1 Intensive care and organ support related mortality in patients with COVID-19: A
systematic review and meta-analysis
Abhimanyu Chandel, MD
1; Sahar Leazer, MD
2,3; Karl C. Alcover, PhD
2; Josiah Farley, BS
2; Joshua Berk, BS
2; Christopher Jayne, BS
2; Ryan Mcnutt, BS
2; Meredith Olsen, MD
1; Rhonda Allard, MLIS
2; Jiahong Yang, BS
2; Ananya Tripathi, BS
2; Maria Rechtin, MD
1; Mathew Leon, MMSc
2; Mathias Williams, MD
1; Phorum Sheth, MPH
2; Kyle Messer, DO
1; Kevin K Chung, MD
2; Jacob Collen, MD
1,21
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Walter Reed National Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
2
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
3
The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX
Supplementary material
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Table S4………...10
Figure S1………..11
Figure S2………..12
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Figure S5………..15
Figure S6………..16
Figure S7………..17
2 Table S1: List and description of all included studies (9-159)
First Author Country Follow up
Complete In-hospital
Death ICU Death ECMO
Death RRT
Death MV Death Quality Score
Cao China Yes 17/102
(17.0%) 6/18
(33.0%) 1/3
(33.0%) 5/6
(83.0%) 12/14
(8.1%) 7
Yang China No 15/200
(7.5%) 14/29
(48.3%) - - - 5
Huang China No 0/202
(0.0%) 0/11
(0.0%) - - - 6
Wang China No 0/275
(0.0%) 0/29
(0.0%) - 0/6
(0.0%) 0/11
(0.0%) 5
Zhang China No 12/221
(5.4%) 9/44
(20.5%) - - - 5
Feng China No 38/476
(8.0%) 2970
(41.4%) - - - 3
Lei China Yes 1/297
(0.3%) 1/36
(2.8%) - - - 8
Feng China No 9/114
(8.0%) 20/29
(69.0%) 6/6
(100.0%) 2/2
(100.0%) 18/22
(81.8%) 6
Wang China No 133/344
(38.7%) 133/344
(38.7%) - - 97/100
(97%) 7
Guo China No 329/733
(50.7%) 329/733
(50.7%) - - - 6
Liu China Yes 157/1190
(13.2%) 157/349
(13.2%) 4/4
(100.0%) 4/4
(100.0%) 36/42
(85.7) 8
Chen China No 50/192
(26.0%) 50/192
(26.0%) - - - 8
Richards-
Belle United
Kingdom No 101/200
(50.5%) 90/200
(45.0%) - - - 5
Berenguer Spain No 1131/4035
(28.0%) 312/736
(42.4%) 10/18
(55.6%) 80/119
(67.2%) 283/619
(25.3) 8
Grasselli Italy No 405/1581
(26.0%) 405/1581
(26.0%) - - - 6
Oliveira United
States No 26/131
(19.8%) 26/131
(19.8%) 1/9
(11.1%) 15/24
(62.5%) 26/109
(23.9%) 8
Shahriarirad Iran No 9/113
(8%) 5/11
(55.6%) - - - 8
Suleyman United
States Yes 72/355
(20.3%) 57/141
(40.4%) - - - 7
Kaeuffer France No 115/1045
(11.0%) 26/355
(9.6%) - - - 4
Alharthy Saudi Arabia No 113/352
(32.1%) 113/352
(32.1%) - - 86/200
(43.0%) 6
Fleuren The
Netherlands No 853/3549
(29.4%) -
(24.4%) - - - 4
Fleuren The
Netherlands Yes 332/1152
(28.8%) 332/1152
(28.8%) - - - 7
Khan Saudi Arabia Yes 12/648
(1.8%) 12/77
(0.1%) - - - 8
Martinot France Yes 115/600
(19.1%) 44/153
(7.3%) - - - 8
Bidari Iran No 107/590
(18.2%) 107/186
(57.5%) - - - 7
3
Michela Netherlands No 210/553
(38.0%) 210/553
(38.0%) - - - 5
Cummings United
States Yes 101/257
(39.0%) 101/257
(39.0%) - - 151/203
(74.4%) 8
Zhou China No 82/195
(42.1%) -
(33%) 5/16
(31.3%) -
(50.0%) 56/97
(58.0%) 5
Argenziano USA No 211/850
(21.1%) 103/236
(43.6%) - - 111/233
(%47.6) 7
Kim South Korea Yes 47/110
(42.7%) 47/110
(42.7%) 8/19
(42.1%) 14/21
(73.7%) 36/79
(45.57%) 8 Mukherjee United
States No 82/137
(59.9%) 82/137
(59.9%) - - - 6
Filardo United
States No 78/270
(28.9%) 72/135
(53.3%) - 36/55
(65.5%) 67/121
(55.4%) 6
Gayam USA Yes 132/408
(33.4%) 78/117
(59.1%) - - 92/117
(69.7%) 7
Chand United
States NA 106/300
(67.5%) 106/300
(67.5%) - 82/117
(61.7%) - 7
Turcotte United
States No 29/117
(24.8%) 17/36
(47.2%) - - - 7
Kocayigit Turkey No 52/103
(50.0%) 52/103
(50.0%) - - 47/62
(75.8%) 6
Chen China No - 45/135
(33.3%) - - - 6
Janz United
States No 71/147
(48.3%) 71/147
(48.3%) - - - 4
Mitra Canada No 18/117
(15.4%) 18/117
(15.4%) - 6/16
(37.5%) 15/74
(20.3%) 4
El-Jawahri United
States Yes 118/470
(25.1%) 74/178
(62.7%) - - 73/150
(61.9%) 6
Guisado-
Vasco Spain Yes 141/607
(23.2%) 24/49
(49.0%) - - - 7
Omrani Qatar No 12/1424
(0.8%) 12/108
(11.1%) - - 12/91
(13.2%) 5
Docherty United
Kingdom No 5165/20133
(26.0%) 958/3001
(32.0%) - - - 8
Bonnet France No 360/2878
(12.5%) 74/475
(15.6%) - - - 6
Capone United
States No 61/102
(59.8%) 61/102
(59.8%) - 12/19
(63.2%) - 8
Larsson Sweden No 60/260
(23.1%) 60/260
(23.1%) - - - 6
Cedano United
States Yes - 92/132
(69.7%) - - - 8
Temel Turkey No NA 16/53
(34.0%) NA NA NA 5
Carrilo-Vega Mexico No 868/3922
(22.13%) 294/486
(60.5%) - - 234/460
(50.9%) 7
Israelsen Denmark Yes 43/175
(24.6%) 16/27
(59.3%) - - 17/27
(59.3%) 6
Azoulay France Yes 97/379
(25.8%) 97/379
(25.8%) - - - 7
Alser USA No 58/235
(24.7%) 58/235
(24.7%) - - - 7
4
Boscolo Italy Yes 120/280
(43.0%) 120/280
(43.0%) - - 120/280
