Received MM, DD, YYY Revisied from MM, DD, YYY
Accepted MM, DD, YYY Published online MM, DD, YYY
E-ISSN :
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF ISLAM AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 1, No 1 (2021)
Website: www.jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/IJIPH E-mail: [email protected]
UNDERSTANDING THE BENEFITS OF FASTING AND THE PREVENTION OF DEGENERATIVE DISEASES WITH THE MAIN SOURCES OF
MUHAMMADIYAH TARJIH AND HEALTH EXPERT OPINIONS
Dina Rahma Fadlilah1, Triana Srisantyorini2, Nurmalia Lusida3, Ma’mun Murod Al-Barbasy4, Iswan5, Risky Akaputra6
1Faculty of Educational Science, Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University
2Faculty of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta
3Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia
4Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta
4Faculty of Educational Science, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta
5Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta
*Correspondence Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Worship is doing something that is against the desire of his lust, to magnify His God. According to the scholars of fiqh, worship is doing something to achieve Allah's pleasure and to expect His reward in the hereafter. Fasting comes from Arabic, from which the mufrad shaama-yashuumu-shiyaaman means "to refrain from doing something", whether it is eating, talking, or traveling. Meanwhile, in terminology, it means to refrain from eating, drinking, and listening and being accompanied by the intention from the dawn of the dawn to the setting of the sun. The method in this research is to use the literature review method. So here is visible health wisdom in the fasting law. Because fasting helps all living things to adapt to very little food and makes it able to live life naturally and normally. So that fasting can prevent degenerative diseases.
Keywords: wudu, health, clean and healthy behavior
Background
Worship is an act to express devotion to Allah SWT which is based on carrying out His commands and staying away from His prohibitions.1 Etymologically, worship comes from Arabic, from fi'il madhi: 'abada-ya'budu-'ibadatan, which means, "Compose, serve and obey."
As for the terminology, some scholars (experts) interpret it according to the discipline they have. Tauhid scholars define worship by affirming Allah and Glorify Him in the full meaning of submitting and humbling oneself to Him. Ulama morality defines worship as charity bodily and organizes all the Shari'a. According to the scholars of Sufism, worship is doing something that is against the desire of his lust, to magnify His God According to the scholars of fiqh,
worship is doing something to achieve the pleasure of Allah and to expect His reward in the hereafter.2
Fasting comes from Arabic, from which the mufrad shaama-yashuumu-shiyaaman means
"to refrain from doing something", whether it is eating, talking, or traveling. Whereas terminologically it means to refrain from eating, drinking, and listening and being accompanied by the intention from the dawn of the dawn to the setting of the sun.3 Fasting is the third pillar of Islam. Fasting is worship which is done by refraining from anything that can break the fast, which starts from the dawn of the dawn to the setting of the sun with a certain intention.4
As a potential public health expert, the author wants to know the benefits of fasting from a health perspective. One of the concerns of all health experts is the status of degenerative diseases which continues to increase in Indonesia. Degenerative diseases are diseases/health problems experienced by a person as a result of decreased body function or metabolism due to aging or age factors. This degenerative disease can usually be passed on to the next generation, in the sense that someone who has a history of family members having this disease will be more at risk of getting the same disease. The most degenerative diseases found in Indonesian society are Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Diabetes, Hypertension, Cancer, and Osteoporosis.5
World Health Organization (WHO) data 2015, showed that 70% of deaths in the world were caused by non-communicable diseases (39.5 million of 56.4 deaths).6 Of all the deaths due to non-communicable diseases (PTM), 45% were caused by heart and blood vessel disease, namely 17.7 million out of 39.5 million deaths.7 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018 showed the prevalence of heart disease based on a doctor's diagnosis in Indonesia of 1.5%. As for diabetes data, the results show that globally, an estimated 422 million adults are living with diabetes in 2014.8
In the case of other degenerative diseases, data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 showed that around 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, meaning that 1 in 3 people in the world is diagnosed with hypertension. Global Cancer Statistics (GLOBOCAN) data stated that in 2018 there were 18.1 million new cases with a death rate of 9.6 million deaths, where 1 in 5 men and 1 in 6 women in the world experience cancer. The data also states that 1 in 8 men and 1 in 11 women die of cancer. Meanwhile, in the case of osteoporosis, data was obtained that as many as 200 million people in the world suffer from osteoporosis.9 From the meaning of fasting that has been stated above and the number of cases of degenerative diseases in this world, the authors wanted to know whether fasting could be related to various degenerative disease prevention.
