International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016) Proceedings

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Series:Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

Proceedings of the International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016)

The Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar in collaboration with Asia Pacific Society for Public Affairs (APSPA) organize the International Conference on Ethics in Governance under the topic of “Intersecting Law, Religion, and Politics”. This conference aims to provide a platform for scholars, researchers and practioners to share their insight, ideas and experiences.

In this era, the heavy burden of civilization is a narrative about ethics, especially in relation to social society issues and nationality. Cross cutting issues such as Cultural, law and society problems, character building and education, governance ethics problem, global economic crisis, and

development crisis, have emerged and need to be responded quickly. In order to benefit from the opportunities and to manage the threats, understanding and cooperation among actors whether on international, national or local level are required to deal with those cross-cutting issues.

Please click here for the conference website. (Conference website no longer

available.)

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Series:Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

Proceedings of the International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016)

The Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar in collaboration with Asia Pacific Society for Public Affairs (APSPA) organize the International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016), on 19-20 December 2016 in Makassar, Indonesia under the topic of “Intersecting Law, Religion, and Politics” on 19-20 December 2016.

This conference aims to provide a platform for scholars, researchers and practioners to share their insight, ideas and experiences.

In this era, the heavy burden of civilization is a narrative about ethics, especially in relation to social society issues and nationality. Cross cutting issues such as Cultural, law and society problems, character building and education, governance ethics problem, global economic crisis, and

development crisis, have emerged and need to be responded quickly. In order to benefit from the opportunities and to manage the threats, understanding and cooperation among actors whether on international, national or local level are required to deal with those cross cutting issues.

There are 214 papers from various topics including Business Ethics and CSR, Character Building and Education System, Culture Law and Society, Global Politics and Governance, Islamic Studies, Local Politics and

Governance, Local Wisdom and Ethics, and Public Policy and

Administration. 116 papers are selected to go through a strict peer-reviewed process, and these papers are published in conference proceedings.

We would like to thank the organizing committee and the members of reviewers for their kind assistances in reviewing the papers. We would also extend our best gratitude to Rector of Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, especially to Prof. Dr. Amporn W. Tamronglak as a President of Asia Pacific Society for Public Affairs (APSPA). Furthermore, Prof.

Wolfgang Drechsler, Prof. Dr. Onder KUTLU, Prof. Dr. Amporn W.

Tamronglak, and Prof. Madya. Dr. Mohd Afandi Bin Salleh for their invaluable contribution and worthwhile ideas shared in the conference.

The Editors

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Ismail Suardi Wekke – Editor-in-Chief Ahmad Harakan

Andi Luhur Prianto Hamrun

Ahmad Taufik Muchlas M. Tahir Nasrulhaq

Zulfan Nahruddin Nur Khaerah Al Muhajir Haris Nursaleh Hartaman Goestina

Wahyuni

Asni Suryaningsih Hamsir

Mujib Hasib

Mitha Puji Rahayu

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List of Aauthors

Abadi, Partisan

Participation of Ethnic Community Towani Tolotang in Deliberation of Development Plan

Abd Aziz, Hartinie

Promoting Shariah Governance in Corporation: Special Reference to Shura

Abdul Ghani, Norizan

Family Support from the Perspective of Drug Addicts Abdullah, Anzar

Instilling Values Character Education Through Playing Role Model in Learning History

Abdullah, Berhanundin

Family Support from the Perspective of Drug Addicts Afandi Salleh, Mohd

Maqasid Al-Shariah as a Parameter in International Treaty Afandi Salleh, Mohd

Conflicts of Religious Believes and Cultural Practices Among Muslims Ahmad Yani, Andi

An Indonesian Administrative Tradition Before the Colonization Period

Aida Mat Yazid, Fazidatul

Maqasid Al-Shariah as a Parameter in International Treaty Alamsyah Sutantio, R.