(43.0%) 8
Wendel
Garcia Europe (Switzerland,
France, Netherlands,
Spain)
No 97/639
(15.2%) 97/639
(15.2% 4/11
(36.4%) 20/54
(37.0%) 58/317
(59.8%) 7
Akhter Pakistan - 22/100
(22.0%) 19/33
(58.0%) - - - 6
Ayde Kuwait Yes 47/103
(45.6%) 47/103
(45.6%) 2/9
(22%) 19/28
(67.9%) 47/79
(59.5) 7
Bastug Turkey Yes 20/191
(10.5%) 20/46
(43.5%) - - - 8
Ñamendys-
Silva Mexico Yes 85/164
(51.8%) 85/164
(51.8%) - 13/24
(54.1%) 85/164
(51.8%) 8
Peñuelas Spain Yes 335/868
(38.6%) 335/868
(38.6%) - - - 8
Cheng China Yes 133/168
(79.2%) 133/168
(79.2%) 53/74
(71.6) - - 7
Serrano-
Martinez Spain No - 0/59
(33.9%) - - 23/49
(46.7%) 7
Kim United
States Yes 420/2491
(17.0%) 299/798
(12.0%) - - 246/462
(53.0%) 8
Chew Sweden No 361/1563
(23.1%) 361/1563
(23.1%) - 121/271
(44.6%) 368/1222
(30.1%) 6
Magunia Germany Yes 403/1186
(34.0%) 403/1146
(34.0%) - - 217/495
(43.8%) 8
Bhargava United
States Yes 122/419
(29.1%) 75/101
(74.3%) - 16/21
(76.0%) - 7
Chew (e) Sweden Yes 361/1563
(23.0%) 361/1563
(23.0%) - - - 7
Thomson England No - 38/156
(24.0%) - - - 5
Chen China Yes - 181/228
(79.4%) 3/4
(75.0%) 37/39
(94.9%) 90/103
(87.4%) 7
Hernandez-
Romieu United
States Yes 56/430
(24.2%) 56/284
(24.2%) - - 63/175
(36.0%) 8
Rieg Germany Yes 51/213
(23.0%) 23/33
(47.0%) 14/23
(60.9%) 14/26
(53.8%) 29/57
(50.9%) 8
Chaudhary United
States Yes 80/120
(63.0%) 80/120
(63.0%) 3/6
(50.0%) 25/35
(71.4%) 4/12
(33.3%) 8
De Souza India Yes 156/689
(22.6%) 7/19
(36.8%) - - - 8
Rodríguez Spain Yes 660/2022
(32.6%) 660/2022
(32.6%) - - 458/1174
(39.0%) 8
Goshayeshi Iran Yes 353/1278
(27.6%) 70/151
(46.3%) - - - 8
Dosi Central India Yes 31/329
(9.42%) 31/83
(37.34%) - - - 8
Guglielmetti Italy No 100/218
(46.0%) 33/64
(51.6%) - - - 6
Rodrigo Brazil No 153/506
(30.2%) 135/300
(88.0%) - 7/9
(77.0%) 127/227
(56.0%) 5
Chew (b) Finland Yes 31/192
(16.0%) 31/192
(16.0%) - - - 7
5
Chew (a) Denmark Yes 118/383
(37.0%) 118/383
(33.0%) - - - 6
Haase Denmark No
(33.4%) (33.4%) -
(65.0%) - 6
ElAidaoui Morocco Yes NA 14/45
(31.1%) - - 11/14
(78%) 8
Yang Canada No 21/106
(19.8%) 21/106
(19.8%) - - 12/65
(18.5%) 5
Camporota England No 7/213
(34.0%) 7/213
(34.0%) - - 7/213
(34.0%) 6
Ferrando Spain Yes 203/663
(31.0%) 203/663
(31.0%) 9/15
(60.0%) 42/60
(70.0%) 182/494
(36.8%) 6
Ahlstrom Sweden No 346/1981
(18.0%) 346/1981
(18.0%) - - - 6
Estella Spain Yes 152/422
(36.5%) 152/422
(36.5%) - - 146/422
(34.6%) 8
Grasselli Italy No 1769/3988
(44.3%) 1769/3988
44.3%) 40/54
(62.5%) - 1514/2929
(51.7%) 7
Gadhiya United
States No 55/283
(19.4%) 42/89
(47.2%) 2/2
(100%) 13/16
(81.3%) 33/58
(56.9%) 6
Mekolo Cameroon Yes 91/282
(32.0%) 38/91
(42.0%) - - 5/6
(83.0%) 6
Zanella Italy No 126/1260
(33.8%) 426/1260
(33.8%) - - 272/707
(38.5%) 8
Rodriguez-
Gonzalez Spain No 268/1255
(21.4%) 52/126
(41.3%) 1/1
(100.0%) 1/1
(100.0%) 47/113
(41.6%) 6
Vahedi Iran Yes 77/133
(57.9%) 77/133
(57.9%) - - - 8
Roedl Germany Yes 78/223
(35.0%) 78/223
(35.0%) 13/20
(65.0%) 46/73
(63.0%) 74/167
(44.3%) 8
Cheng England Yes 594/1946
(30.5%) 211/98
(46.4%) - - - 6
Nasir Pakistan Yes 58/445
(13.0%) 40/68
(58.8%) - - 36/64
(56.3%) 8
Nachtigall Germany No 317/1904
(16.6%) 109/399
(27.0%) - - 77/250
(30.8%) 4
Bhargava United
States Yes 172/565
(43.8%) 106/140
(75.7%) - 18/24
(75.0%) - 8
Laake Norway Yes 40/217
(18.4%) 40/217
(18.4%) - 17/32
(53.1%) 38/187
(20.3%) 8
Ferrando-
Vivas England, Wales, Northern
Ireland
No 3933/9990
(39.4%) 3933/9990
(39.4%) - - - 6
Campanile Italy Yes 55/806
(7%) 55/806
(7%) - - - 8
Kayina India No 20/235
(8.5%) 20/235
(8.5%) - - - 6
AlMutair Saudi Arabia NA 614/1470
(41.8%) 614/1470
(41.8%) - - 51/71
(71.8%) 6
Altunal Turkey NA 33/143
(23.1%) 33/39
(84.6%) - - - 6
Burrell Australia No 30/204
(15.0%) 30/204
(15.0%) - 8/23
(32.0%) 26/119
(22.0%) 8
6
Chew (d) Norway Yes 46/224
(21.0%) 46/224
(21.0%) NA NA NA 7
Galindo Colombia Yes 85/377
(22.6%) 73/158
(46.2%) - - 73/153
(59.4%) 6
Khan
Chachar Pakistan Yes 37/445
(8.3%) 37/137
(27.0%) - 37/38
(97.37%) 37/40
(92.5%) 8
Roger France Yes 35/140
(18.0%) 35/140
(18.0%) 20/63
(31.7%) 67/136
(49.0%) 143/719
(19.9%) 8
Donamou Guinea Yes 35/140
(25%) 35/140
(25%) - - - 6
Alvarez-
Maldonado Mexico No 58/100
(58.0%) 58/100
(58.0%) - - - 6
Jalili Iran Yes 57/512
(11.1%) 56/125
(44.8) - - - 8
Alkaabi United Arab
Emirates No 196/1542
(12.7%) 196/1542
(12.7%) - - 167/519
(32.0%) 6
Nassar Egypt Yes 39/160
(24.4%) 39/160
(24.4%) 2/2
(100.0%) 10/14
(71.4%) 37/44
(84.0%) 8
Beatty Ireland Yes 677/4086
(16.6%) 105/521
(20.2%) - - - 8
Nachega Democratic Republic of the Congo
Yes 101/766
(14.3%) 86/191
(45.0%) - - - 7
Saha Bangladesh No - 95/168
(56.5%) - - - 8
De Souza Brazil Yes 66896/162045
(41.3%) 35634/57103
