Improving Physical and Chemical Soil Characteristics on
Potatoes(SolanumtuberosumL.)Cultivation by Implementation of LEISA System
by
YohanesSetiyo1), IBP Gunadnya1), IBW Gunam1),I DewaGedeMayun Permana1), I Ketut Budi Susrusa2) and IGA Lani Triani1)
Lecturer ofFaculty of Agricultural Technology,Udayana University Lecturer ofFaculty of Agriculture,Udayana University
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to improve physical and chemical soil characteristicsto increase field productivity and potatoes quality. Experiments were conducted by implementing combination of dose of organic fertilizer (compost) and chemical fertilizer (NPK). Potatoes of G3 Granola variety were planted with distance of 25 cm on each groove planting and space between grooves was 40 cm, between two ridges was made a drainage channel which width was 30 cm and 25 cm depth.
Experiment of LEISA system on potatoes cultivation was designed by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was fertilization dose and the second factor was kind of compost used on cultivation. Dose of compost were 15ton/ha, 17.5ton/ha, 20 ton/ha, 22.5 ton/ha and 25 ton/ha, and all of doses were added with NPK fertilizer at amount of 250 kg/ha. Factor of the type of compost were chicken manure and cow manure compost. Soil physical characteristics, such as structure and soil porosity; the availability of water for plants (field capacity and permanent wilting point moisture content), soil chemical or soil fertility characteristics, such as content of nitrogen, carbon, potassium, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity were observed on this research, before potatoes planting and after potatoes harvesting.
Dose of 15 to 25 ton/ha of cow dung compost and chicken manure compost which combined with 250 kg/ha NPK fertilizer improved the physical properties of the soil in the root zone. Implementation of LEISA system increased soil porosity from 40% to 42 – 52 %, water available for potatoes plant increased from 36.7% w.b. to 36.9 – 44.9 % w.b., and number of dust fraction increased 2%. LEISA system on potatoes cultivation with compost dose of 15 – 25 ton/ha increased total organic material from 3.6% to 6.2% with cat ion exchange capacity 21.91 – 29.00 me/100 g.
Keywords: LEISA system, soil, compost fertilizer, potatoes cultivation.
INTRODUCTION
Fertilization using compost as organic fertilizer on potatoes cultivation in Baturiti, District Tabanan, Bali Province Indonesian has been done started in 2010. Fertilizing method was an implementation of LEISA systems. The number of potato farmers who use compost from chicken manure more than the number of farmers who use compost from cow manure, but in the culti ation of potatoes both types of farmer was still combined the fertilizer with NPK fertilizer.
Farmers was combine the method fertilizing on system LEISA because the potato productivity in Bai was 17 - 27 tons/ha, potatoes productivity target of BAPENAS was 30 ton/ha (Supartha et al., 2012).
Using of compost as a fertilizer could improve the physical, chemical and biological soil characteristic expecialy in the root zone. Some kinds of compost as fertilizer were used with dose 20 tons/ha on cultivation red ginger and potatoes could increased soil porosity 5 – 6 %, increased water holding capasity 7 - 10 % (w.b) (Rosen et al., 1993; Giusquiani et al. 1995;
Setiyo et al., 2009; Arsa et al. 2013, and Hicliklenton et al. (2001)). Number macro and micro soil porosity more than 35 % on root zone for potatoes planting was very good, because micro pore at the soil could stored water for plant and macro pore was stored oxygen.
LEISA system on potatoes cultivation could increased number content of organic material and cat ion exchange. Research 2010th to 2014th on potatoes planting with LEISA System at Br. Pemuteran field had reported that content of C-organic 3 - 4.9 %, N-organic 0.26 - 1,38 %, P2O 67.6 – 649 ppm, K2O 3. 43 - 582.8 ppm, Mg 1,13 me/1009; Mg; Na 0,62 me/100 g; cat ion change 25,8 me/100g; C/N 16,6; soil pH 6,8 and microbe population 10 5,14 cfu (Supartha et al., 2012 and Setiyo et al., 2013).
