DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 197
Influenced of the Liquid Chaya Leaves (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) Supplementation on Growth Performance of the Quails
Raynesa Nurul Nurjanah*1), Widya Hermana1) and Yuli Retnani1)
1) Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 West Java, Indonesia
Submitted: 4 July 2023, Accepted: 04 August 2023
ABSTRACT : The purposed of this study was to analysed the influenced of liquid Chaya leave (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) to drinking water of quail starter. A total 30 Day-Old-Quail (DOQ) were used in this research. The experimental design in this study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment consisted T0
= control; T1 = drinking water added Vita Chick; T2 = drinking water containing 2,5% chaya leaves extract; and T3 = drinking water containing 5% chaya leaves extract. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there were significantly different results, Duncan's test was performed. The study showed that chaya leaves extract supplementation had no significant effect (p >0.05) for water intake, feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality of quail starter. In summary, Chaya leaves infusion supplementation as much as 2.5% and 5% through drinking water with a frequency of twice a week has the best body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Further research is needed regarding the effect of administering chaya leaves infusion, and the concentration of chaya leaves infusion on the laying period of quail eggs.
Keywords: Chaya; Growth performance; Leaves infusion; Quail starter
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 198 INTRODUCTION
Coturnix coturnix japonica, is a species of bird that cannot fly high. Quails have relatively small bodies. Quail is one of the easiest farming to grow. This is because the capital required to raise quail is not large and the available land is limited (Lesmono, Trilaksana, and Bebas, 2017). Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a small animal that lays eggs which is very efficient and productive. Quail have a relatively small size, grow fast, good productivity, and relatively low maintenance cost, so the Japanese quail is well suited for small-scale and commercial production. Quail eggs have good nutritional content and are almost the same as the nutrients contained in chicken eggs in gram-per-gram but are higher in protein, Ca, Fe, folate, vitamin B12, and some lipids (Arthur and Bejaei, 2017).
Quail can be reared to obtain products in the form of meat and eggs, according to (Sujana et al., 2018), the main product of quail cultivation is in the form of eggs and by-products in the form of meat from male quail which is not used for breeding and female quail which is discarded or does not lay eggs. Quail meat that is traded is usually male quail meat aged 45 days and female quail which is no longer used for production.
Quail body size is almost the same as pigeon (Bakrie, Sukadana, and Manshur, 2012).
Quails become mature at the age of 40-50 days and can produce from the age of 45 days (Redoy, Shuvo, and Al-Mamun, 2017).
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius is an important genus that has not been widely in Indonesia. This plant is from the family Euphorbiacae. Due to its nutritional content and significant health benefits, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius is useful as a traditional medicine. These active edible components of horticultural plants can be used for nutraceutical and pharmacological studies.
The abundant secondary metabolites contained in chaya are alkanoids, flavonoid, and saponins (Panghal, Shaji, Nain, Garg, &
Chhikara, 2021). Chaya has not been optimally used, especially in the field of
animal husbandry. In a study by (Obichi, Monago, and Belonwu, 2015), chaya leaves contain phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phytic acid, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and cyanogenic glycosides that act as anti- inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant substances. In general, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of chaya leaves contain various phenolic groups such as coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones, and phlobotanin. So that these leaves have potential as a source of food, feed, and as a medicinal plant (Kuri-García, Chávez- Servín, and Guzmán-Maldonado, 2017).
The prohibition of giving antibiotics, especially Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) as a feed additive to livestock is caused by the presence of residues produced in livestock products. According to Fati et al., (2020), the impact of giving antibiotics in rations or drinking water even in low concentrations can cause harm such as causing allergies, toxicity, affecting gut flora, immune response, and resistance against microorganisms. However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives cannot be completely abandoned. The use of antibiotics is feared that it will have an impact on increasing the mortality rate and reducing the efficiency of feed use if it is not anticipated by using alternative substitutes (Widyanjaya and Jayawardhita, 2021).
Based on this description, chaya leaves are expected to be used as natural antibiotics derived from plants that can improve quail growth performance. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of chaya leaves infusion supplementation on quail growth performance in the starter phase.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All animal housing and experiments were conducted in strict accordance with the institutional Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The DOQ of Coturnix coturnix japonica used was 300 birds and then would be maintained during the starter period or 3 weeks. Fifteen DOQ without unsex selection (no sex selection) were used per treatment and replication.