(62.4%) - - 28145/33916
(82.98%) 8 Ñamendys-
Silva Mexico Yes 8861/12018
(73.7%) 3647/5090
(71.7%) - - 8861/12018
(73.7%) 8
Alghamdi Saudi Arabia NA 36/171
(21.0%) 36/171
(21.0%) - - - 6
AlSulaiman Saudi Arabia Yes 265/560
(47.0%) 265/560
(47.0%) - - - 7
Barry Saudi Arabia Yes 17/605
(36.0%) 73/160
(45.6.0%) 1/1
(100.0%) - 64/75
(87.7%) 8
Patel United
Kingdom Yes 268/633
(43.3%) 268/633
(43.3%) - - 268/633
(43.3%) 8
Cueto-
Manzano Mexico No 386/1010
(38.2%) 123/217
(57.0%) - 49/59
(83.0%) 254/298
(85.0%) 6
Carboni
Bisso Argentina Yes 42/168
(27.4%) 42/168
(25.0%) 3/6
(50.0%) - - 8
Islam Bangladesh Yes 135/174
(77.6%) 135/174
(77.6%) - - - 6
Mehdi Iran Yes 295/2351
(12.5%) 147/228
(64.5%) - - - 8
Bergman Sweden No 2844/16083
(17.7%) 565/2494
(22.7%) - - - 8
Tyagi India No - 52/140
(37.1%) - - - 7
Cordova Argentina No 89/809
(11.0%) 52/142
(36.6%) - - 49/97
(50.5%) 8
Kurtz Brazil No 1814/13301
(14.0%) 1814/13301
(14.0%) - - 1042/1765
(59.0%) 6
Estenssoro Argentina Yes 1101/1909
(57.7%) 1101/1909
(57.7%) - 282/373
(25.6%) 1101/1909
(57.7%) 8
7
Zha Japan Yes 58/205
(28.3%) 58/205
(28.3%) 10/32
(31.3%) - - 8
Martinot France Yes 26/205
(12.7%) 10/31
(4.9%) - - - 8
Khamis Oman Yes 257/1002
(26.0%) 199/473
(42.0%) - - 201/413
(48.7%) 8
Verma India Yes 17/120
(14.2%) 17/120
(14.2%) - - - 8
Castro Brazil No 160495/
522167 (30.7%)
89264/
172473 (51.8%)
- - 66652/
75915 (41.5%)
7
Sharma Nepal Yes 79/94
(84.0% 79/94
(84.0%) - - 79/94
(84.0%) 8
Elhadi Libya Yes 281/465
(60.4%) 281/465
(60.4%) - - 48/54
(17.1%) 8
El-Hamshari Palestine Yes 41/334
(12.3%) 30/99
(30.3%) - - 13/16
(81.3%) 7
Khalid Saudi Arabia Yes 32/101
(31.7%) 32/101
(31.7%) - 14/18
(44.0%) 30/55
(54.5%) 8
Olanipekun United
States Yes 71/220
(32.3%) 71/220
(32.3%) - - 71/220
(32.3%) 4
Routsi Greece No 100/262
(38.0%) 100/262
(38.0%) - - - 6
Dennis United
Kingdom - - 5119/15526
(32.9%) - - - 5
Gonzalez Spain Yes 67/205
(32.7%) 67/205
(32.7%) - - 67/205
(32.7%) 8
Rosenberger Austria No 38/260
(14.6%) 7/13
(53.8%) - - - 3
Mayerhofer Austria Yes 158/508
(31.1%) 158/508
(31.1%) - - - 8
Corrêa Brazil Yes 170/1296
(13.6%) 170/1296
(13.6%) -
(55.0%) 76/151
(50.3%) - 7
Karagiannidis Germany Yes 9066/17023
(53.3%) 9066/17023
(53.3%) - - 3874/7234
(53.5%) 6
Umeh United
States Yes 195/1116
(81.9%) 195/1116
(81.9%) - - - 8
Carbonell Andorra, Ireland,
Spain
Yes 1234/3795
(32.5%) 1234/3795
(32.5%) - - 741/2486
(28.2%) 8
Taxbro Sweden No 43/264
(16.3%) 43/264
(16.3%) - - 25/204
(12.4%) 5
Doidge (a) England, Wales, &
Northern Ireland
NA 1068/2451
(43.6%) 1068/2451
(43.6%) - - - 8
Doidge (b) England, Wales, and
Northern Ireland
Yes 1900/4624
(41.4%) 1900/4624
(41.4%) - - - 7
Kerai India Yes 141/263
(53.6%) 141/263
(53.6%) - - - 8
Dongelmans Netherlands No 3377/12030
(28.1%) 3377/12030
(28.1%) - - - 8
8
Doidge (c) England, Wales, and
Northern Ireland
Yes 1227/3666
(33.6%) 1227/3666
(33.6%) - - - 8
Murthy Canada Yes 166/811
(20.5%) 86/328
(26.2%) 9/13
(69.2%) 23/49
(46.9%) 91/291
(31.2%) 8
9 Table S2: Results stratified by incomplete and complete follow-up data
Outcome
Meta-analysis Summary
Without Follow-up Data With Follow-up Data Heterogeneity Test Between Subgroups Rate (%) 95% CI Rate (%) 95% CI p-value In-Hospital Death 22.8 20.5, 25.2 27.9 24.4, 31.6 0.018
ICU Death 32.2 27.3, 37.2 41.2 37.2, 45.2 0.006 MV Death 44.0 31.6, 56.7 56.8 49.8, 63.8 0.082 RRT Death 59.2 47.8, 70.1 69.8 61.8, 77.2 0.087 ECMO Death 59.6 33.5, 83.7 55.9 42.7, 68.8 0.818
Table S3: Results stratified by enrollment end year Outcome
Meta-analysis Summary
2020 2021 Heterogeneity
Test Between Subgroups Rate (%) 95% CI Rate (%) 95% CI p-value In-Hospital Death 25.3 23.4, 27.3 31.4 24.5, 38.6 0.102
ICU Death 37.4 34.3, 40.5 36.6 29.8, 43.7 0.839 MV Death 52.7 47.5, 58.0 31.3 16.1, 48.9 0.023 RRT Death 66.7 60.1, 73.0 50.3 42.4, 58.2 0.003
ECMO Death 58.0 46.9, 68.9 - - -
Table S4: Results stratified by study quality rating Outcome
Meta-analysis Summary
Newcastle-Ottawa Scale – Quality Assessment
Good Poor Heterogeneity
Test Between Subgroups Rate (%) 95% CI Rate (%) 95% CI p-value In-Hospital Death 26.9 24.8, 29.1 25.5 20.2, 31.2 0.655
ICU Death 39.5 36.4, 42.5 33.0 27.7, 38.6 0.047
MV Death 54.1 47.6, 60.5 46.0 39.3, 52.8 0.092
RRT Death 65.4 58.2, 72.3 72.0 58.2, 84.3 0.580
ECMO Death 53.1 41.1, 65.0 74.0 47.7, 94.6 0.169
10 Table S5: Outcomes based on country
Country In-Hospital
Death ICU Death MV Death RRT Death ECMO Death
Argentina 29.6 (3.4, 67.3) 39.4 (19.5, 61.5) 57.4 (55.2, 59.5) 75.6 (71.0, 79.7) 50.0 (18.8, 81.2) Australia 14.7 (10.5, 20.2) 14.7 (10.5, 20.2) 21.8 (15.4, 30.1) 34.8 (18.8, 55.1)
Austria 25.0 (22.0, 28.2) 27.2 (23.3, 31.3) Bangladesh 77.6 (70.8, 83.1) 67.7 (62.6, 72.6)