Methods
The method in this research is to use the literature review method, with references as many as 4 journals, tarjih Muhammadiyah, and the government's opinion, namely the Indonesian Ministry of Health regarding fasting and its benefits. The data taken in this journal through the google search engine. The keywords used in this study were fasting, benefit of fasting, and prevention on degenerative disease.
Results and Discussions
Based on the paper written by Zakiah Ulfah with the title " Manfaat Puasa Dalam Perspektif Sunnah dan Kesehatan / Benefits of Fasting in Sunnah and Health Perspective”
which used the maudhu'i interpretation method which divided opinions from a health perspective, and its relationship with the sunnah perspective. This research concluded that fasting was the most ancient healing method that has been used by various peoples and nations throughout history. Therefore, it was not surprising that fasting had a very noble dignity and a very high position in Islamic law, which was sent down from the Creator of heaven and earth, who created creatures to worship Him. And if fasting was done based on faith and solely hoping to please Him and do it according to predetermined rules, then we will always get the blessing of fasting which will benefit both physical and spiritual health.10
Based on the journal written by Sumarno Adi Subrata and Merses Varia Dewi entitled
"Puasa Ramadhan dalam Perspektif Kesehatan: Literatur Review/Ramadan Fasting from Health Perspective: a Literature Review" which used the Literature Review method, and conclude that Ramadan fasting besides having benefits to form devout Muslims, also had the benefits of health aspects ranging from eye nerve health, pregnant women, patients with diabetes, renal dysfunction, cholesterol disorders, obesity, the hormone cortisol, the dawn immune system, patients with peptic ulcers, and patients with cancer. The role of the health team in providing pre-Ramadan educational services was very important because some patients wish to observe the temporary Ramadan fast with limited physical conditions. Other developments in the form of research with a variety of methods were still needed to overcome health problems, especially in the month of Ramadan.11
Based on the journal written by Saifullah entitled "Konsep Pembentukan Karakter Siddiq dan Amanah pada Anak melalui Pembiasaan Puasa Sunat / Concept Of The Formation Of Siddiq And Safe Characters In Children Through The Burning Of Sunat Fasting" with the observational research method which resulted in the conclusion that circumcision fasting has benefits in shaping children's character. Because, circumcision fasting is not just worship but
also has an important influence on the whole psychology of the child, and circumcision fasting has a role in shaping the character of the child. Even though he does not have the responsibility or obligation to perform such worship, circumcision fasting can also have a positive influence on children.12
Based on the journal written by Dr. H. Safria Andy, MA, entitled " Hakikat Puasa Ramadhan dalam Perspektif Tasawuf (Tafsir Q.S Al-Baqarah: 183) / The Hakikat Of Ramadhan Fasting In Tasawuf's Perspective (Tafsir Qs Al-Baqarah: 183)" with the correlation method with the conclusion that fasting is an Islamic method in terms of giving strength to humans to do noble things with their education, having social awareness high and sensitive in connecting every worship with love for Allah SWT. Fasting is also obligatory for people before the ummah of the Prophet Muhammad.13
The order to fast for Ramadan is based on the Koran, Hadith, and the agreement of the scholars. The argument that states the obligation to fast is mentioned in the Koran surah al- Baqarah: 183 & 185
ُقَّتَت ْمُكَّلَعَل ْمُكِلْبَق نِم َنيِذَّلٱ ىَلَع َبِتُك اَمَك ُماَي ِ صلٱ ُمُكْيَلَع َبِتُك ۟اوُنَماَء َنيِذَّلٱ اَهُّيَأَٰٓ َي َنو
This means: "O you who believe, you must fast as it was obligatory on those before you, so that you are cautious." (Surah Al-Baqarah [2]: 183).
In this argument, an explanation of the command to fast as practiced by the Prophet Muhammad SAW is given as a reference and role model in worship. In another verse, it is explained about the commands for fasting in Ramadan,
ِهَش نَمَف ۚ ِناَق ْرُفْلٱ َو ىَدُهْلٱ َنِ م ٍت َنِ يَب َو ِساَّنلِ ل ىًدُه ُناَء ْرُقْلٱ ِهيِف َل ِزنُأ َٰٓىِذَّلٱ َناَضَم َر ُرْهَش َرْهَّشلٱ ُمُكنِم َد
َناَك نَم َو ۖ ُهْمُصَيْلَف
َرْسُعْلٱ ُمُكِب ُدي ِرُي َلَ َو َرْسُيْلٱ ُمُكِب ُ َّللَّٱ ُدي ِرُي ۗ َرَخُأ ٍماَّيَأ ْنِ م ٌةَّدِعَف ٍرَفَس ىَلَع ْوَأ اًضي ِرَم اَم ىَلَع َ َّللَّٱ ۟او ُرِ بَكُتِل َو َةَّدِعْلٱ ۟اوُلِمْكُتِل َو
َنو ُرُكْشَت ْمُكَّلَعَل َو ْمُك ىَدَه
Meaning: "(The specified days are) the month of Ramadan, the month in which the Qur'an was revealed as a guide for humans and explanations regarding that guidance and differentiation (between the right and the false). therefore, whoever among you is present (in the country where he lives) in that month, then let him fast in that month, and whoever is sick or on the way (then he breaks), then (he must fast), as many days as he left it, on other days.
