The Influence of Parents' Perceptions of Education on the Sustainability of Children's Formal Education in Punggur
Village, Kubu Raya District
Imran a,1*, Iwan Ramadhan a, Riama Al Hidayah a, Hadi Wiyono a, Stella Prancisca a
a Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia
* corresponding author
I. Introduction
Today, the Indonesian nation is facing a wave of major changes in the social, national and state life system. Externally, the era of inequality (globalization) has begun to confront and challenge [1].
The era of globalization demands an open attitude towards changes in all aspects of life, including differences, varieties, and cultural pluralism. In this educational setting, it is very important to respond to cultural differences, varieties, and pluralism, for the following reasons: there is a diversity of social elements, besides that, in a social environment, relationships occur which give rise to the consequences of cultural pluralism, and through education, it is hoped that the achievements of the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains can be developed which are directed at achieving shared interests in achieving national integration [2],[3]. In society, people do not escape the polemic of mindsets or perceptions that become the basis of life in knowing their surroundings.
In research conducted by [4] [5], every child is born into this world with basic potential, namely in the form of life values that will be a driving force for survival in society, accompanied by other potentials, namely in the form of multiple intelligences. These potentials can be developed optimally at an early age, namely at zero to eight years, the golden age. At this age, a child reaches the cusp of accepting all the responses given by the surrounding environment.
The development of a child's potential is greatly influenced by the guidance and education of parents, society and educational institutions. Children are the future of every parent. The potential in children can be allowed to develop naturally without the stimulus provided by their environment [6].
However, the potential development will not occur optimally; on the contrary, the child's potential will develop properly if the environment provides the stimulus. For this reason, children must receive guidance and education tailored to their potential so they can grow and develop optimally, and the best way to achieve this is through education.
This education becomes very important and cannot be separated from one's life in the family, society and nation. Indonesia, as a developing country, requires quality human resources. Quality human resources can be described as children who are successful in academics, have achievements in education and are considered smart children. Some intelligence can be described by measuring a child's IQ (Intelligence Question). One effort to create quality human resources is through education.
ARTICLE INFO A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 30 Sep 2022 Revised 06 Nov 2022 Accepted 13 Dec 2022
This study aimed to determine how much influence parents' perceptions of education have on the continuity of children's formal education in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency. The method used in this study was quantitative descriptive, using data collection techniques, namely questionnaires, interviews and documentation. This study attempts to determine parents' perceptions about children's education to increase parental participation in the continuity of children's education. This study intends to provide solutions to all problems that occur in the form of input and as a reference for this perception in increasing the role and participation of parents in the world of education, especially in the Punggur Village area, Kubu Raya Regency.
Copyright © 2023 International Journal of Artificial Intelegence Research.
All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Education,
Continuation of Children's Formal Education,
Parents' Perception
Education is not only the government's responsibility but also the responsibility of parents and society [7].
There are several types of education in getting education: formal, non-formal, and informal. In informal education, often called education in the family, there are parents as educators. Both parents are human figures children first recognize because their behaviour will colour the next child's personality development process, so the good factor of the two becomes very necessary because what is heard, seen and felt by children in interacting with both parents will leave a very lasting impression in the child's memory. Parents' awareness of their responsibilities and roles as first and foremost educators greatly influences children's self-development [8].
The family is the first and fundamental container for the growth and development of children.
However, on the other hand, education in the family environment has an innate nature, meaning that parents, as educators of children, have natural blood ties. Thus, this environment is a traditional education where humans receive education from the time humans are born. Parents have a very important role and have a very big responsibility towards all family members who are their responsibility [9]. Therefore, parents must know how to encourage, guide, and motivate children by properly considering and paying attention to the child's mental development [10]. Based on the latest data obtained in 2021, Indonesia's number of children dropping out of school is still quite high. This is, of course, bad news for the world of education. The data can be seen in the following figure:
Fig. 1. Number of Children out of School in Indonesia (2016-2021) Source: Databoks (2021)
Based on reports from the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology show that 75,303 children will drop out of school in 2021. The number of children who drop out of school at the elementary school level (SD in Bahasa) is the highest, with 38,716 people. Furthermore, the number of dropouts at the primary school level decreased by 13.02% from the previous year. In 2020, 44,516 children dropped out of school at the elementary level.
Then, the number of dropouts at the junior high school (SMP in Bahasa) level was 15,042 people.
