Original Article
An innovative package of training techniques effectiveness in Taekwondo
NATAL'YA MISCHENKO1, MIKHAIL KOLOKOLTSEV2, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN3, ELENA ROMANOVA4, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN5 , SERGEY AGANOV6, OLGA VELIKAYA7
1 Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education, Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, RUSSIA
2 Department of Physical Culture, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, RUSSIA
3 Department of Information Technologies, Kaliningrad Institute of Management, Kaliningrad, RUSSIA
4 Department of Physical Education, Altai State University, Barnaul, RUSSIA
5 Department of Higher School of Sports Pedagogy, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, RUSSIA
6 Department of Physical Training, GPS Emercom of Russia St. Petersburg University, RUSSIA
7 Department of Civil Law, GPS Emercom of Russia St. Petersburg University, RUSSIA
Published online: November 30, 2021
(Accepted for publication November 15, 2021) DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.s6427
Abstract:
Nowadays, there is not enough scientific and methodological literature, reflecting materials on innovative techniques «CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» use in female taekwondo athletes' training process. The research purpose is: to experimentally prove the effectiveness of using an innovative training techniques package to increase the general, special endurance, technical and tactical level of WTF taekwondo athletes (female). Material and methods of research. The pedagogical experimental project involved 2 groups of girls aged 16-17 (n=20) who were engaged in WTF taekwondo at a sports school in Chelyabinsk (Russia) according to a generally accepted program. An innovative package of techniques was added to the program of the annual cycle of the training process in the experimental group (EG, n=10), which contained a set of elements
«CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» aimed at improving the athletes' general and special endurance and technical and tactical skills. In the experimental program, the innovative training package methods of the annual macro-cycle were replaced every two months. A «Fightball» simulator was used to develop and practice striking techniques with hands and elbows. For a comparative analysis of the training process programs effectiveness in both groups, the methods of high-stakes testing of general, special endurance and technical and tactical skills were used. Results. At the end of the pedagogical experiment, the girls of both observation groups had an improvement in the values of all tests indicators. A significant increase in the indicators values was registered only in EG girls in all physical fitness tests (with the exception of «shuttle run 3 x 8 m»). The greatest increase was found in EG girls in tests for flexibility (36.5%) and speed endurance (33.7%). In tests for speed and strength endurance, the indicators values were higher in EG by 22.2% and 20%, respectively, than in girls of CG. The girls' in both groups indicators values of technical readiness increased. The greatest increase (50%) in the technical readiness indicators values was noted in EG girls in tests characterizing the striking abilities of the arms and legs. The increase in the tactical actions indicators of the EG girls turned out to be higher, compared with the values of the indicators in the СG. Conclusions. The research results proved the effectiveness of the proposed program of the annual training process to increase the level of WTF taekwondo athletes' general, special physical, technical and tactical readiness, which allows recommending it for wide use in athletes' training.
Key Words: WTF (World Taekwondo Federation), general and special endurance, technical and tactical skills
Introduction
The great popularity of taekwondo among various groups of the population, including women, poses new challenges for specialists and coaches to optimize and improve the effectiveness of athletes' training sessions (Koshcheyev, & Dolbysheva, 2021; Vorozheykin et al., 2020). In taekwondo training process, an important place is occupied by the methodology of developing and improving special motor qualities, in particular, speed and strength endurance (Hendarto et al., 2018; Simakov et al., 2018) and increasing an athlete's technical and tactical training level. In modern literary sources, the materials of the authors' research are presented, offering various options for the distribution of physical activity (physical loads). To improve taekwondo athletes' physical fitness, training load programs with different volumes or intensity were tested and recommended (Bubka, &
Platonov, 2018; Koshcheyev, 2020; Guillermo et al., 2020). Experts in the field of martial arts believe that technical training is the main tool and means of an athlete's tactics. To improve tactical skills, an improvement in
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--- 3215 the technical arsenal is required. Losik (2018) believes that it is necessary to use a strictly traditional approach to taekwondo athletes' training process. According to Lukyanchuk, Saulite (2014) preference should be given to a rational combination of task conditions. Carazo-Vargas, Moncada-Jiménez (2018) believe that in the training process it is necessary to use more the method of block periodization of motor actions, which allows reducing physical exertion and increase technical training when an athlete recaptures a sports form. The use of the principle of undulating training load («pendulum») at the pre-competition stage showed significant effectiveness in athletes' physical, technical and competitive activity formation (Koshcheyev, Dolbysheva, 2021). In recent years, scientific data have appeared on the innovative training tools use in the technical and tactical training of martial artists, increasing the athlete's strokes' speed abilities and accuracy (Sprey 2016).