Implementation LEISA system on potatoes cultivation caused process bioremediation of residual pesticide. In-Situ Bioremediation process could decreased number of residual pesticide, because farmer used six kind pesticide with very intensively on potatoes cultivation (Setiyo et al., 2013). Microbe Pseudomonas luteola at compost could decreased of residual organophosfat pesticide by level efectivity 85.44 % (Setiyo et al., 2014).
The problem of implementation of LEISA system on potatoes cultivation at District Tabanan expecialy in Candikuning was optimum dose compost as fertilizer so that physical and chemical soil characteristic was optimum for potatoes cultivation.
METHOD
Location of this research did at some field with different physical and chemical soil properties. Experiment of LEISA system did at June 2013th to August 2015th. Potatoes granola variety class G2 used as seed. The funding of this research were DIKTI and Udayana University by Strasnas Research Grant and Udayana Invention Research Grant.
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factor used for this experiment, the fist factor was fertilization dose level and the second factor kind of compost fertilizer used on this cultivation. Doses of compost fertilizer used on this research were : 15 kg/ha, 17.5 kg/ha, 20 kg/ha, 22.5 ton/ha and 25.0 ton/ha, but this method fertilizing was combined by NPK fertilizing, amount of NPK fertilizer was 250 kg/ha. Compost from chicken and cow manure were used as organic fertilizer.
Each treatment had dimensionless 5 m x 10 m or with 4 ridges. The ridges having dimensions of 80 cm wide with two grooves potatoes planting. Spacing of potatoes planting on each groves was 25 cm and spacing for two groves 40 cm. Between the ridges made a drainage channel, the dimensionless of drainage channel with a width of 35 cm and depth of 30 cm.
Every unit experiment was replication three times.
Porosity, field capacity moisture content, and permanent wilting point moisture content measurement by gravimetric method. Soil samples were taken at five points that selected with randomly on each unit of the experiment, soil sampling depth was 5-20 cm.
Soil Physic Characteristic
Sample of soil for measurement soil porosity, field capacity moisture content, and permanent wilting moisture content was took at random location and with deep 5 – 10 cm from the soil surface. Soil ring sample radius 2,54 cm (r), height 5 cm (t) and volume or V = (π.r2.t) used on this work. If weigt density of water was BJ, so that soil porosity (η) calculated with equation :
% 100 . X
) 2 (%) (W1
BJ V
W
= −
η ……….. ... (1)
With W1 = weight of water soil saturation; W2 = weight of soil after drying at oven for 2 days at temperature 105 oC; and V = soil volume.
Field capacity moisture content at wet basis (w,b) calculated with equation :
% 100 2 X
) 2 3 (%) (W
LP W
K −W
=
………. (2)
With W3 = weight of soil sample after gravity water loss ( soil sample was saturated with water along 2 days than ditiriskan).
Wet basis permanent wilting point moisture content was calculated with equation :
X100%
2 2 (%) W4
LP W
T −W
= ... (3)
W4 = soil sample weight at potatoes plant had wilting point
Water holding capacity for potatoes plant granola variety was calculated by equation : Availability moisture (% w.b) = KLP – TLP ……… (4) Soil Chemical Characteristic
Content of C-organic, K2O, dan P2O5 on the soil sample were measured by AOAC 1995 method, but content of N-organik on the soil sample measured by Kjedal method.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Soil Structure
Kind of soil at Candikuning field was classed in andosol with soil at root zone amorphous colloidal materials or did not structure. In the USDA soil taxonomy, andosols are known as andisols. Andosol soil consist of 50 – 70 % sand fraction, 30 – 50 % dust fraction and 10 – 20 clay fraction, fertilizing by compost increased dust fraction because compost produced
mineral-mineral such as Fe, Cu, Mg, Al, Ca, and Mn by decomposition process (Setiyo et al., 2009).