This number increased by 32.20% from the previous year which was 11,378 people. Next, 12,063 children dropped out at the vocational high school (SMK in Bahasa) level. This number decreased by 13.53% compared to the previous year, which amounted to 13,951 people. Meanwhile, 10,022 children dropped out of high school (SMA in Bahasa). This number decreased by 27.90% from 2020, which amounted to 13,879 people. So, in general, this is a good trend because, in six years, there has been a downward trend in the dropout rate for children, but dropouts at the elementary school level are still quite high; therefore, it is the responsibility of parents, the community and the government together.
Today's education world is very interesting to know and research from various perspectives. It is heavily influenced by political, social, and economic conditions, public knowledge, and perceptions [11]. In rural areas, for example, the condition of the local community is that most of them work as farmers with middle to lower economic levels and low levels of education, which has an impact on their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in the process of understanding each problem including
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
2016-12-31 2017-12-31 2018-12-31 2019-12-31 2020-12-31 2021-12-31 Elementary School Middle School
Senior High School Vocational High School
community perceptions, in this case, parents in the world of education today, regarding the continuity of their children's education which will serve as a substitute and support in their household or family life [12]. In addition, in the current conditions, seeing the role of parents in children's education, it is appropriate to consider this as a determinant of the sustainability of children's schools, especially in the Punggur Village area, Kubu Raya Regency.
This is based on the idea that parents play an important role, not only that parents have responsibilities and rights towards children, but whatever parents do will certainly affect their children's lives in the future. Thus, parents' actions, attitudes, decisions, thoughts and views on something will be able to influence the life that their children will live in the future. Therefore, it is believed that the perception factors originating from parents strongly influence the continuity of children's education in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency. Furthermore, based on the explanation above, it can be assumed that parents' perceptions of education have contributed to the problem of educational participation originating from these parents.
Thus, parents' perceptions greatly influence the sustainability of children's formal education; this is because parents can properly and correctly understand the meaning and importance of education and the purpose of education itself so that it can encourage children to continue their education and, if on the contrary parents do not understand the importance of children's education their children, it will result in children not going to school. According to research by [13], parents' perceptions of education have shifted in meaning from sociocultural to economic concepts. Where parents see educational success more from economic measures, especially employment. The extent to which education is considered important and successful depends on its real contribution to the future stability of their children's jobs. So that parents have an important role where; whatever parents do in the form of attitudes, views and perceptions of parents about something will affect the lives of their children in the future, one of which is the perception of parents about education.
Suppose parents think that education is important for the benefit of their child's life in the future, of course. In that case, parents will do anything to maintain their children's education. However, on the contrary, if parents do not consider the importance of education, then their children's education will tend not to pay too much attention; instead, their children -children are prepared to help their parents in earning a living to meet their needs [14].
Based on the problems above, efforts are needed so that parents can understand the importance of continuing their children's education at this time. Significant efforts can be made in the form of research on the influence of parents' perceptions of education on the sustainability of children's formal education in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency
II. Methods
In this study, researchers used quantitative methods using descriptive or inferential statistics. The form of this research is a correlation study. The sample in this study used a simple random sampling technique. As for determining the number of samples in the Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency, there were 40 people. This study used an indirect communization technique in the form of a questionnaire instrument. Data processing was carried out after the quantitative data were obtained with data collection tools carried out by researchers, namely instrument tests consisting of validity tests and reliability tests (Indrawan, 2014). For testing, requirements analysis consists of a normality test, linearity test, regression test, and hypothesis testing. Data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to answer the problem, and the measurement scale used was the Method of Summated Rating (Likert) [15][16].
III. Result and Discussion
Based on the results of the descriptive analysis that processed the description of parents' perceptions of education in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency, the result was a constant value of 19.245, that is, if parents' perceptions of education were 0 (zero), then p the continuity of children's formal education (Y) was worth 19.245. The value of the regression coefficient of variable X is 0.446, which means that for every increase in parents' perceptions of education by 1, the continuity of children's formal education will increase by 0.446.
A. Parents Perceptions About Formal Education
Based on data from descriptive analysis research, on the variable parents' perceptions of education used 19 questions on variable X and the responses of 40 respondents related to parents' perceptions of formal education, it can be seen that variable X has a percentage of 87.5% with good criteria and 12.5% with sufficient criteria. Thus, the variable parents' perceptions of formal education are mostly in good criteria.
