THE IMPORTANT ROLE AND IMPACT OF ALKANES IN HUMAN LIFE

(1)

THE IMPORTANT ROLE AND IMPACT OF ALKANES IN HUMAN LIFE

Written by:

1. Adista Alya Husna 202003500 2. Adellia Audry Pramesti 202003500 3. Ahadijatul Kubra 202003500 4. Andi Regita Pasha 202003500 5. Ditta Putri Sholehah 202003500

6. Jihan Hanifah 202003500

7. Kurnia Ardy Pamungkas 202003500 8. Mougita Allyandri 202003500 9. Oktavia Miftakhua Sa’diyah 202003500 10. Raisa Nur Salsabila 202003500 11. Salsabila Asyifa Wahyud 202003500 12. Sarah Maudina Robin 202003500 13. Sartika Yuni Hapsari 202003500 14. Syarifah Zavira 202003500

PHARMACY

FACULTY OF MEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCES MUHAMADIYYAH UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA

(2)

1

PREFACE

In the name of Allah SWT, the beneficent and merciful. All praise is merely to The Mightiest Allah SWT, the lord of the worlds, for the gracious mercy and tremendous blessing that enable us to accomplish this script.

Prayers and greetings may always be bestowed on our beloved prophet, Prophet Muhammad SAW, who we will discuss the Shari'a in the afterlife.

We also thanks the lecturers who have guided us so that we can finish this paper well.

We certainly realize that this writing is far from perfect and there are still many mistakes and shortcomings in it.

For this reason, we expect criticism and suggestions from readers for this paper, so that this paper can be even better later. Finally, if there is an error, we apologize profusely.

Yogyakarta, 6 November 2020

Authors

(3)

2

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Backgroud of the Paper

Carbon atoms are one of the most abundant atomsin nature. It exists in the form of carbon, graphite, and diamond. In general, carbon compounds contain elements C, H, and O.

Inside the body of living things contains the element carbon. This can be proven simple by burning materials derived from living things, for example wood, rice and meat. When burned, the ingredients will into charcoal (carbon).

Hydrocarbon compounds are found in nature, especially in oil earth and natural gas.

Various fuels that are commonly used daily, such as wood charcoal, gasoline, LPG gas, coal, kerosene and diesel, candles for lighting, road asphalt and plastic bags for packaging.

Moreover, group food, such as rice, bread, fish and others. All of that a part of various types of carbon compounds. Hydrocarbons are carbon-containing compounds only elements of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be hydrocarbons aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons.

Based on the bonds that occur between C atoms Hence, aliphatic hydrocarbons that contain single bonds are called hydrocarbons saturated examples of alkanes and those containing double bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkyne. Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons aromatic hydrocarbons, for example benzene.

The fuels we use in our daily needs include alkanes, for example kerosene, gasoline and LPG. LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is a mixture of gasmethane, ethane, propane, and butane thawed at high pressure until melted to facilitate the inside the transport. The result of combustion does not form soot and heat high enough so that the food cooks faster. LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) contains a lot of methane. LNG is rarely used in Indonesia. LNG from Indonesia is mostly exported abroad, for example to Japan.

One of the sources of energy found in nature is that natural gas is widely used either other than as an energy source or as a raw material in the manufacture of a production process chemistry for example as fuel for boilers in furnaces, reformers. Natural gas is also used as raw materials for the production of ammonia, methanol and others. Natural gas has

(5)

4

the main components, namely methane (CH4) in addition to other light hydrocarbons which occur naturally. Also mixed in it are several non-hydrocarbon compounds.The characters of pure natural gas are colorless, odorless, non-corrosive, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly (Pradnya, 2013).

Natural gas sources are contained in oil wells, natural gas wells and mines coal. From natural gas sources there is natural gas contained in petroleum or coal which is called Associated gas and there is also natural gas which only contains natural gas itself is called Non Associated gas. Of the two sources of origin, natural gas is mostly in the group of non associated compared to associated gas (Sami Matar, 2004).