Allah wants convenience for you, and does not want trouble for you. and let you fill the number and let you praise Allah for His guidance given to you, so that you may give thanks.” (Surah Al-Baqarah [2]: 185) (13).
There are several laws of fasting based on one's condition:14 1. People who are obliged to fast
All Muslims and Muslim women who are believers
2. People who are not obliged to fast and are obliged to change their fast outside the month of Ramadan
Women who experience menstruation and childbirth in the month of Ramadan. The scholars have agreed that the puerperal law regarding fasting is the same as menstruation. It is based on H.R Bukhari and Muslim which means "Rasulullah SAW said: Isn't that a woman when she is menstruating, doesn't pray and doesn't fast? They answered: Yes." [HR. Al-Bukhari].
3. People who are allowed to leave fasting and get relief
People who are given dispensation not to fast, and are obliged to change (makeup) their fast outside of Ramadan are people who are normally sick in the month of Ramadan and people who are traveling (travelers). Based on the proposition which, if interpreted, means "So whoever among you is sick or on the way (then he breaks), then (he must fast) as many days as the day left on other days ..." [QS. Al-Baqarah (2): 184).
4. People who are allowed to leave fasting and replace it with 1 mud (0.5 kg) of fidyah or more staple food, for every day. It is based on the following argument, "And it is obligatory for people who are hard to do it (if they don't fast) pay fidyah, (namely): to feed a poor person."
[QS. Al-Baqarah (2): 184).
5. People who are unable to fast, for example, because of old age and so on.
6. People with chronic illness.
7. Pregnant woman.
8. Breastfeeding women.
As we know, the definition of fasting is to refrain from everything that can break fasting, here are things that can break fasting and the sanctions:15
1. Eating and drinking during the day during the month of Ramadan, the fast is canceled and must replace it outside the month of Ramadan. Based on the following proposition, "And eat, drink until it is bright for you the white thread of the black thread, namely dawn ..."
[QS. Al-Baqarah (2): 187].
2. Husband and wife intercourse during the day in the month of Ramadan; his fast is canceled, and he is obliged to change his fast outside of the month of Ramadan and must pay kifarah in the form of freeing a slave; if unable to do so, he must fast for 2 (two) consecutive months;
if not able to have to feed 60 poor people, each person 1 mud staple food. Based on the following argument, "From Abu Hurairah r.a. (It is narrated that) he said: While we were sitting in front of the Prophet, suddenly a man came and said: O Messenger of Allah, woe to me. He said: What happened to you? He said: I seduced my wife in the month of Ramadan
while I was fasting. So Rasulullah SAW said: Can you find the slave that you make free?
He replied: No. The Prophet said: Can you fast for two consecutive months? He replied: No.
The Prophet said: Can you feed sixty poor people? He replied: No. Abu Hurairah said: That person abided in the presence of the Prophet. When we were in such a situation, someone gave us a basket of dates (a basket is a measure), the Prophet asked: Where was the person who asked? The man replied: I (here). So he said: Take this and give alms. He said: Do I donate to someone poorer than me, O Messenger of Allah. By Allah, none of the two black hills of Medina is a poorer family than mine. So the Prophet laughed until his fangs appeared, then said: Give that food to your family. " [HR. Al-Bukhari].
Scientists also think that fasting is a natural phenomenon of life, which makes life run straight, healthy, and perfect. So here is visible health wisdom in the fasting law. Because fasting helps all living things to adapt to very little food and makes it able to live life naturally and normally. As modern science determines that fasting also protects living beings from various diseases and aids in effective healing.16 Here, the author will discuss the benefits of fasting from a health perspective that has been researched by many scientists and doctors in the world, including:
1. Ibn Sina, a well-known Muslim philosopher, and doctor obliged three weeks of fasting for some of the conditions he handled. There is another element which states that Ibn Sina considers fasting as an important element in curing smallpox and venereal disease.