The Role of Consumer Satisfaction in Mediating the Effect of Consumer Preference on Consumer Trust in Purchasing Cluster Housing in Jember

Alhadi, Zikri

The Analysis of Performance-Based Budgeting in Immigration Ali, Burhan

Biaya Seikhlasnya or Sincere Tariffs in Public Service: Citizen"s Responses Towards Vague Corruption Practices

Amaluddin, Amaluddin

Efforts to Increase Public Welfare Consciousness Through Pay Zakat Rice Crop

Amriyanto, Husni

REPRESENTING POWER: Muhammadiyah in the 2014 DPD"s

Election in Yogyakarta Special Regions, Indonesia

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Anggusti, Martono

Good Governance and Pro -Active Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia

Angin, Ria

Political Parties and the Indonesian Policy of Women Political Representation

Annisa Ramadhani, Masyithoh

Content Analysis of Indonesian National Security Architecture Ariff Abd Ghadas, Zuhairah

Protection of Malaysia Small Farmers Under the Plant Variety Law: an Appraisal

Ariff Abd Ghadas, Zuhairah

Promoting Shariah Governance in Corporation: Special Reference to Shura

Arthur Huwae, Marlon

Identity as Shortcut to access Power of West Papua Astuti, Puji

Managing Village Governance Based On Mutual Assistance (Gotong Royong)

Bakhtiar Rivai, Ardian

Muhammadiyah Ideology: Affirmative Action For LGBT Based On Nawacita

Bayu Patriadi, Himawan

Political Parties and the Indonesian Policy of Women Political Representation

Bubu Swarga, Alim

Institutionalization of Good Governance Strategy in the Process of Legislative Elections

Budi, Arya

The Age of Personalized Parties: Survival and Revival of Party Personalization in the Philippines and Indonesia

Budiati, Ayuning

Transformational Leadership in Nonprofit Organization Budiati, Ayuning

A Nation and Bureaucracy: An Indonesian Case Bukido, Rosdalina

The Acculturation of Local Culture and Arabic Culture in Manado of North Sulawesi

Chandra Pradikta, Aris

Biaya Seikhlasnya or Sincere Tariffs in Public Service: Citizen"s

Responses Towards Vague Corruption Practices

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Choiriyati, Wahyuni

Political Economy of Communication Policy in Indonesia Citra Ranteallo, Ikma

Postfeminims and Femvertising Issues on Mountaineering Darmawan Achmad, Adang

Attachment as Character Education in Boarding School Destiwati, Rita

Intercultural Communication Between Traders and Buyers in Perbaungan Market

Dian Permatasari, Dwi

The Approach of Conflict Resolution Education to the Governance Management

Djadja Saefullah, A.

Organizational Culture in Integration of Internal and Adaptation of External (Case Study Water Management of Kahayan River in Central Kalimantan Palangka Raya)

Drahen Soeling, Pantius

A Problem Mapping of Public Sector Personnel Management Road Map in Indonesia

Drahen Soeling, Pantius

The Analysis of the Civil Servant Payroll System from the State Civil Apparatus Management Perspective (A Study within the National Civil Service Agency)

Dwi Gusti, Winda

The Analysis of Performance-Based Budgeting in Immigration Dwi Handayani, Nur

Collaboration Among Organizations in Combating Traffic Jam in Makassar City

Dwi Wahyunengseh, Rutiana

Pathology of Social Accountability in Civil Society: Cultural Commodification

Efendi, David

REPRESENTING POWER: Muhammadiyah in the 2014 DPD"s Election in Yogyakarta Special Regions, Indonesia

Eka Cahya Widodo, Bambang

Institutionalization of Good Governance Strategy in the Process of Legislative Elections

Ekawaty, Dian

Adaptive Governance: Implementation of Green Open Space Program Eko Atmojo, Muhammad

The Development of State Civil Apparatus

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F. Bamastraf, Laila

The Acculturation of Local Culture and Arabic Culture in Manado of North Sulawesi

Fachri Adnan, Muhammad

The Construction of Good Governance Model for Sub-District Goverment of Nagari in West Sumatra

Faisal, Andi

Political Branding, Public Sphere/Space and the Corruption of Communications

Faridah Hendiyani, Mesy

How Local Authorities Implement Decentralization Policy on Education Sector

Firdaus, Firdaus

Markets & Its Development Post-Earthquake; A Portrayal of Traditional Market Space Distribution Inequality in Padang, West Sumatra

Fitriyah, Fitriyah

Sustainability of Relationship between Business and Political Actors in Local Government Election

Frinaldi, Aldri

The Influence of Driver Work Culture and Service Quality on Citizen Satisfaction with Mass Transportation

Frinaldi, Aldri

The Analysis of Performance-Based Budgeting in Immigration Gunawan, Fahmi

Analysing Character Education Values at SDIT Al-Qalam Through Song Lyrics

Hajar, Siti

Increased Capacity Village Officials About Governance Administration in of the Village Administration

