gambaran Umum PT Freeport Indonesia: CSR and sustainable development.
Stadium General at Unisba, 52 hal.
Anonymous (h), 2004. Pedoman Pengembangan Masyarakat di Sektor Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral dan Forum Komunikasi Pengembangan Masyarakat di Industri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, 200 hal.
Anonymous (i), 2011. Indonesia Mineral and Coal Statistics 2011. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Re- sources Republic Indonesia, Directorate General of Mineral and Coal, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Program Supervision, 92 p.
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011. Satatistik Indonesia- Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia. 253 hal.
Freeport-McMoran Copper & Gold, 2010. 2010 Annual Report. 110 p.
Herfindahls, Orris C., 1974. Resource Economics, Re- sources For The Future, Inc., 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, 212 p.
Isard, W., 1975. Introduction to Regional Science, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 506 p.
Mujib, Saleh, R., Sugandi, D., Yunianto, B., 1991. Studi Manfaat Regional Usaha Pertambangan Batubara Terhadap Pengembangan Wilayah di Tanjung Enim Kabupaten Muara Enim Propinsi Sumatera Sela- tan. Laporan Pengembangan Mineral Regional No.
67, PPTM, Bandung, 180 hal.
Mujib, Sudirman, Saleh, R., Yunianto, B., 1992. Studi Manfaat Regional Usaha Pertambangan Batubara Terhadap Pengembangan Wilayah di Ombilin, Sawahlunto, Propinsi Sumatera Barat. Laporan Pengembangan Mineral Regional No. 92, PPTM, Bandung, 179 hal.
Mujib, 2003. Pengkajian Manfaat Sosial Usaha pertam- bangan Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Pereko- nomian Daerah. Tesis Program Studi Rekayasa Pertambangan. Institut Teknologi Bandung, 163 hal.
Pearson, Scott R., and Cownie, John, 1974. Commod- ity Exports and African Economic Development, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington; 285 p.
PT Aneka Tambang Tbk., 2004. Dokumen Rencana Penutupan Tambang dan Pasca Tambang Unit Pertambangan Pasir Besi Kutoarjo PT Aneka Tambang Tbk. (Proposal), 187 hal.
PT Aneka Tambang Tbk., 2002. Dokumen Rencana Penutupan Tambang dan Pasca Tambang Unit Pertambangan Pasir Besi Cilacap PT Aneka Tam- bang Tbk. (Proposal), 191 hal.
PTBA. 2000. Pengembangan Masyarakat (Community Development) Sekitar PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (Persero), Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, p. 20-56.
Richardson, H.W., 1979. Regional Economics, Univer- sity of Illinois Press, Chicago; 325 p.
Saefudin, R., Sugandi, D., Saleh, R., 1992. Studi Manfaat Regional Usaha Pertambangan Bauksit di Pulau Bintan Propinsi Riau. Laporan Pengem- bangan Mineral Regional No. 90, PPTM, Bandung, 176 hal.
Sagir, H.S., Bersama Para Sahabat, 2009. Kapita Selekta Ekonomi Indonesia. Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 660 hal.
Saleh, R., Sulistio, B., Haryono, Mujib, Yunianto, B., 1991. Studi Manfaat Regiona Usaha Pertamban- gan Nikel Terhadap Pengembangan Wilayah di Soroako Kabupaten Luwu Propinsi Sulawesi Se- latan. Laporan Pengembangan Mineral Regional No. 66, PPTM,Bandung, 181 hal.
Saleh, R., Sugandi, D., Sudjarwo, Supangkat, H., 1992.
Studi Manfaat Regiona Usaha Pertambangan Nikel (PT Antam, UPN Pomalaa) Terhadap Pengemban- gan Wilayah di Pomalaa dan Sekitarnya. Laporan Pengembangan Mineral Regional No. 91, PPTM, Bandung, 160 hal.
Soelistijo, Ukar W., Saleh, R., Saefudin, R., 2003.