B. Continuity of Children's Formal Education (Variable Y)
Continuation of Children's Formal Education is referred to as formal education that must be pursued continuously, which means that it must be pursued continuously following the level of formal education, where the level of formal education is the stage of continuing education which is determined based on the level of development of students, breadth and depth—teaching materials, especially in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency. Based on data from descriptive analysis research, 14 valid questions were used for the continuity of children's formal education and the responses of 40 respondents related to this variable, with a percentage of 100% in good criteria. Thus, the variable of the continuity of children's formal education is in good criteria.
C. The Influence of Parents' Perceptions of Education on the Sustainability of Children's Formal Education in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya District
The magnitude of the influence between parents' perceptions of education on the continuation of children's formal education is shown by the R Square value of 0.316, which means that the percentage of parents' perceptions of education on the continuation of children's formal education is 31.6%, this figure is included in the low category. At the same time, the remaining 68.4% is influenced by other variables not examined by researchers.
Based on the study results, the perception of parents about education in Punggur Village is quite good. In research conducted by [17], two factors influence the occurrence of perception, namely:
individual circumstances as perceivers, which are factors from within the individual himself such as thoughts, feelings, points of view, experience, comprehension, level of intelligence and expectations and perceptions of the perceiver and the perceived state of the object, namely the characteristics displayed by the object, whether psychological, physical or atmospheric. Experience, socialization, horizons and knowledge also influence the process of forming perceptions. Experience and socialization give form and structure to the object seen, while knowledge and horizons give meaning to psychological objects.
Several functional factors determine a person's perception derived from needs, past experiences and other personal factors. Furthermore, Rakhmat explained that what determines perception is not the type or form of the stimulus but the characteristics of the person who responds to the stimulus. In addition, perception also includes cognition (knowledge), which includes interpreting objects, signs and people from the perspective of the experience concerned. In line with this statement, Krech was quoted in a study conducted by Hernanto et al. (2021) suggests that a person's perception is determined by two main factors, namely experience and personal factors. In this study, what is meant by personal factors are internal factors of members of the Self-Help Group.
A person's ability to judge and build an impression of something varies from one person to another.
One factor that influences this ability is the education a person has taken, especially formal education.
In formal education, there is a process of developing and directing one's abilities in a programmed and intentional manner. So that the higher the education attained, the more development and direction processes passed and obtained by someone who can influence their perception [18].
Education, especially formal education undertaken by parents, can determine whether or not the perception or view of something is good. Parents with a higher education level will tend to have a better outlook than parents with a low level of education or who are not educated. This is because the higher the education, the more knowledge and information are obtained. People with a higher education level tend to have broader and more advanced thoughts about something.
Furthermore, even the quality of perception also influences many factors in a child's life during his education; these various factors are presented in the following figure:
Fig. 2. The Quality of People's Perceptions of the Various Factors of Students
In terms of several factors that are influenced by the perceptions of these parents, placing education in terms of priority will certainly further influence the goals of national development in Indonesia itself. National Development needs quality human resources. To create quality human beings, they must be equipped with education, both education in schools and education outside of school. Through education, a person will be able to develop the potential needed to adapt and keep abreast of scientific and technological developments, growing rapidly and liberating human beings from underdevelopment, ignorance and poverty. The environment in education plays a major role in changing human behaviour. The environment around the individual will affect the activity, both the physical and the social environment. in fact, most of the social environment in which individuals are located influences the types of activities they carry out [19].
Because the educational process is an activity in stages based on careful planning to achieve goals or aspirations, without education, a group of people cannot live and develop in line with aspirations (aspirations) to progress and prosper according to their concept of view. However, such ideals can only be achieved if humans try hard to improve their abilities as optimally as possible through the educational process.
In general, parents who have positive perceptions of their children will feel responsible for their children's education; according to Addrasy et al. (2018), parental responsibility for children can be given by: (a) caring for and raising children, this responsibility is a natural urge to carry out because children need to eat, drink, and care in order to live sustainably, (2) protect and guarantee their health both physically and spiritually from various disease disorders or environmental hazards that can endanger themselves, (c) educate children with various knowledge and skills that are useful for their future lives so that when they grow up, they can stand alone and help others.
Awareness of the responsibility of educating and nurturing children continuously needs to be developed for every parent so that education is no longer based on habits seen by parents. However, it is based on modern educational theories, following the times, which always change. Parents are fathers and mothers who play an important role in educating children.