Hamang, Nasri

Handayani, Trini

Fostering Community Awareness in Preventing and Handling Pedophilia

Harahap, Junardi

Intercultural Communication Between Traders and Buyers in Perbaungan Market

Harahap, Junardi

EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE IN INDONESIA

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Hasib, Mujib

Hastjarjo, Sri

Pathology of Social Accountability in Civil Society: Cultural Commodification

Helena Putong, Ivonne

The Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Trust on Voluntary Tax Compliance (An Experimental Study)

Herawati, Ratna

Reformulation of The House Regional Representative:How to Recruit and Authorize based on the State System of Indonesia

Hermanto, Nailuredha

The Analysis of Foreigner Satisfaction and Service Quality of Immigration Office Padang

Hermawati, Rina

Revitalizing Nationalism Through Commemoration Day of Historical Events

Herningtyas, Ratih

Content Analysis on Disaster Diplomacy Regime in Indonesia Herwanto, Ary

Career Role Analysis of Civil Servants at the State Employment Agency

Hijjang, Pawennari

Pasang and Traditional Leadership Ammatoa Indigenous Communities in Forest Resources Management

Hutahaean, Marlan

The Importance of Stakeholders Approach in Public Policy Making Ilma, Zidnie

Identifying Business Ethics Manifestation in Ecopreneurship

Implementation: Study from Fish 'n Blues Enterprise in Indonesian Fishery Industry

Indah, Diani

Transformational Leadership in Nonprofit Organization Indah, Diani

A Nation and Bureaucracy: An Indonesian Case Indra Budiman, Amir

The First Digits Analysis Until the Fifth Benford Law in Financial Statement

Irmayani, Irmayani

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Irna Setiawati, Cut

Identifying Business Ethics Manifestation in Ecopreneurship

Implementation: Study from Fish 'n Blues Enterprise in Indonesian Fishery Industry

Irwanti, Marlinda

Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Communication Ismail, Ahmad

Tweeting and Click: Internet and New Social Movement in Indonesia Jahidi, Idi

Transformational Leadership in Nonprofit Organization Jahidi, Idi

A Nation and Bureaucracy: An Indonesian Case Jinda, Arunrat

Russian Foreign Policy: A Window of Opportunity in Southeast Asia Junaenah, Inna

Moral and Political Accountability of Local Representatives Body in Indonesia

Junaidi, Junaidi

Terrorism and Multiculturalism Issues in the Frame of the Mass Media in Indonesia

Kamariah Musa, Murshamshul

Protection of Malaysia Small Farmers Under the Plant Variety Law: an Appraisal

Karina, Ade

Work Performance of A Village Head: Investigating The Role of Job Satisfaction, Workload, and Work Stress

Karlina, Nina

Aspects of the Construction of Housing and Settlement In Indonesia Khaerah, Nur

The Development of State Civil Apparatus Komariyah, Siti

The Role of Consumer Satisfaction in Mediating the Effect of Consumer Preference on Consumer Trust in Purchasing Cluster Housing in Jember

Kurniasih, Denok

Humanity Governance at local level: A case in Insurance Program for Tappers in Indonesia

Kurniasih, Dewi

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Adjustment of Local Regulation About Formation And Structure Of Local Government

Kurniawati, Nia

Fostering Community Awareness in Preventing and Handling Pedophilia

Kushandajani, Kushandajani

Managing Village Governance Based On Mutual Assistance (Gotong Royong)

L. Djumaty, Brian

Study on the Transition of Land in the Palih Baru Village L. Djumaty, Brian

Social Capital in the Activities of Rite Manuba Ba Adat L. Djumaty, Brian

Local Knowledge of Dayak Tomun Lamandau About the Honey Harvest

Laksmana, Arsono

The Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Trust on Voluntary Tax Compliance (An Experimental Study)

Lambelanova, Rossy

Family Planning Program Service Quality, Technical Implementation Unit, Regional Family Planning Coordinating Board in West Sumatra Province

Lambelanova, Rossy

Performance of General Elections Commission in Increasing Public Participation in 2015

Lanin, Dasman

The Analysis of Foreigner Satisfaction and Service Quality of Immigration Office Padang

Lotpi Mohd Yusob, Mohd

Maqasid Al-Shariah as a Parameter in International Treaty M. Tahir, Muchlas

M. Tahir, Muchlas

Adaptive Governance: Implementation of Green Open Space Program

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Organizers

General Chair

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Assoc. Prof. Ismail Suardi Wekke, Ph.D