One of the modern training means of martial artists is «CrossFit». Klimek (2018) reports on such a method of intensive functional training of running, strength, gymnastics and coordination orientation. This type of training requires the athlete's body functional parameters monitoring (Nagovitsyn et al., 2019). CrossFit trainings increase speed and strength abilities, flexibility, coordination. They also increase the cardiorespiratory system functionality, have a positive effect on the aerobic and anaerobic parameters of the body (Franchini et al., 2019). CrossFit training has been tested in the process of training judo wrestlers (Osipov et al., 2020) and is widely used in the physical training of military personnel (Poston et al., 2016). Sharina et al. (2020) reports that jumping exercises with a rope («Rope-skipping») are an effective means of developing coordination of athletes- boxers' lower extremities movements, increasing the speed of body movement, speed of visual-motor reaction and endurance of the body. In martial arts, the «Tai-bo» fitness technique is used - a combination of elements of aerobics and martial arts (Thai boxing, karate, taekwondo), where classical strength exercises are performed to rhythmic music. Such trainings intensively develop athletes' strength, coordination, speed abilities and endurance, especially of their lower extremities, improves shock technique and movement technique in the ring (Izvekov, 2013).
During training sessions using the non-contact technique of «Ki-bo» (shadow fight), punches and blocks with feet are applied to an imaginary opponent during dance aerobics elements execution. It contributes to the development of a sense of rhythm and tempo of movements in athletes (Ivlev, 2001). There is a large amount of scientific data on innovative tools and methods use in the training process of martial artists. There are not enough studies on innovative techniques «CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» in the taekwondo training process use. We have found no reports of simultaneous complex use of these techniques in the annual macro- cycle of WTF taekwondo athletes' training process. Our opinion is that the joint use of these innovative techniques in a one-year training cycle will increase the general, special endurance and technical and tactical training of WTF taekwondo athletes and ensure the growth of their sportsmanship. We believe that the topic of our research project is relevant and timely in connection with the inclusion of this sport in the program of the Summer Olympic Games.
Research aim is to experimentally prove the effectiveness of using an innovative training techniques
«CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» package to increase the general, special endurance, technical and tactical readiness of female taekwondo WTF athletes.
Material & methods
The research project was carried out on the basis of the Olympic Reserve Taekwondo Sports School in Chelyabinsk (Russia) during the annual macro-cycle (September 2020 - May 2021). The predictors of the experiment were two groups of girls aged 16-17 (n=20) engaged in WTF taekwondo according to the generally accepted program of the Russian standard at the stage of improving sports skills. In both groups, training sessions were conducted 3 times a week for 2 hours by the circular training method. An innovative package of methods and tools was added to the program of the one-year cycle of the training process in the experimental group (EG, n=10): «CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» and the simulator «Fightball» (Table 1).
Table 1. The schedule of using the innovative package in the annual taekwondo training process
Package elements Months
September October November December January February March April May
«CrossFit» Х Х Х Х Х Х Х Х Х
«Rope-skipping» Х Х
«Tai-bo» Х Х
«Ki-bo» Х Х
«Fightball»
simulator
Х Х Х Х Х Х Х Х Х
Such a combination implied an increase in the effectiveness of the training session to improve the general and special endurance and technical and tactical skills of athletes. The «Fightball» simulator was used to develop and practice striking techniques with hands and elbows. Crossfit training was used in the main part of
--- the training lesson for 15 minutes. For crossfit, exercises are selected for simultaneous work of several muscle groups. The nature of the exercises had a power, speed orientation and general endurance development (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. A training lesson in EG structire
During the « Rope-skipping» plyometric training, various types of jumping over a light rope were used, which made it possible to maintain a high load rate for several rounds.
The fitness program «Tai-bo» (aerobics + martial arts), combined step-dance exercises to rhythmic music, punches and kicks in motion and on a punching bag, bundles of punches, various movements and jumps on one or two legs, hoppings, endurance exercises and stretching.
«Ki-bo» (dance aerobics + boxing and karate elements) or «shadow fight». The athletes delivered vigorous punches, performed blocks with their feet on an imaginary opponent.