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 199 The cages used in this study were 50 cm x
30 cm x 30 cm. Each cage filled with DOQ has as many as 15 birds. The feed used in this study was BR-21E, a commercial feed produced by PT Sinta Feedmill. Feed and drinking water had been given ad libitum.
Chaya leaves extract is made by an extraction method called the infushion method from Widjaya, Retnani, and Hermana, (2018) and infusion given through drinking water. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment consisted of T0 = control; T1 = drinking water added Vita Chick; T2 = drinking water containing chaya leaves extract 2,5%; and T3 = drinking water containing chaya leaves extract 5%.
Water uses domestic Chaya leaves infusion depending on the treatment.
Drinking water is provided ad libitum. The addition of Vita Chick serves as a comparison to improve growth performance in the early stages of quail.
Chaya Leaves Infusion
Infusion method is suitable for removing active ingredients from leaves.
Consistent with research by Widjaya, Retnani, and Hermana, (2018).The leaves used to make the extract are middle and old leaves. I chose domestic chaya leaves because they are larger than young leaves and do not compete with humans. Wash and drain the leaves, mix with water and mash
in a blender. The chaya leaves to water ratio is 1:2, or 1 kg of fresh leaves in 2 liters of water. The solution is heated over low heat for 15 minutes at a temperature of 90°C- 98°C. This time is calculated when the temperature of the solution reaches 90 °C.
After 15 minutes, the solution was filtered and poured into a jar. Chaya leaves infusion stored in the refrigerator. Pure extracts (100%) are diluted to concentrations corresponding to the treatment given.
Measured variables and data analysis The observed variables included water intake (WI), feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there were significantly different results, Duncan's test was performed. Data obtained were analyzed using software for windows, SPSS 25 version
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius)
The phytochemical content in chaya leaves extract is shown in Table 1. Chaya leaves infusion contains flavonoids and tannins.
This compound is an active compound that can function as an antimicrobial. The antimicrobial activity in inhibiting bacterial growth from chaya leaves extract is better than that of chloramphenicol. The average percentage of inhibition ability in hydro etanolic and aqueous extracts was 70.66%
and 61.13% (Iwuji et al., 2016).
Figure 1. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 200 Table 1. Phytochemicals content of chaya leaves infusion
Phytochemicals content Result*
100%** 5%** 2,5%**
Alkaloids Flavonoids
Phenol hydroquinone Steroids
Triterpenoids Tannins Saponins
- ++++
+ - - +++
+
- +++
+ - - + -
- ++
+ - - + - Note: - = not detected; + = poor positive; ++ = positive; +++ = robust positive; ++++ = very intense positive
*Results of analysis from the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, **concentration of chaya leaves extract
The phytochemicals contained in chaya leaves extracted using the infusion method consist of flavonoids (++++), phenol hydroquinone (+), tannins (+++), and saponins (+).
The phytochemical content decreased with dilution. Whereas in the study of Akachukwu, Okafor, and Ibegbulem, (2014), chaya leaves contain the phytochemicals saponins 4.04%, tannins
0.14%, cyanide 0.003%, alkaloids 4.72%, phenols 0.19%, flavonoids 2.36%, and steroids 0.25%. The level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in extracts can vary depending on the environment and the extraction method used both in different units, different solvent proportions, and different sample conditions such as fresh or dry conditions (Kuri-García et al., 2017).
Table 2. Effect of chaya leaves extract on growth performance quail starter
Variable Treatment
T0 T1 T2 T3
Water intake (ml bird-1 day-1) 20,45 ± 0,63 19,29 ± 0,79 20,51 ± 1,45 19,53 ± 1,19 Feed intake
(g bird-1day-1) 12,70 ± 1,14 13,40 ± 1,10 13,20 ± 0,65 13,02 ± 0,87 Body weight gain
(g bird-1day-1) 3,87 ± 0,23 3,85 ± 0,09 3,90 ± 0,11 3,96 ± 0,24 Total body weight gain 81,30 ± 4,85 80,80 ± 1,79 82,00 ± 2,30 83,15 ± 4,96 Final weight (g bird-1day) 88,97 ± 4,95 88,49 ± 1,80 89,89 ± 2,32 90,72 ± 5,04
Feed conversion 3,28 ± 0,47 3,45 ± 0,24 3,22 ± 0,08 3,28 ± 0,36
Mortality (%) 5,33 8,00 8,00 5,33
Note: T0 = control; T1 = drinking water added Vita Chick; T2 = drinking water containing chaya leaves extract 2,5%; and T3 = drinking water containing chaya leaves extract 5%.