STAIN Sorong, Indonesia

General Co-Chair

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Ahmad Harakan, S.IP., M.HI

Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia

Secretary

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Nasrulhaq, S.Sos., MPA

Scientific Committee

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Prof. Dr. Mustari Mustafa

Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin, Indonesia

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Prof. Dr. Irwan Akib, M.Pd

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Assoc. Prof. Dr. Achmad Nurmandi

Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Assoc. Prof. Ismail Suardi Wekke, Ph.D

STAIN Sorong, Indonesia

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Erwin Akib, Ph.D

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Suyatno, Ph.D

Universitas Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia

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Dr. Syafrimen

IAIN Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia

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Dr. Ebyhara

Universitas Jember, Indonesia

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Dr. Achmad Rasyid

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Indonesia

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Dr. Husni Thamrin

Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Qasim, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

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Dr. Muhlis Madani

Technical Program Committee

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Andi Luhur Prianto, S.IP., M.Si

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Muchlas M. Tahir, S.IP., M.Si

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Hamrun, S.IP., M.Si

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Ahmad Taufik, S.IP., M.AP

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Nur Khaerah, S.IP., M.IP

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Al Muhajir Haris, S.IP., M.IP

Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia

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Zulfan Nahruddin, S.IP., M.Si

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Mitha Puji Rahayu, S.IP., M.Si

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

Iqbal, S.IP

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Nursaleh Hartaman, S.IP

International Advisory Board

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Prof. Dr. Revany Bustami

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

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Prof. Dr. Badlihisham Mohd Nasir

Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia

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Prof. Dr. Mohd. Affandi bin Salleh

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia

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Prof. Dr. G”ran Collste

Linkoping University, Sweden

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Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Drechsler

Tallinn Universty of Technology, Estonia



Prof. Dr. Sunhyuk Kim

Korea University, Korea



Prof. Dr. Keiko Sakurai

Waseda University, Japan



Prof. Dr. Mohd. Ekhwan Toriman

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia



Prof. Dr. Amporn W. Tamronglak

Thammasat University, Thailand

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

Prof. Dr. Imitiyaz Yusuf

Mahidol University, Thailand



Prof. Darwin J. Manubang

Mindanao State University, Philippines

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Prof. Dr. David N. Almarez, D.M.

IIT-Mindanao State University, Philippines



Prof. Datuk Dr. Yahaya Ibrahim

Majelis Professor Negara, Malaysia



Prof. Jin-Wook Choi, PhD

Korea University, Korea



Prof. Dr. Maimun Aqsha Lubis

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia



Prof. Dr. Cholichul Hadi

Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia



Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurrahman

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Indonesia



Prof. Dr. Saleh Tajuddin

Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin, Indonesia



Prof. Dr. Sirozi

Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah, Indonesia



Assoc. Prof. Dr. Evan Doran

University of Newcastle, Australia

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Terrorism and Multiculturalism Issues in the Frame of the Mass Media in Indonesia

Junaidi

University of Lancang Kuning, Pekanbaru - Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract —This research sought to reveal how mass media in Indonesia frame terrorism and multiculturalism issues regarded to the need of the terrorists to make use of the media to publicize their acts. The purposes of the terrorism acts vary. They might be intended to get attention, to demonstrate their ability, to demolish the government image, to scare people, or to get support for their objectives. Their acts, definitely, will not be

“echoed” unless they are publicized by the mass media. Publicity is like the oxygen for the terrorists. They certainly need a stage to show off their acts and it is the publicity of the media. By using Robert N. Entman’s framing model, ten news published in Kompas newspaper were analyzed. Based on the results of data analysis, it is revealed that Kompasnewspaper views terrorism as a very dangerous threat so that revising theregulations is regarded as the most feasible solution. In terms of mass media’s stance, multiculturalism issues are supposed to be the appropriate concept for the pluralism of Indonesia.

Keywords—Mass Media; Terrorism; Multiculturalism

I. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is known as one of the most multicultural countries in the world for its “Unity in Diversity”. Indonesia consists of 17.504 islands where 11 thousands of which are inhabited by 359 tribes and 726 languages. Referring to PNPS No. 1 Year 1969 – which has been currently maintained by the Indonesian Constitutional Court – that Indonesia admits five religions. Under the leadership of K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid, (Confucianism) is declared as the sixth one. Each of the six consists of numerous conceptions in the form of social organizations. In addition, there are hundreds of dogmas grow and develop in Indonesia [1].