According to him, fasting is one of the effective means of releasing several microorganisms in the body, including those found in venereal diseases. This is because fasting contains elements that can destroy cells that have been damaged and then rebuilt into new cells.
This is what is called fasting in the treatment of venereal diseases. This therapy itself is a classical Eastern way of treatment. Besides, many other conditions can be utilized from this treatment. So that in modern times, fasting therapy has been widely used by medical experts.
Ibn Sina views that true happiness and health can only be realized through improving the practical part of the soul or improving morals. This can be done if humans cling to virtue, namely being moderate between two conflicting morals. "Virtue is the middle attitude between ifrath (excessive attitude) and tafrith (lack of attitude).”
If during fasting this excessive attitude is not encouraged, because if you consume too much food when fasting it will result in an unhealthy body. Likewise with a lack of attitude in fasting, namely by not doing a pre-dawn meal, if fasting by not doing suhoor meals will cause those who are fasting to become hungry so they cannot concentrate and lose their vitality. This condition makes him unable to control his emotions. When this middle nature
manifests, then man can escape from the conditions of submission to those things which lead to lust which command him to gain victory and anger. So that what is required of moral improvement is to provide dominant conditions and avoidance to the soul, not submission and obedience.
2. Shelton in his book on fasting, "Le Jeunu", and research conducted by Lutzner H. in his book entitled "Return to Healthy Living with Fasting" which was translated by doctor Thahir Ismail. The following are some of the benefits of fasting, namely:
a. Fasting is a form of relaxation69 to make repairs to the damage that occurs in the limbs.
b. Fasting can stop the absorption of food scraps in the intestines and then throw them away.
Because without the process of removing the remains of this food essence, it will cause a buildup and turn it into poison. As well as fasting is the only way to clean toxins that have accumulated in the body of toxins that have just entered through contaminated food.
c. With fasting, the body will be able to destroy excess substances in the body and also dissolve the sediments present in the tissues of the human body.
d. Fasting is a tool to rejuvenate and restore vitality to various cells and tissues in the body.
e. Fasting can accelerate the digestive process and facilitate the absorption of food juices, as well as stabilize the process of excessive food entry.
f. Fasting has a great influence on the skin as do cosmetic tools for the beauty and smoothness of the skin.
g. Fasting is a potent medicinal technique and the least risky in treating various diseases that continue to develop. Fasting relieves the burden on the circulatory system, as well as can reduce levels of fat and uric acid in the blood. So that the body is protected from the possibility of clots in the arteries (muscular blood vessels that carry blood from the heart), gout, and other diseases related to problems with nutrition, circulation, and heart disease. Thus, after the body has successfully cleaned the toxins in it and has had the opportunity to complete relaxation through fasting, the body begins to make repairs to the damage done to its tissues and tidy up the body's function-regulating system. This can all be done after the body has regained its energy perfectly thanks to the relaxation process that occurs during fasting.
3. A researcher from Hai'atul I 'jaazil Ilmi fi l Qur'an was Sunnah (Institute for the Study of Scientific Miracles in the Al-Qur'an and As-sunnah), namely Dr. 'Abdul Jawwad As-Shawi said when fasting, two important events will occur in the body. First, reconstruction (arrangement) of body cells, that amino acids form the infrastructure of body cells. During fasting, the newly formed acids from this food collect with the acids produced by the
digestive process. During fasting, the formation of cells is carried out again after the digestive processes, then distributed according to the needs of the body cells. In this way, new clusters for cells are formed, which renovate their structure and increase their functional capabilities, thereby producing health, growth, and comfort for the human body. Islamic fasting is the only nutritional system that is ideal for repairing (repairing) the functional abilities of the liver, where fasting provides a lot of fatty acids and basic amino acids in the period between breaking fast and eating a pre-dawn meal, so that protein, fat, cholesterol, and other substances for the formation of new cells and cleanse the liver cells from the fat that accumulates in them after eating during the fasting day, thus it is impossible for the liver to be damaged, due to hardening of the liver (cirrhosis hepatitis) or interference with its functions are due to the non-formation of fat-transporting substances from it, namely very low-density fat, the formation of which can be inhibited by hunger or by consuming a lot of fat-rich foods.
Strengthening the opinion of scientists and doctors in the past, the benefits of fasting according to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia are as follows:
1. When someone is fasting, our bodies perform a detoxification process (removing substances/toxins that are not needed by the body) optimally.