This study observed the growth performance of quail during the starter phase which consisted of water intake (WI), feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality. Table 2 shows the mean performance of early stage quail with chaya extract. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant effect (P>0.05) improvement in water intake, feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and mortality in the starter phase of quail, even if chaya leaves extract was administered to the drinking water at a frequency of twice a week. The lack of
significant effect is believed to be due to the chaya leaves extract being administered only twice a week at a concentration of 2.5%
or 5%.
Water Intake
Consumption of drinking water in this study ranged from 19.29 ± 0.79 – 20.51 ± 1.45 ml/bird/day. Based on statistical analysis, chaya leaves extract had no significant effect (P>0.05) on water intake (WI). The highest consumption of WI was in treatment T2, with an average drinking water consumption of 20.51 ml/bird/day, then there was a decrease in WI for
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 201 treatment T3, namely 19.53 ml/bird/day
(Figure 2). This is presumably due to chaya leaves extract through drinking water influence on the taste of drinking water.
Chaya leaves extracted contains phytochemicals such as tannins. According to Adetunji, Olaniyi, and Ogunkunle, (2013); Noer, Pratiwi, and Gresinta, (2018), tannins are active compounds derived from
plants that have bitter taste. Therefore, the administration of chaya leaves extract changed the taste of drinking water to become bitter as the level of administration increased. Management of drinking water in keeping poultry including quail needs to be done because water can be a media additive to increase productivity (Wahyuninghasti et al., 2017).
Figure 2. Water intake quail starter phase rearing period
Feed Intake
The results of statistical analysis showed that chaya leaves infusion did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on quail feed intake. The average feed intake during rearing was in the range of 12.7 ± 1.14 - 13.40 ± 1.10 g/bird/day (Figure 3). This feed intake is higher when compared to a study conducted by Redoy et al., (2017) namely with an average of 8-10 g/bird/day and Darmawan, Hermana, and Dirgantara, (2021) with an average of 11.76 g/bird/day.
The high quail feed intake can be caused by low ambient temperatures. According to Setiawati, Afnan, and Ulupi, (2016), cold environmental conditions lead to an increase
in feed consumption. Conversely, at high environmental, feed consumption will decrease because livestock will drink a lot.
In addition, chaya leaves extract contains flavonoids, which are active compounds that function as antibacterial. According to Tribudi, Tihardi, and Rohayeti, (2020) flavonoids function as antibacterial which can inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry digestive tract, causing an increase in feed consumption.
Feed conversion, feed consumption, and body weight gain have an interrelated relationship. High feed consumption can be followed by high body weight gain (Perkasa and Sudjarwo, 2019).
Figure 3. Feed intake quail starter phase rearing period.
18 18,5 19 19,5 20 20,5 21
T0 T1 T2 T3
Water intake (ml/bird/day)
12 12,2 12,4 12,6 12,8 13 13,2 13,4 13,6 13,8
T0 T1 T2 T3
Feed intake (g/bird/day)
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 202 Body Weight
Body weight is closely related to the feed intake and digestibility (Jumadin et al., 2016).Total body weight gain quail was in the range of 80.80 ± 1.79 -83.15 ± 4.96 g/bird, with the highest results in the treatment with 5% concentration of chaya leaves extract. The highest body weight gain was 83.15 g/bird. However, these results are still lower when compared to the research by Fauzan, Sudrajat, and Dihansih, (2018), the total body weight gain during the maintenance of 3 weeks of starter phase quail was 119.52 g/bird. The result showed that the treatment did not have a significant
effect (P> 0.05) on body weight gain.