High-stakes testing of the athletes' general physical fitness was carried out. To do this, we used such tests: running 100 m, s; running 800 m, m, s; shuttle running 3x8 m, s; modified pull-up from the hang on a low crossbar, number of times; abdominal crunch in 30 seconds, number of times; standing long jump, cm; side split, cm; jumping over a rope in 1 minute, number of times.
Assessment of the athletes' special physical fitness was carried out using three tests: forward bend from a sitting position, cm; kick backward (tweed chagi) with a change of legs in 10 seconds, the number of times; a double side kick (dole chagi) from one leg with a change of legs in 10 seconds, the number of times.
The assessment of the athletes' technical readiness was carried out according to five tests: movement in the combat stance forward by 15 m, s; movement in the combat stance backward by 15 m, s; strike in attack (dolleo chagi) with the near leg from the stand, the number of times in 10 s; strike in attack (dolleo chagi) with the far leg from the stand, the number of times in 10 s; strike in attack (dolleo chagi) with the near leg without lowering to the floor, the number of times in 10 s.
The tactical readiness level was assessed in points (from 0 to 3). The work was carried out in compliance with international ethical standards and rules of scientific research. The parents' consent to the study was obtained.
The study used generally accepted statistical methods of processing the data obtained. The licensed software package STATISTICA 10.0, MS Excel 2010 was used.
Results
High-stakes testing results of the athletes' general physical fitness are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Values of general physical fitness indicators of the girls at the beginning and at the end of the experiment (M ± m)
Tests
СG (n=10) EG (n=10)
At the beginning of the experiment
At the end of the experiment
At the beginning of the experiment
At the end of the experiment
1. Running 100 m, s 15,9±0,43 15,2±0,28 15,8 ±0,41 14,0 ±0,16*
2. Running 800 m, m, s 3,96±0,27 3,62±0,82 3,93 ±0,42 2,98 ±0,41*
3. Shuttle running 3x8 m, s 7,9±1,26 7,3±1,14 7,8 ±1,22 6,0 ±1,12
4. Modified pull-up from the hang on a low crossbar, number of times
21,0±2,65 24,0±2,73 20,0 ±2,31 26,0 ±2,85*
5. Abdominal crunch in 30 seconds, number of times
21,2±2,48 23,4±2,81 21,5 ±2,55 28,4±2,91*
6. Standing long jump, cm 164,6±8,23 179,0±8,64 163,6 ±8,18 188,4 ±8,91*
7. Side split, cm 13,2±0,32 12,5±0,29 12,6 ±0,32 8,0 ±0,32*
8. Jumping over a rope in 1 minute, number of times
86,0±6,73 98,0±7,51 89,0 ±6,89 119,0 ±8,73*
Note.* - significant difference of the tests' indicators values after the experiment (р< 0,05)
At the beginning of the research, there were no significant differences between general physical fitness indicators values in girls of CG and EG (р ˃ 0,05). At the end of the pedagogical experiment, there was an increase in the values of general physical fitness indicators in both groups. A significant increase in the values of the indicators was registered only by EG in all tests (p 0.05), except for the control exercise «shuttle run 3 x 8 m», (р ˃ 0,05). The increase in the indicators values of general physical fitness of the EG girls at the end of the experiment was higher than that of the СG athletes (Fig.2).
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--- 3217 Running at 100 m
Running at 800 м 3x8 m shut tle run Hanging pull-ups on a low bar Sit-up, the number of t imes in 30 s Standing long jump Transverse twine Jumping rope for 1 m
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
4,4 8,8 7,6
14,3 9,5 8,7 5,3
13,9
11,3
24,1 23
30 27,2 15,6
36,5 33,7
Experimental group Control group
%
(Jumping over a rope for 1 m; Side spli; Modified pull-up)
Fig. 2. The increase in the indicators values of the girls' general physical fitness at the end of the experiment (%)
The greatest increase in overall physical fitness was found in EG girls in the tests «side split» - 36.5% and
«jumping over a rope in 1 min» - 33.7%. Testing of the girls' of СG and EG special physical fitness is given in Table 3.
