FISIKA DASAR
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
14 CAHAYA
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Nature of light: particles?
• Until the end of the 19th century, light was considered to be a stream of particles.
• The particles were either emitted by the object being viewed or emanated from the eyes of the viewer
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was the chief architect of the particle theory of light
– He believed the particles left the object and
stimulated the sense of sight upon entering the eyes This was the view at the end of the 18th century
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Nature of light: waves?
Christian Huygens (1629-1695) argued that light might be some sort of a wave motion
Thomas Young (1801) provided the first clear demonstration of the wave nature of light
– He showed that light rays interfere with each other – Such behavior could not be explained by particles
• During the nineteenth century, other developments led to the general acceptance of the wave theory of light
• Maxwell asserted that light was a form of high-frequency electromagnetic wave
• Hertz confirmed Maxwell’s predictions
– This was the view at the end of 19th century!
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Nature of light: particle or wave?
- or both?
• Some experiments could not be explained by the wave nature of light
• The photoelectric effect was a major phenomenon not explained by waves
– When light strikes a metal surface, electrons are sometimes ejected from the surface
– The kinetic energy of the ejected electron is independent of the frequency of the light
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According to Einstein’s theory, the energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave
where the constant of proportionality h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js is Planck’s constant
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Reflection
When a light ray traveling in one medium
encounters a boundary with another medium, part of the incident light is reflected.
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Reflection of light from such a smooth surface is called specular reflection.
Reflection from any rough surface is known as diffuse reflection.
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the law of reflection
the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
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Ex. 1. The Double-Reflected Light Ray
Two mirrors make an angle of 120° with each other, as illustrated in Figure. A ray is incident on mirror M1 at an angle of 65° to the normal. Find the direction of the ray after it is reflected from
mirror M2.
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Refraction
When a ray of light traveling through a
transparent medium encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, part of the energy is reflected and part enters the second medium.
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The angle of refraction depends on the
properties of the two media and on the angle of incidence through the relationship
where v1 is the speed of light in the first medium and v2 is the speed of light in the second medium.
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Index of Refraction
light travels at its maximum speed in vacuum.
index of refraction n of a medium to be the ratio
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As light travels from one medium to another, its frequency does not change but its wavelength does.
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Ex 2. An Index of Refraction Measurement
A beam of light of wavelength 550 nm traveling in air is incident on a slab of transparent
material. The incident beam makes an angle of 40.0° with the normal, and the refracted beam makes an angle of 26.0° with the normal. Find the index of refraction of the material.
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Ex 3. Angle of Refraction for Glass
A light ray of wavelength 589 nm traveling
through air is incident on a smooth, flat slab of crown glass at an angle of 30.0° to the normal, as sketched in Figure 35.15. Find the angle of refraction.
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Ex 4. Laser Light in a Compact Disc
A laser in a compact disc player generates light that has a wavelength of 780 nm in air.
a) Find the speed of this light once it enters the plastic of a compact disc (n = 1.55).
b) What is the wavelength of this light in the plastic?
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Ex 5. Light Passing Through a Slab
A light beam passes from medium 1 to medium 2, with the latter medium being a thick slab of material whose index of refraction is n2. Show that the emerging beam is parallel to the incident beam.
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Interference
Interference in light waves occurs whenever two or more waves overlap at a given point. An
interference pattern is observed if (1) the
sources are coherent and (2) the sources have identical wavelengths.
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(a) If light waves did not spread out after passing through the slits, no interference would occur.
(b) light waves from the two slits overlap as they
spread out, filling what we expect to be shadowed regions with light and producing interference
fringes on a screen placed to the right of the slits.
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Diffraction
Diffraction is the deviation of light from a
straight-line path when the light passes through an aperture or around an obstacle. Diffraction is due to the wave nature of light.
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Two point sources far from a narrow slit each produce a diffraction pattern.
(a) The angle subtended by the sources at the slit is large enough for the diffraction patterns to be distinguishable.
(b) The angle subtended by the sources is so small that their diffraction patterns overlap, and the images are not well resolved.
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Individual diffraction patterns of two point sources (solid curves) and the resultant patterns (dashed curves) for various angular separations of the sources. In each case, the dashed curve is the sum of the two solid curves.
(a) The sources are far apart, and the patterns are well resolved.
(b) The sources are closer together such that the angular separation just satisfies Rayleigh’s criterion, and the patterns are just resolved.
(c) The sources are so close together that the patterns are not resolved.
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Optics
Mirrors and Lenses
Reflection Vocabulary
Real Image –
– Image is made from “real” light rays
that converge at a real focal point so the image is REAL
– Can be projected onto a screen because light actually passes through the point where the image appears
– Always inverted
Reflection Vocabulary
Virtual Image–
– “Not Real” because it cannot be projected
– Image only seems to be there!
Virtual Images in Plane Mirrors
If light energy doesn't flow from the image, the image is "virtual".
Rays seem to come from behind the mirror, but, of course, they don't. It is virtually as if the rays were coming from behind the mirror.
"Virtually": the same as if
As far as the eye-brain system is concerned, the effect is the same as would occur if the mirror were absent and the chess piece were actually located at the spot labeled
"virtual image".
Hall Mirror
• Useful to think in terms of images
“image” you
“real” you
mirror only needs to be half as high as you are tall. Your
image will be twice as far from you as the mirror.
LEFT- RIGHT REVERSAL
AMBULANCE
Curved mirrors
• What if the mirror isn’t flat?
– light still follows the same rules, with local surface normal
• Parabolic mirrors have exact focus
– used in telescopes, backyard satellite dishes, etc.
– also forms virtual image
Concave Mirrors
• Curves inward
• May be real or virtual image
For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the object.
For a real object between C and f, a real image is formed outside of C. The image is inverted and larger than the object.
For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The position of the image is found by tracing the reflected rays back behind the mirror to where they meet. The image is upright and larger than the object.
For a real object close to the mirror but outside of the center of curvature, the real image is formed between C and f. The image is inverted and smaller than the object.
For a real object between C and f, a real image is formed outside of C. The image is inverted and larger than the object.
For a real object at C, the real image is formed at C. The image is inverted and the same size as the object.
For a real object at C, the real image is
formed at C. The image is inverted and the same size as the object.
For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The position of the image is found by tracing the reflected rays back behind the mirror to where they meet. The image is upright and larger than the object.
For a real object close to the mirror but outside of the center of curvature, the real image is formed between C and f. The image is inverted and smaller than the object.
For a real object close to the mirror but outside
of the center of curvature, the real image is
formed between C and f. The image is inverted and smaller than the object.
For a real object at f, no image is formed. The reflected rays are parallel and never converge.
For a real object at f, no image is formed. The reflected rays are parallel and never converge.
What size image is formed if the
real object is placed at the focal
point f?
Convex Mirrors
• Curves outward
• Reduces images
• Virtual images
– Use: Rear view mirrors, store security…
CAUTION! Objects are closer than they appear!
Convex Lenses
Thicker in the center than edges.
– Lens that converges (brings together) light rays.
– Forms real images and virtual images
depending on position of the object
The Magnifier
Concave Lenses
• Lenses that are thicker at the edges and
thinner in the center.
– Diverges light rays – All images are
erect and reduced
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The De-Magnifier