Brazil 25.0 (18.3, 32.3) 34.8 (20.2, 51.0) 73.3 (66.1, 80.0) 52.0 (43.8, 60.1) Cameroon 32.3 (27.1, 37.9) 41.8 (32.2, 52.0) 83.3 (43.6, 97.0)
Canada 19.7 (17.3, 22.2) 19.9 (13.1, 27.6) 24.1 (15.9, 33.4) 44.6 (32.4, 57.1) 69.2 (42.4, 87.3) China 15.9 (06.7, 28.0) 34.3 (25.1, 44.0) 73.8 (52.3, 90.9) 78.9 (28.8, 100.0) 72.3 (45.3, 93.8) Colombia 22.5 (18.6, 27.0) 46.2 (38.6, 54.0) 59.3 (50.5, 67.6)
Democratic
Republic of Congo 13.2 (11.0, 15.8) 45.0 (38.1, 52.1)
Denmark 31.8 (25.6, 38.4) 36.9 (28.9, 45.2) 63.0 (44.2, 78.5) 65.5 (54.8, 74.8)
Egypt 24.4 (18.4, 31.6) 24.4 (18.4, 31.6) 84.1 (70.6, 92.1) 71.4 (45.4, 88.3) 100.0 (34.2, 100.0) Finland 16.1 (11.6, 22.0) 13.0 (9.0, 18.5)
France 16.1 (12.5, 20.1) 19.5 (13.6, 26.1) 19.9 (17.1, 23.0) 49.3 (41.0, 57.6) 31.7 (21.6, 44.0) Germany 32.0 (15.3, 51.5) 39.0 (26.8, 52.0) 44.4 (35.5, 53.5) 60.7 (50.7, 70.3) 62.8 (47.5, 77.0) Greece 38.2 (32.5, 44.2) 38.2 (32.5, 44.2)
Guinea 25.0 (18.6, 32.8) 25.0 (18.6, 32.8) India 20.0 (07.9, 35.8) 29.6 (13.3, 49.0)
Iran 20.7 (12.6, 30.2) 54.2 (46.9, 61.4) 1.00.0 (34.2, 100.0) Ireland 16.6 (15.5, 17.7) 20.2 (16.9, 23.8)
Italy 31.8 (19.7, 45.3) 45.4 (28.1, 63.4) 44.4 (35.1, 54.0) 74.1 (61.1, 83.9)
Japan 28.3 (22.6, 34.8) 28.3 (22.6, 34.8) 31.3 (18.0, 48.6)
Kuwait 45.6 (36.3, 55.2) 45.6 (36.3, 55.2) 59.5 (48.5, 69.6) 67.9 (49.3, 82.1) 22.2 (6.3, 54.7) Libya 60.4 (55.9, 64.8) 60.4 (55.9, 64.8) 88.9 (77.8, 94.8)
Mexico 48.6 (20.4, 77.2) 60.2 (51.1, 69.0) 66.5 (51.8, 79.6) 75.8 (65.7, 84.6)
Morocco 31.1 (19.5, 45.7) 78.6 (52.4, 92.4)
Nepal 60.8 (52.2, 68.7) 84.0 (75.3, 90.1) 84.0 (75.3, 90.1) Netherlands 29.3 (25.9, 32.8) 29.6 (23.3, 36.3)
Norway 19.5 (15.9, 23.3) 18.1 (14.7, 21.9) 20.3 (15.2, 26.7) 53.1 (36.4, 69.1) Oman 25.6 (23.0, 28.4) 42.1 (37.7, 46.6) 48.7 (43.9, 53.5)
Pakistan 13.3 (7.7, 20.1) 46.8 (23.9, 70.5) 72.3 (63.2, 80.7) 97.4 (86.5, 99.5) Palestine 12.3 (09.2, 16.2) 30.3 (22.1, 40.0) 81.3 (57.0, 93.4)
Qatar 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) 11.1 (6.5, 18.4) 13.2 (7.7, 21.6)
Saudi Arabia 22.3 (7.4, 42.2) 30.4 (22.3, 39.2) 62.7 (46.4, 77.6) 77.8 (54.8, 91.0) 80.5 (65.6, 92.8) South Korea 42.7 (33.9, 52.1) 42.7 (33.9, 52.1) 45.6 (35.0, 56.5) 66.7 (45.4, 82.8) 42.1 (23.1, 63.7) Spain 30.1 (26.3, 34.1) 36.2 (32.9, 39.7) 38.8 (35.9, 41.8) 73.4 (64.5, 81.7) 61.2 (39.6, 81.3) Sweden 20.0 (17.5, 22.6) 20.0 (17.0, 23.1) 27.2 (24.9, 29.6) 44.6 (38.8, 50.6)
Turkey 26.3 (7.8, 50.7) 52.5 (31.7, 73.0) 75.8 (63.8, 84.8)
United States 30.2 (25.0, 35.6) 49.0 (41.1, 56.9) 49.8 (39.8, 59.8) 70.1 (64.7, 75.2) 46.0 (1.8, 94.3) United Arab Emirates 12.7 (11.1, 14.5) 12.7 (11.1, 14.5) 32.2 (28.3, 36.3)
United Kingdom 33.3 (27.5, 39.4) 34.3 (30.8, 38.0) 29.7 (26.7, 32.9)
11 Figure S1: Meta-analysis of ICU related mortality
Overall (I^2 = 99.553%, p = 0.000) Chaudhary et al., May 2020 Azoulay et al., Apr 2020
Bhargava et al., Jun 2020
Burrell et al., Jun 2020
Karagiannidis et al., Feb 2021 Chew et al., May 2020
Beatty et al., Jul 2020 Gayam et al., Apr 2020 Mukherjee et al., Apr 2020
Routsi et al., Jan 2021 Dennis et al., Jan 2021 Richards-Belle et al., Mar 2020
Estenssoro et al., Oct 2020 Campanile et al., Jun 2020 Guglielmetti et al., May 2020
Verma et al., Dec 2020 deSouza et al., May 2020
Alkaabi et al., Jul 2020 Akhter et al., Apr 2020
Umeh et al., Mar 2021 Omrani et al., Apr 2020 Kocayigit et al., Apr 2020
Galindo et al., Jun 2020 Zhang et al., Feb 2020
Elhadi et al., Dec 2020 Camporota et al., May 2020 Lei et al., Feb 2020
Cedano et al., Apr 2020 Study
Rodríguez et al., May 2020 Liu et al., Feb 2020
Laake et al., Jun 2020 Cheng et al., Jun 2020
Patel et al., Aug 2020 Janz et al., Apr 2020
Tyagi et al., Oct 2020 Wang et al., Feb 2020
El-Jawahri et al., Apr 2020 Guo et al., Feb 2020
Grasselli et al., Mar 2020
Larsson et al., Apr 2020 Bonnet et al., Apr 2020 Capone et al., Apr 2020 Michela et al., Apr 2020 Chen et al., Mar 2020
Khan et al., Mar 2020
Filardo et al., Apr 2020
Chew (a) et al., May 2020 Cummings et al., Apr 2020
Murthy et al., Jul 2020 Chand et al., Apr 2020
Rieg et al., May 2020 Ñamendys-Silva et al., Apr 2020
AlSulaiman et al., Aug 2020 Docherty et al., Apr 2020
Chew (e) et al., May 2020
Cordova et al., Oct 2020 Kaeuffer et al., Mar 2020
Kim et al., May 2020
Roedl et al., Jun 2020 Haase et al., May 2020 Dosi et al., May 2020 Fleuren et al., Mar 2020
Thomson et al., May 2020
Kayina et al., Jun 2020
Alghamdi et al., Aug 2020 Ayde et al., Apr 2020
Mehdi et al., Sep 2020 Vahedi et al., Jun 2020 Ferrando et al., May 2020 Chew (b) et al., May 2020 Suleyman et al., Mar 2020
Doidge et al., Jul 2021 Peñuelas et al., Apr 2020 Alharthy et al., Mar 2020