Table 3. High-stakes testing results of the girls' of СG и EG special physical fitness (flexibility and speed and strength endurance) (М±m)
№ Tests СG (n=10) EG (n=10)
At the beginning of the experiment
At the end of the experiment
At the beginning of the experiment
At the end of the experiment 1. Forward bend from a sitting position,
cm 14,6±2,39 18,9±2,42 15,0±2,41 21,6±2,21*
2. Kick backward (tweed chagi) with a change of legs in 10 seconds, the number of times
8,0±1,32 9,0±1,75 7,0±1,24 11,0±1,82*
3. Double side kick (dole chagi) from one leg with a change of legs in 10 seconds, the number of times
9,0±1,53 10,0±1,84 8,0±1,43 12,0±1,31*
Note.* - significant difference of the tests' indicators values after the experiment (р<0,05)
After the pedagogical experiment, there was an increase in the indicators values of special physical fitness tests of girls in both groups. A significant increase in the values of flexibility and speed-strength endurance was noted only in EG girls (р˂0,05). Their increase in indicators was significantly higher than that of girls from CG.
The value of the indicator in test #. 1 (flexibility) was 14.3% higher in the EG girls than in the CG ones. In tests 2 and 3 (speed and strength qualities), the values of the indicators were 22.2% and 20% higher, respectively, in EG girls than in the girls from the control group. After the experiment, changes in the indicators values of athletes' of the experimental groups technical readiness were established (Table 4).
Table 4. High-stakes testing values of the EG and CG girls' technical readiness (М±m) Tests
СG (n=10) EG (n=10)
At the beginning of the experiment
At the end of the experiment
At the beginning of the
experiment
At the end of the experiment 1. Movement in the combat stance forward
by 15 m, s 14,8±2,32 13,5±2,22 15,2±2,86 10,0±2,14*
2. Movement in the combat stance
backward by 15 m, s 13,4±2,12 12,2±2,10 13,6±2,18 10,1±2,12
3. Strike in attack (dolleo chagi) with the near leg from the stand, the number of times in 10 s
8,0±1,28 10,0±1,35 9,0±1,43 13,0±1,59*
4. Strike in attack (dolleo chagi) with the far leg from the stand, the number of times in 10 s
9,0±1,45 10,0±1,59 8,0±1,37 12,0±1,67*
5. Srike in attack (dolleo chagi) with the near leg without lowering to the floor, the number of times in 10 s
9,0±1,27 11,0±1,65 10,0±1,31 15,0±1,96*
Note. * - significant difference of the tests' indicators values at the end of the experiment (р<0,05)
--- At the end of the pedagogical experiment, there was an improvement in the indicators values of technical readiness in girls of both groups. The indicators values were significantly higher (р˂0,05) only for EG athletes in all control exercises (except for the test «movement in a combat stance back 15 m»). The increase in the values of the technical readiness indicators of of EG athletes turned out to be significantly greater than in CG. The greatest increase (50%) was observed in EG girls in tests #. 4 and #. 5 (Table 4, Fig. 3).
Movement in a f ight ing stance forward by 15 m Moving in a f ight ing stance 15 m back At tacking dolleo chagi with the near leg from the stand At tacking Dolleo Chagi with the far leg from the stand At tacking dolleo chaga with the near leg without lowering to the f loor
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
8,7 8,9
25 11,1
22,2
34,2 25,7
44,4 50 50
Experimental group% Control group
Fig. 3. Increase in the indicators values of technical readiness of girls from CG and EG after the pedagogical experiment (%)
At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, experts assessed the tactical readiness of the girls of both groups (Table 5).
Table 5. High-stakes assessment of girls' from CG and EG tactical readiness in points (М±m) Tests
СG (n=10) EG (n=10)
At the beginning of the experiment
At the end of the experiment
At the beginning of
the experiment
At the end of the experiment
Skill
1. Carrying out the chosen
combat tactics 16,4±2,11 20,5±2,53 15,8±1,28 26,7±2,53*
2. Changing the combat
tactics 15,0±1,31 18,4±2,25 14,6±1,44 25,8±2,89*
3. Performing situational
actions 17,6±1,43 21,6±2,62 18,5±1,53 26,8±2,71*
4. Performing preparatory
actions 16,8±1,34 19,8±2,51 15,6±1,22 25,8±2,62*
Total number of points 65,9±6,84 81,4±8,94 64,3±6,27 105,0±9,27*
Note. * - significant difference of the tests' indicators values at the end of the experiment (р<0,05)
At the beginning of the experiment, there were no statistically significant differences between the assessment of the values of the girls' from EG and СG tactical readiness indicators (р˃ 0,05). After the experiment, the assessment of tactical actions changed statistically significantly (p<0.05) only in the girls of the experimental group (Table 5). The increase in the estimates of athletes' in the experimental group tactical readiness was 2.7 times higher compared to the increase in estimates in the girls of the control group (Fig. 4).