1.2. Problem Formulation

1. What is the meaning of alkanes and alkane gases?

2. What are the uses of alkanes?

3. What are the physical properties and chemical properties of alkanes?

4. What are the dangers of alkanes?

5. How is the nomenclature of the alkanes?

6. How the mechanism of CO gas enters the body?

7. How do people sign before fainting?

8. What are the uses of alkane gas in everyday life?

9. How to prevent alkane gas poisoning?

10. What are the bad effects of using alkane gas?

11. What are the contents in alkane gas?

12. How the alkane reacts?

1.3. Purpose of the Paper

1. To know the meaning of alkanes and alkane gases 2. To know the use of alkanes in life

3. To know the physical properties and chemical properties of alkanes 4. To know the dangers of alkanes

5. To know how the nomenclature of the alkanes

6. To know the mechanism of CO gas in the human body 7. To know the signs of people before fainting

(6)

5

8. To know the uses of alkane gas in everyday life 9. To know how to prevent poisoning from alkane gas 10. To know the bad effects of using alkane gas

11. To know the difference between alkane gases and others 12. To know what content is in the alkanes

1.4. Scenario

The well digger suddenly fainted after opening the well which had been closed for a long time, it was suspected that the well digger had Alkane gas poisoning.

(7)

6

CHAPTER 2 THEORY AND DISCUSION

2.1. The Meaning of Alkanes and Alkane Gases

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons or saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (Rohmadi, 2012). Hydrocarbons are organic compounds whose molecules are composed of the elements carbon and hydrogen. And aliphatic means that the ends of the chain do not meet each other, whereas saturation means that all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds (Mutamakkin, 2011).

The simplest alkane is methane which has one C atom with the chemical formula CH4 (Rohmadi, 2012).

Short-chain alkanes (methane and ethane) are present in the atmospheres of planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). In the earth's atmosphere, methane gas is only 1 ppm, while in the earth the sources of alkanes are natural gas and oil.

Alkane gas is an alkane compound with a short C question, yes it is C1 to C4.

2.2. The Uses of Alkanes

A. Methane

1. Cooking fuel and in electricity generation (by burning in a gas turbine or steam heater) 2. Substances for making chemicals (for example: H2 and NH3)

B. Ethane

1. Raw material for ethylene production through steam cracking 2. Refrigerant in cryogenic cooling system

C. Propane

1. Fuel for engines and grills

2. The main component of LPG, but with the addition of butane and propene

D. Butane

1. The basic material for making maleate anhydrous

(8)

7 2. Fuel for motor vehicles

2.3. Physical Properties and Chemical Properties of Alkanes

A. Physical properties of Alkanes :

• Alkanes are colourless

• Alkanes are less dense than water (alkanes float on top of water)

• Alkanes are non-polar molecules so they are more soluble in non-polar solvents than they are in polar solvents. Alkanes are insoluble in water

• The melting and boiling points of the shorter chain alkanes is low, but the melting and boiling of alkanes increase as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain increases

B. Chemical properties of Alkanes:

• Alkanes are relatively unreactive. Alkanes do not react with strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents (oxidants) or reducing agents (reductants)

• Alkanes combust (react rapidly with oxygen) releasing energy, which makes alkanes useful as fuels (see combustion of hydrocarbons and heat of combustion)

• Alkanes will react with halogens such chlorine das and bromine water in presence of ultraviolet light (see halogenation of hydrocarbons)

2.4. The Dangers of Alkanes

• Methane is flammable, explosive and dangerous to inhale, because it is a colorless, odorless gas, special caution must be taken around methane.

• Ethane is also extremely flammable, dangerous to inhale and explosive. Both of these may cause suffocation.

• Similarly, propane is flammable and explosive. It may cause drowsiness or unconsciousness if inhaled.

• Butane has the same hazards to consider as propane.

• Alkanes also pose a threat to the environment. Branched alkanes have a lower biodegradability than unbranched alkanes.

(9)

8

However, methane is ranked as the most dangerous greenhouse gas. Although the amount of methane in the atmosphere is low, it does pose a threat to the environment.

2.5. The Nomenclature of The Alkanes

Alkane nomenclature according to IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) :

1) Alkane compounds are named ending in -ana. Examples: Methane, ethane and propane.

2) The name of the ocal compound having a straight carbon chain is given normal prefix and abbreviated with n.

Example:

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 n-butane

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 n-pentane CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 n-hexane

3) Alkane compounds that have branched carbon chains consist of main chain and branch chain. The main chain is a hydrocarbon chain the longest ones are numbered consecutively starting from the end of the ones closest to the branch.

4) The branch is named alkyl, that is, the name of the alkane that corresponds to change the ending ana to il.

5) Branch positions are stated with a number prefix. For that the main chain is necessary numbered. Numbering starts at one end of the master chain such that the position of the branch gets the smallest number.