2. When fasting, the cells in our organs perform the regeneration process (cell renewal) properly
3. Fasting can strengthen the immune system where the function of lymph cells will improve 10 times
4. Increase brain power Fasting can increase neurotropic that is derived from the brain, which helps the body to produce more brain cells, and ultimately can improve brain function. The decrease in the amount of the hormone cortisol during fasting produced by the adrenal glands can make a person reduce stress levels.
5. Helps maintain a healthy heart and blood vessels. Heart disease is one of the most deadly diseases. Fasting has a good impact on heart health, when fasting, the body increases HDL and decreases LDL which is good for heart health and blood vessels.
6. Lowering cholesterol levels. Losing weight when fasting is one of the benefits of fasting.
A study in the United Arab Emirates concluded that people who fast have reduced levels of cholesterol in the blood. Low cholesterol levels improve heart health, thereby reducing the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. What's more, if you follow a healthy diet program, your cholesterol level can be lowered easily.
7. Can think sharper and more creatively. Fasting can make the mind calmer and slower, according to a study that slowing down the mind can make it work sharper. Hunger when fasting is a natural problem if hunger forces you to think sharper and more creatively.
8. Reducing bad habits Fasting is one of the right ways to change an unhealthy lifestyle and bad diet. During fasting, activities can stop habits such as smoking and eating sweet foods.
9. Control your weight Fasting can make it easier for your body to lose weight. There is no need to overdo a diet to lose weight. By eating food in moderation and continuing to eat healthy foods during fasting.
10. Healthy kidneys. Kidneys function as a filter for harmful substances from what we eat and drink. Kidney function will be maximized if the strength of urine osmosis in the body reaches 1000 to 12,000 ml of osmosis/kg of water. By reducing water intake during fasting services, the target to achieve the strength of osmosis in urine can be achieved so that in the end it will have a good impact on kidney health.
The benefits of fasting to prevent degenerative diseases are mentioned in a study conducted by Kinouchi, et al from the University of California Irvine, United States. This study stated that fasting affects the circadian work rhythm of the liver and skeletal muscles so that it can improve metabolism and increase the body's protection against degenerative diseases. For example, heart disease, osteoporosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.17
Similar results were obtained by a study from Utah, United States in 2008 which stated that fasting reduces the risk of heart disease by 58 percent. Fasting encourages the body to use fat as the main source of energy. As a result, cholesterol in the body decreases and has an impact on reducing the risk of heart disease. Another study that strengthens the benefits of fasting in preventing degenerative diseases is research from the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute. Fasting is said to reduce high cholesterol levels and prevent diabetes.18
Even though fasting is proven to be beneficial for health, you have to do it right so that you get maximum benefits. Here are tips for healthy fasting that you can apply:19
1. Adjust the portion of the meal. Hunger due to not eating and drinking for nearly 12 hours makes some people "forget themselves" when breaking their fast. Overeating triggers an increase in stomach acid. Adjust the portion of your meal, either at dawn or breaking the fast, and make sure the food you eat is nutritionally balanced.
2. Eat more vegetables and fruit. This intake is useful for preventing indigestion (constipation or diarrhea) during fasting. The reason is, fruits and vegetables contain vitamins, minerals, and fiber which play an important role in maintaining health.
3. Fulfill your body's needs for fluids during fasting to prevent dehydration. One of them is by drinking two glasses of water when breaking the fast, four glasses of water when breaking the fast, four glasses of water at dinner, and two glasses of water at dawn.
4. Exercise, at least 20-30 a day. You can do it after a pre-dawn meal, before breaking the fast, or after Tarawih prayers.
5. Avoid bad habits that can interfere with fasting and cause health problems during fasting.
Among them are skipping a pre-dawn meal, going to bed immediately after Suhoor, staying up late, and consuming less healthy foods (such as fatty foods).
Conclusion
Fasting can prevent degenerative diseases, lower cholesterol levels, lighten the work of the kidneys, can be an alternative to reduce cholesterol levels and hypertension and useful for increasing the health of the body. After reading and understanding the various health benefits of fasting, it is hoped that we as humans can be even more enthusiastic about fasting. Fasting also does not mean having to eat all the food after breaking the fast, but also having to pay attention to the principles of balanced nutrition to keep the body healthy and the body's metabolism to run smoothly. We recommend that we also increase our sunnah fasting, apart from being a reward, routine fasting is also proven to have a health impact and as a method of preventing various degenerative and non-communicable diseases.
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