According to Muqoyyidin [2], when it is well- managed, the pluralism isa social asset which is very precious to establish a great country. Conversely, the pluralism has potentials to raise conflicts and social frictions when it is not properly organized. At this moment, Indonesia seems to be unable to manage it well especially after the fall of the Orde Baru. After this regime descended, terrorism acts take place and Islamic radicalism spreads out. In less than a decade,

successive bombs rocked the pluralistic republic. The first one was Bali Bombing I, Bali Bombing II, Australian Embassy Bombing, J.W. Marriot Hotel Bombing I, J.W. Marriot Hotel Bombing II, Ritz Carlton Bombing, “Book Bomb” addressed to a number of figures, “Friday Bomb” at Mapolres mosque in Cirebon, and “Suicide Bombing” at Gereja Bethel Injil Sepenuh (GBIS) Kepunton Solo [3]. All of these cases were not spared from the mass media monitorswho tend to provide wider space of publicity to the terrorism acts in Indonesia.

The litigation toward the existence of the mass media in the activities against terrorism then emerges. An accusation called that both mass media and terrorists have similar interest. At this level, the terrorists organize and make use of the mass media strategies, on the other side; the mass media put their interest on the terrorists‟ activities. In this relation, terrorism could not merely be regarded as violence but also as the combination of propaganda and violence [4]. The impacts of the terrorism acts published by the mass media could raise hatred toward the terrorists. Furthermore, it is possible for the government and the mass media to work together to plan strategies to fight against the terrorism which is the crimes against peace and security of mankind [5].

The reality indicates that, when the terrorism acts take place, the mass media stand in the middle of the social realityburdenedby various interests, conflicts, complexities and numerous tricky facts. Reality results from the creation of the creative people through the power of social construction toward the world around them. The social world in this case is that defined by George Samuel in [6] as the reality which stands alone outside the individual, that according to his impression, reality “exists” in oneself and is regulated by the law. Supporting public interests is the last position of the mass media. The support is actually the vision of the mass media which has no longer been presented lately, although the slogans of the vision are still sounded.

Based on the relationship between the reality of the mass media and the news on terrorism, a research question was formulated: How does Kompas Newspaper frame the International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 84

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terrorism and multiculturalism issues in Indonesia?

Consequently, this research is meant to (1) find the pattern used by Kompas Newspaper to frame terrorism issues in Indonesia, and (2) reveal the pattern of social reality construction in Kompas Newspaper.

II. METHODOLOGY

This research applied descriptive qualitative method.

It also used framing analysis method and constructivism approach or paradigm [7] The constructivismparadigmviews that there is no reality which is objective as it is created through construction process and particular point of views [8]

This research seeks to describe, to review various conditions, situations or phenomena of social reality in a community taken as the object of the research, and to draw the reality to the surface as a characteristic, model, symbol or description about a particular condition, situation or phenomenon. Hence, descriptive qualitative format is more appropriate to be used in analyzing the problems that require in-depth study such as the study of consumers‟ behaviors, media effects and the implementation of a policy [6]

Framing

Established the foundations for conducting framing analysis related to media content studies [9]. The framing concept proposed by Entman is used to describe the selection process and to display particular aspects of the reality [10] He divides framing into two major dimensions: selection issues and overemphasizing on certain aspects of the issues. It is done by selecting certain issues and ignoring the others, and displaying the aspects of the issues by using various discourse strategies, such as publishing the issues in the front or the back of the headline. The framing could appear in two levels.

First, mental conception which is used to process information as the characteristics of the news items. Second, the specific materials of the news narration used to build an understanding about an event. The frame of news could be seen from the keywords, metaphors, concepts, symbols, and images presented in the news narration. Pursuant to Entman‟s conception, framing basically refers to providing definition, explanation, evaluation and recommendation in a discourse to emphasize specific framework of the event [11]

III. DISCUSSION

This section is intended to analyze how terrorism and multiculturalism issues are framed in the media. The analysis was done by using Robert N. Entman‟s model.