6) If there are two or more of the same branches, this is indicated byprefix di, tri, tetra, penta, and so on in branch names.

7) The different branches are arranged in alphabetical order of names that branch. For example:

a) Ethyl is written before methyl.

b) Isopropyl is written before methyl.

Based on these rules, the naming of alkanes can be done with the steps are as follows:

1) Choosing the main chain, which is the longest chain that has branches the most.

(10)

9

2) Give numbering starting from one end, so that the branches got the smallest number.

3) Write the name starting with the name of the branch arranged according to alphabet, then ends with the name of the parent chain. Branch position represented by a number prefix. Between numbers separated by numbers with a comma (,), while between numbers and letters are separated pause (-).

2.6. The Mechanism of CO Gas Enters The Body

One of the result of alkane unperfect burning is Carbon monoxide which can envenom human. How carbon monoxide react in human body can be explained as follow.

• When human breath the gasses in air like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gasses will be inhaled in to lungs then stream into alveoli and enter to blood.

• Carbon dioxide gas enter into blood’s stream and increase the content of carbon monoxide in the body.

• The carbon monoxide gas which enter in the body through respiration system diffused through alveolar membrane with oxygen.

• After fusing in the blood, carbon monoxide bind with hemoglobin to make COHb.

• The bond of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin happen in the similar speed between the bond of oxygen and carbon monoxide, but the bond of carbon monoxide 245 times strong than oxygen. So, between carbon monoxide and oxygen compete to bind with hemoglobin, but unlike oxygen can be dismiss from hemoglobin easily, carbon monoxide increase longer.

• Blood’s hemoglobin normally function in transport system to bring oxygen in oxyhemoglobin form (O2Hb) from lungs to body’s cells and bring carbon dioxide in CO2Hb form from body’s cells to lungs.

• Due to the existence of COHb so the ability of blood to transport oxygen to body’s tissue decrease. It can affect the supply of oxygen in tissue decrease and can cause hypoxia or unconscious

(11)

10

2.7. Symptoms Before Passing Out

Gas leaks change amount of oxygen available. As you breathe in less oxygen, you may start to develop symptoms if you or others experience sudden and explained symptoms, there could be a gas leak there.

Here are the symptoms, you should look for : 1) Headache

2) Dizziness 3) Nausea

4) Eye and throat irritation

5) Pale skin orblisters, which only occurif skin comes in contact with compressedor liquid gas

You may see if there is a gas leak. Extreme or high levels of exposure may a also cause unconsciousness or death.

2.8. Benefits Of Alkane Gas in Everyday Life

In everyday life we know gasoline (premium, pertalite and pertamax) and diesel which is used as fuel in two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicles. LPG is used as fuel on a gas stove so that when it is turned on, the fire can be lit and for cooking. The main component of LPG is propane gas (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) which is an alkane which is obtained from the multilevel refining of petroleum and natural gas.

2.9. First Aid in Gas Poisoning

1) Most cases of poisoning with CO2 gas and Liquid Pretoleum Gas (LPG) are due to inhalation this gas. The first aid that can be done is as soon as possible the victim move from the source or place of poisoning to a location or place where it is fresh air.

Loosen the victim's clothing so that it is easier for the victim to breathe. Make sure the victim is still breathing and immediately administer pure oxygen

(12)

11

2) The victim must rest and try to be calm. Increased muscle movement causes increased oxygen demand, so that the supply of oxygen to the brain can be reduced.

Immediately take it to the nearest hospital.

2.10. Bad Effects Of Using Alkane Gas

1. Contains Greenhouse Gas Emissions

It turns out that behind its many benefits, methane gas is quite dangerous. Methane gas emissions are reportedly 23 times more dangerous than carbon dioxide gas. The

calculation of the impact of methane gas emissions is produced by humans and animals every year. Not to mention that certain areas have methane levels that are very large, up to 3,000 times that of methane in other atmospheres. The region, namely the western part of Siberia (Lake Baikal), the Antarctic region, and a depth of 1000 feet of the ocean floor.

2. Global Warming

Heating actually occurs naturally. However, global warming can occur due to human activities, such as the use of methane gas, which produces greenhouse emissions. Emissions which contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Methane gas emissions can cause global warming or the temperature across the earth's surface to increase sharply. Increases in temperature also occur in arctic regions. You can imagine if the temperature of the polar regions continues to increase, the ice will slowly melt.