The perception of parents is, of course, the result of influence also from the perception of the environment in which they live or the surrounding community, [20]. The shape of the area or village determines the level of education in an area. Where the shape of the area includes patterns, arrangements or organizations and settlement layouts that differ from one region to another [21].
Therefore the shape of the village is very influential or determines the level of educational development. Often a form of the village is closely related to that area's dominant social and cultural characteristics. So that the vital needs, level of knowledge, and level of technology owned by villagers often play a role in shaping and determining the layout (space) of a village. Parents' thoughts will greatly influence children's behaviour; if parents cannot explain and direct or convince children, then children will be affected by the outside environment. Parents must be able to convince their children about higher education. They must also be able to direct positive things [6].
Rural communities generally educate their sons and daughters to help their parents work; they work according to their abilities to make ends meet because most rural communities are only work- oriented. Even so, in rural communities, everything depends on the social background of each family because only some residents consider education important.
The reason for their level of education is that the majority of them graduate from high school is related of the problem of cost; even though they understand the importance of education for their lives, due to economic limitations, they are only able to send their sons and daughters up to high school level. In addition, villagers with a low parental education level have a low awareness of the importance of education. Children lack interest in pursuing higher education because their orientation is only on work.
Perception is a mindset or view about certain events or objects that are influenced by beliefs or truths about something, so perception also has a big role in a problem that will determine the good or bad of the problem. There is an attitude or view of rural communities towards higher education, and they do not have the same views one family and another in responding to higher education issues [22].
Perceptions of views of rural communities whose livelihoods are farmers, entrepreneurs, the private sector, and civil servants towards formal education for their children have different perceptions. All of this depends on the factors behind their perception so that later it will form a positive or negative image of higher education. When viewed from the above facts, the economy is the dominant factor in changing or being a differentiator to their perceptions; besides that, influences from the outside or the surrounding community are also a driving factor in shaping the perceptions of the rural community.
This perception is generally treated as an intervention variable, depending on arousal factors, ways of learning, mental state or mood and motivational factors. For this reason, the perception of the world by different individuals because each individual responds to it concerning those aspects of the situation that bring a very special meaning to him.
This was also corroborated by the results of research conducted by Mc. Dowwell & Newel in Rahma (2018) states that various aspects can influence perception, including: (1) Cognition; cognitive aspects are aspects that involve ways of thinking, recognizing, and interpreting a stimulus received by the five senses, experience, or that has been seen in everyday life. Haerullah & Elihami (2020) added that the cognitive aspect is based on the concept of information, which is also based on personal experience, and what is learned; (2) affection, the aspect of affection is an aspect that builds cognitive aspects. This practical aspect includes how individuals feel and express emotions towards stimuli based on their values, which then influence their perceptions.
This research was also reinforced by the results of research conducted by [23], that perceptions can also change according to the process and are always developing and influenced by various things, namely: (1) Attention, we usually do not catch all the stimuli that are around us at once, but we focus our attention on one object or two objects only. The difference in focus between one person and another causes a difference in perception between them; (2) needs, needs for a moment or those that are permanent in a person, that person will affect perceptions. Thus, different needs will also cause different perceptions.
Based on this study's results, parents' perceptions are generally good about the continuity of their children's education because the people in Punggur Village understand the importance of education even though they do not live in urban areas. The function of education in society is divided into three things: (1) Educating people's lives. The level of community intelligence can be increased through school education programs. Increasing intelligence is carried out by providing basic knowledge needed in social life through school lessons. Increased intelligence affects the accuracy and speed in solving problems that arise in society. Without adequate intelligence among citizens, solving a very simple life problem will be faced as difficult or complicated; (2) Influencing change for the development of society. The development of science and technology is a necessity that is present among the community to contribute knowledge and insight to society; things that schools, besides providing basic knowledge, can do are also transform knowledge and new practices and spread amid society; and 3) giving birth to a community that is ready and equipped for the benefit of working within the community..
IV. Conclusion
From these results, parents' perceptions of education in Punggur Village are quite good, and children's formal education in Punggur Village, Kubu Raya Regency, is quite good. To increase knowledge about the world of education, it is hoped that parents will always interact and communicate through social media and with fellow parents. It is hoped that the government (village head) will socialize the world of education to parents in their area, and it is hoped that parents will always play an active role in the continuation of their children's formal education.
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