However, on average it can be seen that T3, namely by administering 5% chaya leaves extract, resulted in the highest body weight gain. This shows that the quail is able to utilize the feed consumed for optimal body weight gain, although not significant.
Besides that, there are flavonoids in chaya leaf extract. Flavonoids have a function as antioxidants (Jumadin et al., 2016). The organic extract has demonstrated benefits on productivity, egg production, egg quality, and immunity and may be employed as a potential drinking water supplement (Gultepe et al., 2020).
Figure 4. Body weight gain quail starter phase rearing period
The final body weight of the quail starter phase was around 88.49 ± 1.90 - 90.72 ± 5.04 g/bird. This result is higher when compared to the Naji et al., (2020) namely the weight of quail aged 3 weeks was 81.13 g/bird. Quail in T2 and T3 had high body weight gain presumably due to the presence of phytochemical compounds contained in chaya leaves infusion (Figure 3). Phytochemical compounds can help the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients, so these nutrients can be utilized by quail for growth and tissue formation (Akbar and P, 2016). According to Tribudi et al., (2020) the presence of active substances in livestock bodies can increase body weight gain because pathogenic bacteria present in the digestive tract can be killed so that nutrients in the ration can be absorbed optimally.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Supplementation of chaya leaves infusion did not have a significant effect
(P>0.05) on the value of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Present study showed the feed conversion ratio value is in the range of 3.22
± 0.08 - 3.45 ± 0.24. The feed conversion ratio shows feed (kg) needed to body weight gain (1 kg). The results of this study are lower when compared with the research of Ratriyanto, Prastowo, and Widyas, (2021), the feed conversion of quail starter was 4.27.
Large feed conversion values indicate inefficient use of feed. The feed conversion value with 2.5% or 5% treatment shows a lower value compared to giving Vita Chick.
The smaller the feed conversion value, the better. According Swain et al., (2017) the use of herbs and spices as potential antibiotic substitutes in poultry has expanded, which has led to better productivity and health. Important factor in determining the feed conversion ratio value is body weight gain. Quail body weight gain given chaya leaves infusion was higher than control and treatment 1. The higher body
3,7 3,75 3,8 3,85 3,9 3,95 4
T0 T1 T2 T3
Body weight gain (g/bird/day)
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 203 weight gain, lower the feed conversion can
occur (Puspitasary, Pujaningsih, and Mangisah, 2018). Then according to Palupi,
Sahara, and Purwoto, (2016), conversion of quail feed is strongly influenced by feed intake and body weight gain.
Figure 5. Feed conversion ratio quail starter phase rearing period
Mortality
Mortality shows the number of quails that died during rearing. Mortality is an aspect that can affect the success of a livestock business. In this study the mortality rate from 5.33% -8.00% (Table 2).
This result is still small when compared to a study by (Fauzan et al., 2018) with a mortality rate ranging from 5.00% -11.67%.
Pathogenic bacteria that are widely found in the digestive tract of poultry are Escherichia coli bacteria. These bacteria are found in
quail intestines as much as 4 x 106 CFU/ml (Tufan et al., 2015). Efforts that can be made to maintain the performance of the starter phase quail is to increase the quail's immune system. However, the results of the statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the presence of chaya leaves extract. This shows that chaya leaves extract supplementation with a concentration of 2.5% and 5% has not been able to reduce the value of quail mortality in the starter phase.
Figure 6. Mortality quail starter phase rearing period
Even though chaya extract contains antibacterial properties that can prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Iwuji et al., 2016). According to Moritz et al., (2022), high mortality rate often occurs in poultry in the first week which is influenced by the quality and on-farm management practices.
As a result, actions must be taken to reduce the causes of death in order to lower mortality rates. Death is influenced by a variety of factors, including maintenance
management errors and bacterial infections (Nuningtyas et al, 2023).
CONCLUSION
Chaya leaves infusion
supplementation as much as 2.5% and 5%
through drinking water with a frequency of twice a week has the best body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Further research is needed regarding the effect of administering chaya leaves infusion, and the
3 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6
T0 T1 T2 T3
FCR
0 2 4 6 8 10
T0 T1 T2 T3
Mortality (%)
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.07 204 concentration of chaya leaves infusion on
the laying period of quail eggs.
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