Terrorism in the Frame of Media in Indonesia

Terrorism and the mass media are closely related. In contrast to the past, the terrorists nowadays are highly dependent on the mass media to publicize their acts. The terrorism acts might have different motives such as to draw people‟s attention, to demonstrate their ability, to flatten the government image, to intimidate people, and to get supports for their „struggle‟. Publicity would definitely make their acts

“echoed”. Even the former Prime Minister of British [12] said that “Publicity is oxygen for the terrorists”. They need a stage to show off their acts, and the stage is the publicity of the mass media. The Red Brigade group in Italy used to carry out terrors on Saturday in order to be published on the next day (weekly) newspapers that have greater circulation. A number of terrorism groups are known to have their own radio stations and manage their own websites [13]

Map the Terrorism Basis Immediately

On April 14^th, 2016, Kompas published news entitled “To Map the Terrorism Basis Immediately”. This title and the news presented seemed to frame that the death of Siyono as an ordinary event. None of the words used in Kompas described that what was done by the Detachment of Anti-Terror 88 (Densus 88) to Siyono had violated the human rights. In contrast, the National Commission of Human Right and PP Muhammadiyah directly took concrete steps by forming an autopsy team to investigate the causes of Siyono‟s death in a different perspective. It was suspected that his death was due to the despotic actionsof the Densus 88 in dealing with terrorist suspects.

Kompas tends to be normative in communicating an event by taking pieces of gentle and moderate statements.

This could be clearly seen from the citation it made “PP Muhammadiyahencourages the government to handle the terrorism by immediately mapping their basis”. This citation then was taken as the title of thenews and became the representation of the overall news.

The essence of the news that Siyono was allegedly persecuted before he died got a very small portion in the news.

The textual fact showed that “Based on the result of the autopsy done by the team formed by the National Commission of Human Right and PP Muhammadiyah, it was proved that Siyonogot persecution before he died”. The Chief of BNPT, the General Commissioner Tito Karnavian was worried that the reaction of the stakeholders toward the death of Siyono could deterioratethe law enforcement. The textual fact showed that “The chief of BNPT,the General Commissioner Tito Karnavian asksSiyono‟s issues remains seated proportionally.

The reactions coming from the stakeholders are not expected to deteriorate the law enforcement as he worries about the emergence of ideas of terminating the Densus 88”. The Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 84

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statement of the chief of BNPT then was chosen by Kompas as the lead of the news. In this case, the Treatment Recommendation could be seen from the news lead

“Siyono‟sissues should not deteriorate the law enforcement on terrorism”.

Discuss the Rules Immediately

Kompas published news on terrorism issues in which it talked about “Discussing the Rules Immediately”.

This news was related to the revision of law No. 15 Year 2003 about terrorism eradication. Inviting the Minister of Politics, Law and Security, LuhutBinsarPanjaitan, Kompas framed that the revision of law on terrorism was viewed urgent to prevent the terrorism acts in Indonesia. Through this news, Kompas described the importance of updating the rules so that the threat of terrorism could be prevented in accordance with the applicable laws. The news highlighting a number of people (200-300) allegedly went to Syria considered as a serious threat to national security as viewed exaggeratedly by Kompas. The issue of several citizens of Indonesia went to Syria was also associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). The textual facts showed that “Until now, there are 200-300 citizens of Indonesia who went to Syria and join ISIS”. The treatment recommendation constructed by Kompas was that the revision of law on terrorism was urgently required and became the lead of the news.

Santoso Group is Continuously Hunted

Aside from the murder of Siyono, Santoso group also got serious attention from Kompas and law enforcers related to the terrorism acts it did. Kompas published the result of its reality construction in the form of news which was still on terrorism issues. The title “Santoso Group is Continuosly Hunted” shows the way the national media like Kompas declares war against terrorism groups. The use of word “hunted” clearly indicates how media anticipate radicalism acts. Unfortunately, Kompas sometimes used terms closely related to Islam such as “mujahidin”. The textual fact states “three terrorists calling themselves Mujahidin Indonesia Timur were killed”. Ideally, the editorial team would remove words identical with particular ethnics, races and religions.

The word “mujahidin” has positive and precious meaning in the context of Islam and it is far from radicalism. The recommendation suggested by the Entman‟s model to eradicate Santoso group is the termination of financial support from abroad. [14]

The Densus88 is Ready to be Evaluated, and the Police Will Conduct the Evaluation

The death of Siyono drew public attention as it seemed unreasonable so that the National Commission of Human Right and PP Muhammadiyah formed a team to do an autopsy as mentioned earlier. The news delivered is considered very normative as it makes the openness of the police to be evaluated and corrected more salience, so that it could dampen the public distrust to the police. Essentially, the death of Siyono is “sexier‟ than the openness of the police to be evaluated. Even though the death of Siyono could be seen as the negligence of the nation to protect its citizen who was not legally and convincingly proved to be involved in terrorism acts, the news deliveredhad built a viewpoint emphasizing more on the openness of the police than the death of Siyono. The reasons for which the openness of the police dominated the news content while the death of Siyono was disregarded, certainly, need to be explored critically.