The ice at the poles is melting in large quantities causing sea levels to rise and the land to sink. According to experts, global warming can kill life on land and sea.

3. Gas Exposure

The negative impact of methane in the above exposures occurs when methane gas is exploited excessively. What about humans who are exposed to methane on a daily basis? For example, people who work in fertilizer processing or tire factories.

People who are often exposed to methane gas can actually feel the negative effects. This impact occurs when the gas exposure is very large or a leak occurs. What people who are exposed to methane gas feel, include:

(13)

12 1. The stomach often feels nauseous 2. Headache

3. Faster heart rate 4. Easy to forget

5. Dizziness, such as iron deficiency 6. Vision becomes blurry

7. Often feel restless 8. Feel sluggish quickly

2.11. Content is in The Alkanes

The main sources of alkanes are natural gas and petroleum. Natural gas, which is 60- 90% methane (a percentage depending on the source), is formed by the anerobic decay (decay in the absence of air) of plants. Petroleum is formed from the decay of plants and animals that appear to have come from the sea.

2.12. Alkanes React

Alkanes are Inert to chemical reagents. The presence of C-H bonds is very difficult to break except at very high temperatures. Carbon and hydrogen have almost the same polarity (slightly polarized), and cannot be affected by bases. It does not have a lone pair so it is difficult to react with acids. It is called paraffin because of its low reactivity. Alkanes can react violently when they react with oxygen.

1. Combustion Reactions

Alkanes are generally not considered to be very reactive substances. However, under suitable conditions they do react. For example, natural gas, gasoline, and fuel oil are alkanes that undergo highly exothermic combustion reactions:

These, and similar combustion reactions, have long been utilized in industrial processes and in domestic heating and cooking.

(14)

13 2. Subtitution Reactions

A substitution reaction is a reaction to exchange or replace one atom with another atom. This reaction can only occur in alkanes. When an alkane compound is reacted with other compounds containing halogen elements such as F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2, then the atom of one of the hydrogen atoms in the alkane will be replaced or substituted by the halogen atoms.

CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION

3.1. Conclusion

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms.

Alkanes are an example of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Unsaturated because every C atom in the alkane molecule has formed a single covalent bond so that it is no longer able to bind other atoms.

One of the characteristics of alkanes is that they are non-polar, non-reactive, and undergo reactions including halogenation and oxidation. The form of alkanes in the form of gases, solids, and liquids.

Alkane gas, which is the subject of our discussion, has four types, namely methane, ethane, butane, and propane, which are generally used as fuel and LPG. although it is very useful but we must be careful because most of the compounds are explosive, do not also come into contact with the body either through breathing, touch or other senses because the most severe effect is causing death.

When a victim is in a situation of poisoning, don't panic, all we have to do is continue to provide adequate oxygen intake and immediately contact the nearest hospital.

The impact that is felt from the existence of alkanes, especially alkane gas, both good and bad depends on each individual to use it as best as possible for the balance in nature.

3.2. Suggest

Hopefully this writings can be useful for readers. Certainly in this writing there are several mistakes both the content and language. That is why the writers hope criticism and suggestion to make the writing more perfect.

(15)

14

REFERENCES

Arifatun. (2009). Chemistry: Studying Natural Phenomena for Class X SMA/MA, Jakarta:

Book keepingCenter, Ministry of Nataional Education.

Buku Kimia Organik edisi ketiga Jilid 1, Kandungan Gas alkana.

CO, K. G. K. D. (2016) Keracunan Gas Beracun.

Devi, Poppy K. (2009). Chemistry I Class X SMA/MA. Jakarta: Department National Education.

Harmanto, et al. (2009). Chemistry 1 for SMA/Ma Class X. (Jakarta:Pusat Books of the Ministry of National Education.

Muhrinsyah Fatimura, Reno Fitriyanti. (2018). Handling of Sou Gas Contained in Natural Gas Becomes Sweetening Gas. 3.

Rafifah, Anggraini, P.I, Rahmawaty, Ismayanti. (2014). Kimia Organik.

URL.https://academia.edu/2014.html (Diakses pada 5 November 2020, 22.10).

Retno, Intan. (2018). Identifikasi paparan CO, kebiasaan, dan kadar COHb dalam darah serta keluhan kesehatan di basement apartment waterplace, Surabaya. Surabaya: e journal Unair.

THE IMPORTANT ROLE AND IMPACT OF ALKANES IN HUMAN LIFE