Chiken and cow manure compost fertilized on potatoes cultivation with dose 15 – 25 ton/ha could increased content of organic material in the soil. At 2009th total organic material on Candikuning field was 3.6 % and at 2014th it was increased become to 6.2 % (Setiyo et al., 2014). Macro nutrition mineral such as C-organic, N-organic , P2O and K2O on potatoes cultivation was not all absorbed by potatoes root, so that after harvested some of macro mineral increased number of organic materials (Arsa et al., 2013).
Soil porosity
The soil porosity at unit-unit experiment potato cultivation from 2011th to 2014th described by figure 1. The field was fertilized by compost dose 20 ton/ha and NPK dose 250 kg/ha every planting period. LEISA system implementation by composting process could increased soil porosity, but soil porosity increasing by chiken manure compost fertilized more faster than cow manure compost fertilized. Speed of increasing soil porosity was 1 – 4 % every years (Hicliklenton et al., 2001; Arsa et al., 2013; Setiyo et al., 2009; dan Adnyana, 2009).
Figure 1 Soil porosity at Candikuning was fertilized by chiken and cow manure compost dose 20 ton/ha
Rice husk at chicken manure compost very slowed decomposition, so that this particle resulted increasing mayor pore at the soil. Ratio of carbon nitrogen for soil after fertilized by chicken and cow manure compost were 10.02 and 11.56 (before potatoes planting), but after potatoes harvested C/N become to 10.12 and 11.52. Both experiment expressed that increasing C-organic faster than increasing N-organic. Speedy increasing C-organic and N-organic every month for field fertilized by chicken manure compost were 0.23 %/moth and 0.02 %/month, but speedily increasing C-organic and N-organic for filed fertilized by cow manure compost were 0.014 %/moth and 0.0017 %/month (Setiyo et al., 2014).
y = 5382.ln(x) - 40895 R² = 0.988 y = 3452ln(x) - 26216
R² = 0.964
30 35 40 45 50 55
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Porositas tanah, %
Tahun
Kotoran Ayam Kotoran Sapi
Log. (Kotoran Ayam) Log. (Kotoran Sapi)
Soil porosity for potatoes cultivation field fertilized by chickens manure compost at 2014th become to 51 %, but if potatoes cultivation fertilized by cow manure compost the soil porosity become to 46 %. Radius of soil particle produced decomposition of chicken manure compost bigger than decomposition of cow manure compost, so that number macro pore on field that fertilized by chicken manure compost more than the field fertilized by cow manure compost. Number pore macro and micro of the soil fertilized by compost chicken and cow manure illustrated at figure 2.
Figure 2 Number pore micro and macro at potatoes cultivation Water available for potatoes plant
Moisture content at field capacity, permanent wilting point, and water availability for potatoes plant from research 2013th and 2014th expressed on Table 1. Compost as organic material increased soil ability to hold water, so that field capacity and water available for plant increased too, but moisture at permanent wilting point for potatoes plant would constant at 6..9
± 3.4 to– 9.7 ± 2.9 % wet bases (w.b). Fertilizing at root zone by chicken and cow manure compost increased dust fraction number especially micro pore at the soil, so that number water absorbed the soil by capillary and hygroscopes force increased too.