The Police Strictly Control the Entry Access into Indonesia

In accordance to Entman‟s model, the treatment recommendation means that all parties have to pay attention to the return of hundreds of Indonesian citizens from Syria or those being deported from Turkey as they could potentially conduct terrorism acts. This is derived from a statement of Mbai, the former chief of BNPT, listed in the last paragraph of the news entitled “The Police Strictly Control the Access to Indonesia”. He stated that “All parties need to pay attention to hundreds of Indonesian citizens coming back from Syria or those being deported from Turkey. They are highly potential to conduct terrorism acts”. The statement directs people to think that Indonesian citizens coming back from Syria or those being deported from Turkey are highly potential to commit terrorism acts. This indicates that the media present the news disproportionally. In this case, the media is not sensitive toward a particular group (read Islam) because Syria and Turkey are parts of Arabian countries where most of Muslimstudentsfrom Indonesia are goingthere to study. Why should Islamic countries be framed “negative” as the house of terrorists by the mass media which then lead people to think that Islam is terrorists‟ religion?

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Multiculturalism in the Frame of Media in Indonesia The Pope Invites the World to Build Brotherhood

As the top newspapers carrying the tagline

“Celebrate the Diversity” and “The Mandate of the People‟s Conscience”, Kompas commits to raise the multiculturalism issues in Indonesia. For example, Kompas puts the news entitled “Paus Invites the World to Build Brotherhood” on the first page of the newspaper on March 26^th, 2016. This setting is very important and would establish people‟s opinion on the issues published. From the diagnosing causes, it is known that the world, currently, is torn by violence, capitalism, intolerance and inequity. Based on such conditions, the Pope invites all people to establish brotherhood and friendship. The persistence of Kompas to raise multiculturalism discourses could be seen from the moral judgment made which is, the Pope Francis denounces the violence conducted by either countries or terrorism groups. To convey his message, the Pope washed and kissed the feet of 11 refugees (3 of them are Muslims). By providing a viewpoint on the Pope washing the feet of three Muslims, there is a message of peace that is very remarkable in the context of multiculturalism. Furthermore, the Pope invites people to foster the sense of brotherhood by saying “Everyone, in the language of your religion, let‟s pray to the God that this brotherhoodcould be spread out aroundthe world”. The expression “Everyone, in the language of your religion” shows how multiculturalism issues are accepted by different people and different perspectives [15].

Religions Protect the Environment

Activities of preserving environment by applying interreligious cooperation approach is an effort to raise multiculturalism issues related to social problems which are interesting to be observed. Broadening the meaning of multiculturalism in this news by raising particular issues certainly could attract public‟s interest on the importance of appreciating differences among citizens. The projects involving religious icons such as church and pesantren(Islamic boarding school) are kinds of interfaith and interreligious approaches. The news entitled “Religions Protect the Environment” gives equal portion for the respective viewpoint to be presented as something positive.

This could be seen from the moral judgment “The Department of Society and Local Cooperation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry has already built interreligions cooperation related to environmental preservation such as building the eco-friendly churches and pesantren”. This is followedby the treatment recommendation “Interreligious approach seems to be able to preserve environment as each religion teaches people to care for their environment”

accomplishing the meaning of multiculturalism.

The Theology of Nationality

Creating a new term certainly becomes one of the ways for the mass media to construct social reality of an event [16]. The theology of nationality is a new term created to bring about a spirit of upholding the importance of multiculturalism in the context of pluralistic nation. This could be seen from the news published in Kompas [17] entitled

“The Theology of Nationality Needs to be Spread Out”. The socio-cultural problems and the unresolved crisis faced by the nation encourage the occurrence of new term (theology of nationality). The description from the cause diagnosis becomes the key words to understand the construction of news reality “The rise of conflicts such as those taking place in Aceh Singkil and Tolikara are the concrete examples of the deterioration of the theology of nationality. The invited speakers were Sahat Martua Lumbantobing (The Head of Sekolah Tinggi Gereja Methodis Bandar Baru), Lukman Hakin Saifuddin (The Minister of Religions of Indonesia), Hasyim Muzadi (Presidential Advisory Council), and KH.

Adib Rofiuddin. By using this pattern, the news lead people to realize that Indonesia is a pluralistic country for which each person has to understand one to another and committed to uphold the values of divinity and humanity.