Ability to carry out the chosen tact ics of warfare The ability to rebuild during the bat tle Ability to perform situat ional act ions Ability to perform preparatory act ions Total points
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
24,8 22,6 22,7 17,8
23,5
70,5 76,7 44,8
65,4 66,3
Experimental group% Control group
(Changing the combat tactics)
Fig. 4. Increase in the indicators values of tactical readiness of girls from CG and EG after the pedagogical experiment (%)
---
--- 3219 According to the results of the pedagogical experiment conducted by us, it was found that the use of an innovative package of training tools and methods in the female taekwondo WTF athletes' annual macro-cycle training showed high efficiency than training according to the traditional method.
Dicussion
Increasing the level of special endurance and improving the technical and tactical readiness of taekwondo athletes are significant factors for the training process and successful performance at sports competitions.
Therefore, the innovative programs and methods of the training process development in taekwondo is relevant and timely. In recent years, innovative systems «CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» have been effectively used to train martial artists (judo, sambo, boxing, Thai boxing and others) (Osipov et al., 2020;
Sharina et al., 2020;). However, the results of these systems' use in the training of taekwondo athletes are limited in the literature.
The approbation of the innovative package of training techniques proposed by us in the WTF taekwondo athletes' annual training period showed high efficiency in the girls' general, speed and strength endurance, speed, flexibility and coordination abilities development. This fact is consistent with the results of studies in other sports (Osipov et al., 2018; Sharina et al., 2020; Fathir et al., 2021; Tyupa, & Vorozheikin, 2021).). Some authors believe that the impact of functional training is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular system performance (Kong et al., 2016), an increase in VO2max (Muhamad Syamsul Taufik et al., 2021) and ensures the improvement of the athlete's general and special physical fitness (Sapto Wibowo et al., 2021).
According to our data, at the end of the pedagogical experiment, the athletes of both groups, taking part in the experiment, had positive changes in the technical and tactical readiness indicators values. In the experimental group of female athletes, where an innovative package of training techniques was used in the annual training macro-cycle, the increase in these indicators values was significantly greater than in the control group of girls who were engaged in taekwondo according to the traditional training program.
This fact is confirmed by the results of testing and evaluation of the athletes' from the experimental group technical and tactical readiness. Training according to the innovative methodology proposed by us increased the speed of athletes' movement, the quality and speed of striking with hands and feet from various positions, the ability to carry out the chosen tactics of combat, to change tactics during combat, to perform preparatory and situational actions, which is consistent with the conclusions of other studies (Sapto Wibowo et al., 2021;
Gryaznykh et al., 2021).
The presence of rhythmic training dance exercises in the innovative package, which are performed to music, increases the athletes' emotional background and motivation of for training lessons. The purpose of any training process is to improve athletes' physical qualities and special training. Therefore, the desire to search for new effective means and methods of educating athletic qualities will be grounded by the results of athletes' successful performance at sports competitions of any level.
Conclusions
To improve the general and special physical qualities, technical and tactical readiness of female taekwondo athletes in the annual macrocycle, an innovative package of training sessions with elements of
«CrossFit», «Rope-skipping», «Tai-bo» and «Ki-bo» and the «Fightball» simulator was tested.
The use of CrossFit elements in training sessions in the experimental group significantly increased the high-speed movement abilities of athletes in the ring, the speed of striking the opponent, general and special endurance in a duel compared to the control group.
Plyometric training «Rope-skipping» and exercises of «Tai-bo» fitness program allowed to develop and increase the speed abilities and dynamic strength of the lower extremities, increase the jumping ability and overall endurance, flexibility, speed and coordination abilities of the girls of the experimental group significantly more than those of the athletes in the control one. The rhythmicity of the musical accompaniment of the training contributed to the pace of striking development and created a positive emotional background of the lesson.
The safe elements of the «Ki-bo» dance system made it possible to additionally work out the basic techniques of energetic punches and blocks with feet.
The high-stakes control results showed that the technical and tactical readiness of the athletes of the experimental group was 2.7 times higher than in the control one.
The results of our research proved the effectiveness of the annual training process program proposed by us to increase the WTF taekwondo athletes' level of physical (general and special) and technical and tactical readiness, it allows us to recommend it for wide use in athletes' training. We believe that the aim of our research project has been achieved.
Conflicts of interest. The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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