Ekonomi Regional dan Model Penerapannya:
Pengembangan Sumber Daya Mineral dan Energi Dalam Rangka Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia, (Regional economy and its application models: The energy and mineral resource development in the frame of regional autonomy in Indonesia). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Indonesia, 426 hal.
Soelistijo, U. W., Saleh, R., Saefudin, R. 1995. Studi Tranformasi Struktural Pasca Pertambangan PT Freeport Indonesia, Co, Tembagapura, Irian Jaya (Study on structural transformation of the post- mining of PT Freeport Indonesia, Co.), Laporan Pengembangan Wilayah Pertambangan No.11, PPTM Bandung, 196 hal.
Soelistijo, U.W., Saleh, R., Saefudin, R. 1995. Analisis Tranformasi Struktural Pasca Pertambangan Nikel (PT INCO) di Daerah Soroako, Kabupaten Luwu, Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, (Analysis of structural transformation study on the post-mining of PT INCO in Soroako region, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province). Laporan Pengembangan Wilayah Pertambangan No.09, PPTM Bandung, 201 hal.
Soelistijo,U.W., 1984. Evaluation of the potential eco- nomic benefit of coal-oil substitution in the Indo- nesian economy: An interindustry approach. West Virginia University, Ph.D dissertation, University Microfilms International, 300 N.Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, 273 p.
Soelistijo, U.W., Suseno, T., 2002. Several applications of Input-Output Model:the Indonesian Economy.
Mineral and Coal Technology Research and De- velopment; 26 p.
Soelistijo, U.W., Suseno,T., Mujib, Suherman, I., Nas, C., 2003. Ekonomi Regional dan Model Penera- pannya: Pengembangan Sumber Daya Mineral dan Energi Dalam Rangka Otonomi Daerah. Se- bagai Salah Satu Instrumen Evaluasi Hasil Penye- lenggaraan Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, 426 hal.
Soelistijo, U.W., 2004. Pengembangan Sumber Daya Mineral dan Energi Sebagai Sarana Penggerak Mula Dalam Program Pengembangan Wilayah.
Pidato Pengukuhan Ahli Peneliti Utama, Puslitbang Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, Balitbang ESDM, DESDM, 78 hal.
Soelistijo, U.W, 2010. Topik Khusus. Institut Teknologi Bandung, 197 hal.
Soelistijo, U.W., 2011. Dinamika Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) Bidang Pertambangan Umum di Indonesia. Mimbar, Jurnal, vol. XXVII, No. 1 (Juni 2011), p.79-86.
Soelistijo, U.W., 2013. Prospect of Potential Nickel Added Value Development in Indonesia. APEC Workshop on Sustainable Nickel Processing and Refinery in APEC Economies, Medan June 25, 2013, 11 p.
Sugandi, D., Saleh, R., Sudjarwo, 1992. Studi Manfaat Regional Usaha Pertambangan Nikel di Pulau Gebe Maluku Utara, Propinsi Maluku. Laporan Pengembangan Mineral Regional No.93, PPTM, Bandung, 176 hal.
Toni, 2009. Pengaruh optimasi nilai produksi batubara PT Tambanga Batubara Bukit Asam (PTBA) di Kabupaten Muara Enim terhadap nilai manfaat sosial neto masyarakat setempat dalam kerangka pemenuhan kebutuhan batubara nasional. Tesis Program Studi Rekayasa Pertambangan. Institut Teknologi Bandung, 183 hal.
Trijono,L., 2007. Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Papua dan Peran PT. Freeport Indonesia: Peluang Kemitraan Multi-Pihak PT. Freeport, Pemda dan Masyarakat. Diskusi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Papua dan Peran PT. Freeport Indonesia, Pelu- ang Kemitraan di antara Stakeholders. Puslitbang Tekmira, Bandung; 23 hal.
UNDP, 2013. Human Development Report. Internet:
Google Search.
Wibawa, H., 2012. Peranan subsektor pertamban- gan mineral dan batubara dalam perekonomian Provinsi Banten Tahun 2000-2025: Pendekatan antar Industri. Tesis Program Studi Rekayasa Per- tambangan, Institut Teknologi Bandung; 235 hal.