Doidge et al., Apr 2021 Feng et al., Feb 2020
ElAidaoui et al., May 2020
Zanella et al., May 2020
El-Hamshari et al., Dec 2020 Shahriarirad et al., Mar 2020
Carrilo-Vega et al., Apr 2020
Estella et al., May 2020 Yang et al., May 2020 Oliveira et al., Mar 2020
Carbonell et al., Mar 2021
Kerai et al., Apr 2021 Wendel Garcia et al., Apr 2020
Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al., Jun 2020 Argenziano et al., Apr 2020
Nachtigall et al., Jun 2020
Kurtz et al., Oct 2020 Bhsrgsvs et al., May 2020 Feng et al., Feb 2020
Zha et al., Nov 2020 Berenguer et al., Mar 2020
DeSouza et al., Aug 2020 Temel et al., Apr 2020
Ferrando-Vivas et al., Jun 2020 Boscolo et al., Apr 2020
Taxbro et al., Mar 2021 Altunal et al., Jun 2020
Donamou et al., Jul 2020 Mitra et al., Apr 2020
Alser et al., Apr 2020
Mekolo et al., May 2020 Cao et al., Feb 2020
Bastug et al., Apr 2020
Sharma et al., Dec 2020 Chew (d) et al., Jun 2020
Khamis et al., Dec 2020 Khan Chachar et al., Jun 2020 Goshayeshi et al., May 2020
Saha et al., Aug 2020 Israelsen et al., Apr 2020
Magunia et al., May 2020
Ñamendys-Silva et al., Aug 2020 Barry et al., Aug 2020 Ahlstrom et al., May 2020
Roger et al., Jul 2020
Cueto-Manzano et al., Sep 2020 Carboni Bisso et al., Sep 2020
Gonzalez et al., Feb 2021 Chen et al., Apr 2020
Hernandez-Romieu et al., May 2020
Islam et al., Sep 2020 Serrano-Martinez et al., May 2020
Olanipekun et al., Dec 2020 Cheng et al., May 2020 Yang et al., Feb 2020
AlMutair et al., Jun 2020
Rosenberger et al., Feb 2021 Nassar et al., Jul 2020
Castro et al., Dec 2020 Jalili et al., Jul 2020 Rodrigo et al., May 2020
Doidge et al., Mar 2021 Gadhiya et al., May 2020 Kim et al., Apr 2020
Alvarez-Maldonado et al., Jul 2020 Huang et al., Feb 2020
Corrêa et al., Feb 2021 Khalid et al., Dec 2020 Wang et al., Feb 2020
Guisado-Vasco et al., Apr 2020
Mayerhofer et al., Feb 2021 Nasir et al., Jun 2020
Nachega et al., Jul 2020 Bidari et al., Apr 2020 Martinot et al., Mar 2020
Bergman et al., Sep 2020
Martinot et al., Nov 2020
Dongelmans et al., Jul 2021 Chen et al., May 2020 Turcotte et al., Apr 2020
Grasselli et al., May 2020
80 97
106
30
9066 361
105 78 82
100 5119 90
1088 55 33
17 7
196 19
195 12 52
73 9
281 7 1
92 deaths
660 157
40 98
268 71
52 133
74 329
405
60 74 61 203 50
12
72
108 101
86 106
33 85
265 958
361
52 26
299
78 108 31 332
38
20
21 47
147 77 203 25 57
1227 335 113
1911 20
14
426
30 5
294
144 18 26
1166
141 97
52 103
109
1446 75 29
58 312
35634 16
3867 120
26 33
35 18
58
38 6
20
79 40
199 37 70
95 16
403
3647 73 346
173
123 42
67 45
56
135 20
71 133 14
459
7 39
89264 56 135
1068 42 47
58 0
170 32 0
24
139 40
86 107 44
565
10
2916 181 17
1769 Total ICU Number of
128 376
140
204
17023 1563
521 117 137
262 15526 200
1909 806 64
120 19
1542 33
238 108 103
158 44
465 213 36
132 patients
2022 349
217 211
633 147
140 344
178 733
1581
260 475 102 553 192
77
135
323 257
328 300
70 164
560 3001
1563
142 335
798
223 323 83 1152
156
235
171 103
228 133 663 192 141
3666 868 352
4624 29
45
1260
99 11
486
422 106 131
3795
263 639
126 236
399
13301 101 70
205 736
57103 53
9990 120
264 39
140 117
235
91 18
46
94 224
473 137 151
168 27
1186
5090 160 1981
966
217 168
205 135
284
174 59
220 268 29
1470
13 160
172473 125 300
2450 89 110
100 11
1296 101 29
49
508 68
191 186 153
2494
31
12030 228 36
3988 of ICU Number
0.373 (0.346, 0.401) 0.625 (0.539, 0.704) 0.258 (0.216, 0.304)
0.757 (0.680, 0.821)
0.147 (0.105, 0.202)
0.533 (0.525, 0.540) 0.231 (0.211, 0.253)
0.202 (0.169, 0.238) 0.667 (0.577, 0.746) 0.599 (0.515, 0.677)
0.382 (0.325, 0.442) 0.330 (0.322, 0.337) 0.450 (0.383, 0.519)
0.570 (0.548, 0.592) 0.068 (0.053, 0.088) 0.516 (0.396, 0.634)
0.142 (0.090, 0.215) 0.368 (0.191, 0.590)
0.127 (0.111, 0.145) 0.576 (0.408, 0.728)
0.819 (0.766, 0.863) 0.111 (0.065, 0.184) 0.505 (0.410, 0.599)
0.462 (0.386, 0.540) 0.205 (0.112, 0.345)
0.604 (0.559, 0.648) 0.033 (0.016, 0.066) 0.028 (0.005, 0.142)
0.697 (0.614, 0.769) ES (95% CI)
0.326 (0.306, 0.347) 0.450 (0.398, 0.502)
0.184 (0.138, 0.241) 0.464 (0.398, 0.532)
0.423 (0.385, 0.462) 0.483 (0.404, 0.563)
0.371 (0.296, 0.454) 0.387 (0.337, 0.439)
0.416 (0.346, 0.489) 0.449 (0.413, 0.485)
0.256 (0.235, 0.278)
0.231 (0.184, 0.286) 0.156 (0.126, 0.191) 0.598 (0.501, 0.688) 0.367 (0.328, 0.408) 0.260 (0.203, 0.327)
0.156 (0.091, 0.253)
0.533 (0.449, 0.615)
0.334 (0.285, 0.387) 0.393 (0.335, 0.454)
0.262 (0.218, 0.312) 0.353 (0.301, 0.409)
0.471 (0.359, 0.587) 0.518 (0.442, 0.593)
0.473 (0.432, 0.515) 0.319 (0.303, 0.336)
0.231 (0.211, 0.253)
0.366 (0.291, 0.448) 0.078 (0.054, 0.111)
0.375 (0.342, 0.409)