Table 1. Moisture content at field capacity, permanent wilting point, and water availability for plant (Setiyo et al., 2013; Setiyo et al., 2014 and Setiyo et al. 2015)
Parameter of soil moisture content
Dose of Compost From Chicken Manure, ton/ha
Dose of Compost From Cow Manure ,ton/ha
15 17.5 20 22.5 25 15 17.5 20 22.5 25
Field Capasity Moisture
Content, % w.b 31.8 32.0 35.4 37.7 40.9 30.5 33.5 35.3 36.9 38.0 Permanent wilting point
moisture content, % w.b 8.2 8.5 8.2 9.7 9.0 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.4 Water holding capasity,
% w.b 23.7 23.6 27.2 28.0 31.9 22.3 25.0 27.0 28.5 29.6
Moisture content at one 15.7 16.6 22.3 23.3 23.7 22.7 24.5 24.6 24.4 26.3 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25
Compost of chicken manure fertilized Compost of cow manure fertilized
Porosity, % Macro pore, % Micro pore, %
moon after planting, % w.b
Moisture content at two moon after planting, %
w.b 15.7 16.6 22.3 23.3 23.7 22.7 24.5 24.6 24.4 26.3
Moisture content at three moon after
planting, % w.b 15.7 16.6 22.3 23.3 23.7 22.7 24.5 24.6 24.4 26.3
Number water absorbed by soil particle at micro pore with capillary and hygroscopic force from this research was 28.76 ± 5.2 to 34.42 ± 2.6 % w,b, increasing water availability after soil fertilized with dose 20 ton/ha with chicken and cow manure compost was 2.5 and 4.5 % w.b (Sutedjo, 2002; Setiyo, et al., 2009; Arsa, et al., 2013; Setiyo et al., 2013; Setiyo et al., 2014; Rosen et al., 1993 and Giusquiani et al., 1995). Water availability plant on field at Candikuning could used by potatoes along 25 - 30 days, so potatoes cultivation irrigated three times for planting at dry climate.
Soil Fertility
Soil sample analysis resulted for field potatoes cultivation at 2013th and 2014th expressed on Table 2. C-organic, and N-organic on potatoes cultivation before planting and after harvesting was increased, this minerals increasing rate for chicken manure compost used for fertilizer faster than cow manure compost used fertilizer. Increasing rate every month of this minerals were 0.02 – 0.29 % and 0.01 – 0.02 %; but minerals P2O5 and K2O decreased with rate 12.1 – 70.33 ppm and 23.01 – 67.08 ppm. Acid humid at compost at neutral pH accelerated decomposition process (Sutanto, 2002), demineralization of compost produced unsure Mg2+, K+, Ca2+. This cat ions bounded with acid along demineralization process (Setiyo et al, 2007).
Table 2. Content C-organic, N-organic, P2O5 , K2O and KTK for potatoes cultivation fertilized by chicken and cow manure compost (Setiyo, et al., 2013 and Setiyo et al., 2014)
Parametrs soil fertility
Compost of chicken manure fertilized dose, ton/ha
Compost of cow manure fertilized dose, ton/ha
10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25
C-organic, % 4.11 4.62 4.83 4.91 4.23 4.2 4.37 4.23
N-organic, % 0.41 0.49 0.45 0.46 0.36 0.36 0.4 0.36
P2O5, ppm 959.44 786.54 774.35 814.37 909.06 840.38 729.43 841.56
K2O, ppm 735.03 500.84 656.56 601.19 610.37 429.18 473.29 455.53 KTK,
me/100g 27.35 25.37 23.84 26.19 23.95 21.91 25.17 24.89
CONCLUSSION
1. Chiken and cow manure compost fertilized on potatoes cultivation with dose 15 – 25 ton/ha increased total organic material from 3.6 % (2009th ) become to 6.2 % (2014th ) with cat ion change 21.91 – 29.00 me/100g at soil pH 6.2 to 6.8. The LEISA system repaired soil porosity nearly ideal condition, so that moisture content of the soil at root zone available for plant growing along 25 – 30 days.
2.
3. mplementation LEISA system by Candikuning farmers increased production from 17 ton/ha for 2010th (Supartha et al., 2012) become to 29.2 ± 2.6 ton/ha at 2014 (Setiyo et al., 2014). Repairing potatoes production on cultivation by LEISA followed with repairing potatoes quality, potatoes super class with weight more than 200 g/potatoes increased from 0 ± 0 % (2011th) become to 50.1 ± 2.1 % (2014th).
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