This news seem to be „both sides cover‟ which is intended to represent the viewpoints of the majority in Indonesia, but structurally, Kompas remains to give higher priority to the Christian speakercompared to other religions (Islam, Buddhist and Hindu). This could be seen from the structure of the news putting the Head of Sekolah TinggiGereja Methodis Bandar Baru in the first position (in the second paragraph),the Minister of Religion Lukman Hakim Saifuddin, Presidential Advisory Council Hasyim Muzadi, and KH. Adib Rofiuddin in the lastrow (in paragraph 6 and 7). Nevertheless, it confirms that “The theology of nationality needs to be understood and spread out. The openness of the people, mutual respect, and willingness to learn other religions from the right sources are ways to manage the socio-cultural diversities in the frame of Unity in Diversity. In addition, pesantren are expected to not only teach Islamic values but also Indonesian ones.

The Dialogs Should be Started from the Grassroots Level In the context of nation and states, Pancasila has been etched to the life of Indonesian people. It then becomes theitem of the news entitled “Dialog Should be Started from the Grassroots Level”. The importance of living in a harmony and peace under the umbrella of Unity in Diversity is the message contained in the news. It is also conveyed that the people should not give a chance to the ideology of atheism because Indonesia has the concept “there is no freedom without limits”.Consequently, Indonesian citizens have to choose one of the six religions admitted. This then comes to Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 84

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the stage of Defining the Problem “The Dialog Should be Started from the Grassroots Level”. To get deeper understanding, Causes Diagnosis and Moral Judgment are

“Holding Interreligious Dialogs in Indonesia in the Context of Bhnineka Tunggal Ika”and “There are still different interpretations among religious communities related to the format of the dialogs in which Muhammadiyah emphasizing on theology aspects and NU focusing on humanity values”.

Accordingly, the recommendation is closely related to multiculturalism nuance which is “To build a harmonious life among interreligious communities in Indonesia, the dialogs between Muslim-Christian needs to be carried out from the grassroots level which is from the nearest neighborhood unit (RT/RW)”.

Muslim Women (Muslimat) Wants to be the Conciliators The commitment of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) to convey humanity issues makes the organizations under the leadership of NU become the dealing media of Kompas Group. The news show the way the media present Indonesia in needof peace, and the peace could not be manifested if it is not established from family level. The celebration of Muslimat NU‟s 70^th Anniversary got serious attention from Kompas.

The news entitled “Muslimat Wants to be the Conciliators”

was put on page 4. The news structure shows that the title was derived from the theme of the celebration “Getting Together to Build Peaceful and Prosperous Indonesia”. Pursuant to Entman‟s model, the causes diagnosis of the news “The changes take place whilst and after Muktamar NU on August 2014” is the reason for which the event took such theme.The theme is certainly relevant to the condition of Indonesia which has been torn down by the disintegration issues lately.The real action done in the form ofstudy forum (pengajian), NU Muslimat always avow and give the real examples of a unity”, it is also taken as the moral judgment. Meanwhile, the recommendation is that the NU Muslimat should take roles in establishing the life of the nationas theyare the agents of peace and welfare. They also build relationship through which people appreciate, accept, understand and believe one to another becomes a holistic and universal message accepted both in NU Muslimat internally and externally.

IV. CONCLUSION

Typically, the last purpose of this research is to answer the research questions and to reachthe objectives.

Based on the research findings and the results of the interpretation in the previous chapters, it is concluded that:

First, the mass media frame the terrorism issues as a violence threatening the pluralistic nation. The revision on laws is one of the ways to prevent the terrorism acts. Besides, in presenting the news, Kompas sometimes presents

disproportional viewpoints in which it gives larger portion to the openness of the police to be criticized and evaluated rather than the focus to the death of Siyonodue to the despotic action done by the Densus 88. It then imbedsparticular terminologies viewed precious and lofty in the context of Islam (mujahidin) as the terms related to terrorism activities. Furthermore, Kompas leads the people to be wary that Indonesian people coming from Syria or those being deported from Turkey are potential to commit terrorism acts in their homeland. This issue also makes people think that Syria and Turkey which are parts of Islamic Countries „producing‟ terrorists.

Second, the media, especially Kompas frames the multiculturalism issues tremendously. Kompas describes the Pope washed and kissedthe feet of 11 refugees (3 of whom are Muslim). Kompas then creates new terminology “Theology of Nationality” which is intended to foster pluralism and multiculturalism in Indonesia. It is to encourage people to support the interreligious dialogs,which is the proof that Kompasis very enthusiastic to glorify pluralism and multiculturalism values in Indonesia.

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