0.350 (0.290, 0.414) 0.334 (0.285, 0.387) 0.373 (0.277, 0.481) 0.288 (0.263, 0.315)
0.244 (0.183, 0.317)
0.085 (0.056, 0.128)
0.123 (0.082, 0.180) 0.456 (0.363, 0.552)
0.645 (0.581, 0.704) 0.579 (0.494, 0.659) 0.306 (0.272, 0.342) 0.130 (0.090, 0.185) 0.404 (0.327, 0.487)
0.335 (0.320, 0.350) 0.386 (0.354, 0.419) 0.321 (0.274, 0.372)
0.413 (0.399, 0.428) 0.690 (0.508, 0.827)
0.311 (0.195, 0.457)
0.338 (0.313, 0.365)
0.303 (0.221, 0.400) 0.455 (0.213, 0.720)
0.605 (0.561, 0.647)
0.341 (0.298, 0.388) 0.170 (0.110, 0.253) 0.198 (0.139, 0.275)
0.307 (0.293, 0.322)
0.536 (0.476, 0.595) 0.152 (0.126, 0.182)
0.413 (0.331, 0.500) 0.436 (0.375, 0.500)
0.273 (0.232, 0.319)
0.109 (0.104, 0.114) 0.743 (0.650, 0.818) 0.414 (0.306, 0.531)
0.283 (0.226, 0.348) 0.424 (0.389, 0.460)
0.624 (0.620, 0.628) 0.302 (0.195, 0.435)
0.387 (0.378, 0.397) 1.000 (0.969, 1.000)
0.098 (0.068, 0.140) 0.846 (0.703, 0.928)
0.250 (0.186, 0.328) 0.154 (0.100, 0.230)
0.247 (0.196, 0.306)
0.418 (0.322, 0.520) 0.333 (0.163, 0.563)
0.435 (0.302, 0.578)
0.840 (0.753, 0.901) 0.179 (0.134, 0.234)
0.421 (0.377, 0.466) 0.270 (0.203, 0.350) 0.464 (0.386, 0.543)
0.565 (0.490, 0.638) 0.593 (0.407, 0.755)
0.340 (0.313, 0.367)
0.717 (0.704, 0.729) 0.456 (0.381, 0.534) 0.175 (0.159, 0.192)
0.179 (0.156, 0.205)
0.567 (0.500, 0.631) 0.250 (0.191, 0.321)
0.327 (0.266, 0.394) 0.333 (0.259, 0.416)
0.197 (0.155, 0.247)
0.776 (0.708, 0.831) 0.339 (0.231, 0.466)
0.323 (0.264, 0.387) 0.496 (0.437, 0.556) 0.483 (0.314, 0.656)
0.312 (0.289, 0.336)
0.538 (0.291, 0.768) 0.244 (0.184, 0.316)
0.518 (0.515, 0.520) 0.448 (0.364, 0.535) 0.450 (0.395, 0.507)
0.436 (0.416, 0.456) 0.472 (0.372, 0.575) 0.427 (0.339, 0.521)
0.580 (0.482, 0.672) 0.000 (0.000, 0.259)
0.131 (0.114, 0.151) 0.317 (0.234, 0.413) 0.000 (0.000, 0.117)
0.490 (0.356, 0.625)
0.274 (0.237, 0.314) 0.588 (0.470, 0.697)
0.450 (0.381, 0.521) 0.575 (0.503, 0.644) 0.288 (0.222, 0.364)
0.227 (0.211, 0.243)
0.323 (0.186, 0.499)
0.242 (0.235, 0.250) 0.794 (0.737, 0.841) 0.472 (0.320, 0.630)
0.444 (0.428, 0.459)
100.00 0.65 0.67
0.65
0.66
0.69 0.68
0.68 0.64 0.65
0.67 0.69 0.66
0.68 0.68 0.61
0.64 0.48
0.68 0.55
0.66 0.64 0.64
0.65 0.58
0.68 0.66 0.56
0.65 Weight
0.68 0.67
0.66 0.66
0.68 0.65
0.65 0.67
0.66 0.68
0.68
0.67 0.68 0.64 0.68 0.66
0.62
0.65
0.67 0.67
0.67 0.67
0.62 0.65
0.68 0.69
0.68
0.65 0.67
0.68
0.66 0.67 0.63 0.68
0.65
0.66
0.66 0.64
0.66 0.65 0.68 0.66 0.65
0.69 0.68 0.67
0.69 0.54
0.58
0.68
0.63 0.40
0.68
0.67 0.64 0.65
0.69
0.67 0.68
0.65 0.66
0.67
0.69 0.64 0.62
0.66 0.68
0.69 0.60
0.69 0.64
0.67 0.57
0.65 0.64
0.66
0.63 0.48
0.58
0.63 0.66
0.68 0.65 0.65
0.65 0.53
0.68
0.69 0.65 0.68
0.68
0.66 0.65
0.66 0.65
0.67
0.66 0.60
0.66 0.67 0.54
0.68
0.43 0.65
0.69 0.64 0.67
0.68 0.63 0.64
0.63 0.40
0.68 0.64 0.54
0.59
0.68 0.61
0.66 0.66 0.65
0.68
0.54
0.69 0.66 0.56
0.69
%
0.373 (0.346, 0.401) 0.625 (0.539, 0.704) 0.258 (0.216, 0.304)
0.757 (0.680, 0.821)
0.147 (0.105, 0.202)
0.533 (0.525, 0.540) 0.231 (0.211, 0.253)
0.202 (0.169, 0.238) 0.667 (0.577, 0.746) 0.599 (0.515, 0.677)
0.382 (0.325, 0.442) 0.330 (0.322, 0.337) 0.450 (0.383, 0.519)
0.570 (0.548, 0.592) 0.068 (0.053, 0.088) 0.516 (0.396, 0.634)
0.142 (0.090, 0.215) 0.368 (0.191, 0.590)
0.127 (0.111, 0.145) 0.576 (0.408, 0.728)
0.819 (0.766, 0.863) 0.111 (0.065, 0.184) 0.505 (0.410, 0.599)
0.462 (0.386, 0.540) 0.205 (0.112, 0.345)
0.604 (0.559, 0.648) 0.033 (0.016, 0.066) 0.028 (0.005, 0.142)
0.697 (0.614, 0.769) ES (95% CI)
0.326 (0.306, 0.347) 0.450 (0.398, 0.502)
0.184 (0.138, 0.241) 0.464 (0.398, 0.532)
0.423 (0.385, 0.462) 0.483 (0.404, 0.563)
0.371 (0.296, 0.454) 0.387 (0.337, 0.439)
0.416 (0.346, 0.489) 0.449 (0.413, 0.485)
0.256 (0.235, 0.278)
0.231 (0.184, 0.286) 0.156 (0.126, 0.191) 0.598 (0.501, 0.688) 0.367 (0.328, 0.408) 0.260 (0.203, 0.327)
0.156 (0.091, 0.253)
0.533 (0.449, 0.615)
0.334 (0.285, 0.387) 0.393 (0.335, 0.454)
0.262 (0.218, 0.312) 0.353 (0.301, 0.409)
0.471 (0.359, 0.587) 0.518 (0.442, 0.593)
0.473 (0.432, 0.515) 0.319 (0.303, 0.336)
0.231 (0.211, 0.253)
0.366 (0.291, 0.448) 0.078 (0.054, 0.111)
0.375 (0.342, 0.409)
0.350 (0.290, 0.414) 0.334 (0.285, 0.387) 0.373 (0.277, 0.481) 0.288 (0.263, 0.315)
0.244 (0.183, 0.317)
0.085 (0.056, 0.128)
0.123 (0.082, 0.180) 0.456 (0.363, 0.552)
0.645 (0.581, 0.704) 0.579 (0.494, 0.659) 0.306 (0.272, 0.342) 0.130 (0.090, 0.185) 0.404 (0.327, 0.487)
0.335 (0.320, 0.350) 0.386 (0.354, 0.419) 0.321 (0.274, 0.372)
0.413 (0.399, 0.428) 0.690 (0.508, 0.827)
0.311 (0.195, 0.457)
0.338 (0.313, 0.365)
0.303 (0.221, 0.400) 0.455 (0.213, 0.720)
0.605 (0.561, 0.647)
0.341 (0.298, 0.388) 0.170 (0.110, 0.253) 0.198 (0.139, 0.275)
0.307 (0.293, 0.322)
0.536 (0.476, 0.595) 0.152 (0.126, 0.182)
0.413 (0.331, 0.500) 0.436 (0.375, 0.500)
0.273 (0.232, 0.319)
0.109 (0.104, 0.114) 0.743 (0.650, 0.818) 0.414 (0.306, 0.531)
0.283 (0.226, 0.348) 0.424 (0.389, 0.460)
0.624 (0.620, 0.628) 0.302 (0.195, 0.435)
0.387 (0.378, 0.397) 1.000 (0.969, 1.000)
0.098 (0.068, 0.140) 0.846 (0.703, 0.928)
0.250 (0.186, 0.328) 0.154 (0.100, 0.230)
0.247 (0.196, 0.306)
0.418 (0.322, 0.520) 0.333 (0.163, 0.563)
0.435 (0.302, 0.578)
0.840 (0.753, 0.901) 0.179 (0.134, 0.234)
0.421 (0.377, 0.466) 0.270 (0.203, 0.350) 0.464 (0.386, 0.543)
0.565 (0.490, 0.638) 0.593 (0.407, 0.755)
0.340 (0.313, 0.367)
0.717 (0.704, 0.729) 0.456 (0.381, 0.534) 0.175 (0.159, 0.192)
0.179 (0.156, 0.205)
0.567 (0.500, 0.631) 0.250 (0.191, 0.321)
0.327 (0.266, 0.394) 0.333 (0.259, 0.416)
0.197 (0.155, 0.247)
0.776 (0.708, 0.831) 0.339 (0.231, 0.466)
0.323 (0.264, 0.387) 0.496 (0.437, 0.556) 0.483 (0.314, 0.656)
0.312 (0.289, 0.336)
0.538 (0.291, 0.768) 0.244 (0.184, 0.316)
0.518 (0.515, 0.520) 0.448 (0.364, 0.535) 0.450 (0.395, 0.507)
0.436 (0.416, 0.456) 0.472 (0.372, 0.575) 0.427 (0.339, 0.521)
0.580 (0.482, 0.672) 0.000 (0.000, 0.259)
0.131 (0.114, 0.151) 0.317 (0.234, 0.413) 0.000 (0.000, 0.117)
0.490 (0.356, 0.625)
0.274 (0.237, 0.314) 0.588 (0.470, 0.697)
0.450 (0.381, 0.521) 0.575 (0.503, 0.644) 0.288 (0.222, 0.364)
0.227 (0.211, 0.243)
0.323 (0.186, 0.499)
0.242 (0.235, 0.250) 0.794 (0.737, 0.841) 0.472 (0.320, 0.630)
0.444 (0.428, 0.459)
100.00 0.65 0.67
0.65
0.66
0.69 0.68
0.68 0.64 0.65
0.67 0.69 0.66
0.68 0.68 0.61
0.64 0.48
0.68 0.55
0.66 0.64 0.64
0.65 0.58
0.68 0.66 0.56
0.65 Weight
0.68 0.67
0.66 0.66
0.68 0.65
0.65 0.67
0.66 0.68
0.68
0.67 0.68 0.64 0.68 0.66
0.62
0.65
0.67 0.67
0.67 0.67
0.62 0.65
0.68 0.69
0.68
0.65 0.67
0.68
0.66 0.67 0.63 0.68
0.65
0.66
0.66 0.64
0.66 0.65 0.68 0.66 0.65
0.69 0.68 0.67
0.69 0.54
0.58
0.68
0.63 0.40
0.68
0.67 0.64 0.65
0.69
0.67 0.68
0.65 0.66
0.67
0.69 0.64 0.62
0.66 0.68
0.69 0.60
0.69 0.64
0.67 0.57
0.65 0.64
0.66
0.63 0.48
0.58
0.63 0.66
0.68 0.65 0.65
0.65 0.53
0.68
0.69 0.65 0.68
0.68
0.66 0.65
0.66 0.65
0.67
0.66 0.60
0.66 0.67 0.54
0.68
0.43 0.65
0.69 0.64 0.67
0.68 0.63 0.64
0.63 0.40
0.68 0.64 0.54
0.59
0.68 0.61
0.66 0.66 0.65
0.68
0.54
0.69 0.66 0.56
0.69
%
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Proportion
12 Figure S2: Meta-analysis of mechanical ventilation related mortality
Overall (I^2 = 99.676%, p = 0.000) Feng et al., Feb 2020
Galindo et al., Jun 2020 Liu et al., Feb 2020
Sharma et al., Dec 2020 Murthy et al., Jul 2020 Zanella et al., May 2020 Yang et al., May 2020
Nachtigall et al., Jun 2020 Ferrando et al., May 2020
Cordova et al., Oct 2020 Israelsen et al., Apr 2020
Elhadi et al., Dec 2020 Kocayigit et al., Apr 2020 Zhou et al., Apr 2020
Cueto-Manzano et al., Sep 2020 Burrell et al., Jun 2020 Study
Mekolo et al., May 2020 Boscolo et al., Apr 2020 Kim et al., Apr 2020
Ayde et al., Apr 2020 Wendel Garcia et al., Apr 2020 Argenziano et al., Apr 2020
Kim et al., May 2020
Rodríguez et al., May 2020 Chew et al., May 2020 El-Jawahri et al., Apr 2020
Roger et al., Jul 2020 Mitra et al., Apr 2020 Oliveira et al., Mar 2020
Gonzalez et al., Feb 2021 Gadhiya et al., May 2020
Karagiannidis et al., Feb 2021 Filardo et al., Apr 2020
ElAidaoui et al., May 2020
Patel et al., Aug 2020 Camporota et al., May 2020 Gayam et al., Apr 2020
DeSouza et al., Aug 2020 Magunia et al., May 2020 Serrano-Martinez et al., May 2020
Laake et al., Jun 2020 Roedl et al., Jun 2020
Alkaabi et al., Jul 2020 Hernandez-Romieu et al., May 2020
Nassar et al., Jul 2020 Wang et al., Feb 2020
Khan Chachar et al., Jun 2020 Grasselli et al., May 2020 Cummings et al., Apr 2020
Peñuelas et al., Apr 2020
Taxbro et al., Mar 2021 Ñamendys-Silva et al., Apr 2020 Wang et al., Feb 2020 Berenguer et al., Mar 2020
Carbonell et al., Mar 2021 Estella et al., May 2020
Barry et al., Aug 2020 Ñamendys-Silva et al., Aug 2020 Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al., Jun 2020
Kurtz et al., Oct 2020
El-Hamshari et al., Dec 2020 Olanipekun et al., Dec 2020 Castro et al., Dec 2020 Nasir et al., Jun 2020
AlMutair et al., Jun 2020
Estenssoro et al., Oct 2020
Khalid et al., Dec 2020 Omrani et al., Apr 2020
Chaudhary et al., May 2020 Shahriarirad et al., Mar 2020
Chen et al., May 2020 Carrilo-Vega et al., Apr 2020 Cao et al., Feb 2020
Rodrigo et al., May 2020
Khamis et al., Dec 2020 Rieg et al., May 2020 Alharthy et al., Mar 2020
18
73 36
79 91 272 12
77 182
49 among MV
17
48 Number
47 56
254 26 patients
5 120 36
4758 111
246
458 368 73
143 15 of deaths
26
67 33
3874 67
11
268 7 92
28145 217 23
38 74
167 63
37 0
37 1514 151
335
25 85 97 283
741 146
64 8861 47
1042
13 71 66652 36
508
1101
30 12
4 2
90 234 12
127
201 29 86
22
123 42
94 291 707 65
250 494
97 patients who
27
54 62 97
298 119 received MV
6 280 79
79317 233
462
1174 1222 150
719 74 Number of
109
205 58
7235 121
14
633 213 117
33916 495 49
187 167
519 175
44 11
40 2929 203
868
204 164 100 619
2486 422
75 12018 113
1765
16 220 75915 64
778
1909
55 91
12 2
103 460 14
227
413 57 200
0.516 (0.461, 0.570) 0.818 (0.615, 0.927)
0.593 (0.505, 0.676) 0.857 (0.722, 0.933)
0.840 (0.753, 0.901) 0.313 (0.262, 0.368) 0.385 (0.350, 0.421) 0.185 (0.109, 0.296)
0.308 (0.254, 0.368) 0.368 (0.327, 0.412)
0.505 (0.407, 0.603) 0.630 (0.442, 0.785)
0.889 (0.778, 0.948) 0.758 (0.638, 0.848) 0.577 (0.478, 0.671)
0.852 (0.808, 0.888) 0.218 (0.154, 0.301) ES (95% CI)
0.833 (0.436, 0.970) 0.429 (0.372, 0.487) 0.456 (0.350, 0.565)
0.595 (0.485, 0.696) 0.183 (0.144, 0.229) 0.476 (0.413, 0.540)
0.532 (0.487, 0.578)
0.390 (0.363, 0.418) 0.301 (0.276, 0.327) 0.487 (0.408, 0.566)
0.199 (0.171, 0.230) 0.203 (0.127, 0.308) 0.239 (0.168, 0.327)
0.327 (0.266, 0.394) 0.569 (0.441, 0.688)
0.535 (0.524, 0.547) 0.554 (0.465, 0.639)
0.786 (0.524, 0.924)
0.423 (0.385, 0.462) 0.033 (0.016, 0.066) 0.786 (0.704, 0.851)
0.830 (0.826, 0.834) 0.438 (0.395, 0.482) 0.469 (0.337, 0.606)
0.203 (0.152, 0.267) 0.443 (0.370, 0.519)
0.322 (0.283, 0.363) 0.360 (0.293, 0.433)
0.841 (0.706, 0.921) 0.000 (0.000, 0.259)
0.925 (0.801, 0.974) 0.517 (0.499, 0.535) 0.744 (0.680, 0.799)
0.386 (0.354, 0.419)
0.123 (0.084, 0.175) 0.518 (0.442, 0.593) 0.970 (0.915, 0.990) 0.457 (0.418, 0.497)
0.298 (0.280, 0.316) 0.346 (0.302, 0.393)
0.853 (0.756, 0.916) 0.737 (0.729, 0.745) 0.416 (0.329, 0.508)
0.590 (0.567, 0.613)
0.813 (0.570, 0.934) 0.323 (0.264, 0.387) 0.878 (0.876, 0.880) 0.563 (0.441, 0.677)
0.653 (0.619, 0.686)
0.577 (0.554, 0.599)
0.545 (0.415, 0.670) 0.132 (0.077, 0.216)
0.333 (0.138, 0.609) 1.000 (0.342, 1.000)
0.874 (0.796, 0.925) 0.509 (0.463, 0.554) 0.857 (0.601, 0.960)
0.559 (0.494, 0.623)
0.487 (0.439, 0.535) 0.509 (0.383, 0.634) 0.430 (0.363, 0.499)
100.00 1.15
1.33 1.25
1.32 1.36 1.38 1.29
1.36 1.37
1.32
%
1.18
1.28 1.29 1.32
1.36 1.33 Weight
0.81 1.36 1.31
1.31 1.36 1.36
1.37
1.38 1.38 1.34
1.38 1.30 1.33
1.35 1.28
1.38 1.33
1.05
1.37 1.35 1.33
1.38 1.37 1.27
1.35 1.35
1.37 1.35
1.25 0.99
1.24 1.38 1.35
1.38
1.35 1.35 1.32 1.37
1.38 1.37
1.30 1.38 1.33
1.38
1.08 1.36 1.38 1.29
1.38
1.38
1.28 1.32
1.01 0.49
1.33 1.37 1.05
1.36
1.37 1.28 1.35
0.516 (0.461, 0.570) 0.818 (0.615, 0.927)
0.593 (0.505, 0.676) 0.857 (0.722, 0.933)
0.840 (0.753, 0.901) 0.313 (0.262, 0.368) 0.385 (0.350, 0.421) 0.185 (0.109, 0.296)
0.308 (0.254, 0.368) 0.368 (0.327, 0.412)
0.505 (0.407, 0.603) 0.630 (0.442, 0.785)
0.889 (0.778, 0.948) 0.758 (0.638, 0.848) 0.577 (0.478, 0.671)
0.852 (0.808, 0.888) 0.218 (0.154, 0.301) ES (95% CI)
0.833 (0.436, 0.970) 0.429 (0.372, 0.487) 0.456 (0.350, 0.565)
0.595 (0.485, 0.696) 0.183 (0.144, 0.229) 0.476 (0.413, 0.540)
0.532 (0.487, 0.578)
0.390 (0.363, 0.418) 0.301 (0.276, 0.327) 0.487 (0.408, 0.566)
0.199 (0.171, 0.230) 0.203 (0.127, 0.308) 0.239 (0.168, 0.327)
0.327 (0.266, 0.394) 0.569 (0.441, 0.688)
0.535 (0.524, 0.547) 0.554 (0.465, 0.639)
0.786 (0.524, 0.924)
0.423 (0.385, 0.462) 0.033 (0.016, 0.066) 0.786 (0.704, 0.851)
0.830 (0.826, 0.834) 0.438 (0.395, 0.482) 0.469 (0.337, 0.606)
0.203 (0.152, 0.267) 0.443 (0.370, 0.519)
0.322 (0.283, 0.363) 0.360 (0.293, 0.433)
0.841 (0.706, 0.921) 0.000 (0.000, 0.259)
0.925 (0.801, 0.974) 0.517 (0.499, 0.535) 0.744 (0.680, 0.799)
0.386 (0.354, 0.419)
0.123 (0.084, 0.175) 0.518 (0.442, 0.593) 0.970 (0.915, 0.990) 0.457 (0.418, 0.497)
0.298 (0.280, 0.316) 0.346 (0.302, 0.393)
0.853 (0.756, 0.916) 0.737 (0.729, 0.745) 0.416 (0.329, 0.508)
0.590 (0.567, 0.613)
0.813 (0.570, 0.934) 0.323 (0.264, 0.387) 0.878 (0.876, 0.880) 0.563 (0.441, 0.677)
0.653 (0.619, 0.686)
0.577 (0.554, 0.599)
0.545 (0.415, 0.670) 0.132 (0.077, 0.216)
0.333 (0.138, 0.609) 1.000 (0.342, 1.000)
0.874 (0.796, 0.925) 0.509 (0.463, 0.554) 0.857 (0.601, 0.960)
0.559 (0.494, 0.623)
0.487 (0.439, 0.535) 0.509 (0.383, 0.634) 0.430 (0.363, 0.499)
100.00 1.15
1.33 1.25
1.32 1.36 1.38 1.29
1.36 1.37
1.32
%
1.18
1.28 1.29 1.32
1.36 1.33 Weight
0.81 1.36 1.31
1.311.36 1.36
1.37
1.38 1.38 1.34
1.38 1.30 1.33
1.35 1.28
1.38 1.33
1.05
1.37 1.35 1.33
1.38 1.37 1.27
1.35 1.35
1.37 1.35
1.25 0.99
1.24 1.38 1.35
1.38
1.35 1.35 1.32 1.37
1.38 1.37
1.30 1.38 1.33
1.38
1.08 1.36 1.38 1.29
1.38
1.38
1.28 1.32
1.01 0.49
1.33 1.37 1.05
1.36
1.37 1.28 1.35
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Proportion
13
Figure S3: Funnel plot for bias assessment- In-hospital mortality
14 Figure S4: Funnel plot for bias asse
