INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW ... - Ejournal2 Undiksha

(1)

39 Available online at https://ejournal2.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJLTC/issue/archive

EFFORTS TO PREVENT CORRUPTION THROUGH ANTI-CORRUPTION EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITIES

Dayu Ketut Wia Dinata

Fakultas Hukum dan Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Email:[email protected]

Info Artikel Abstract Masuk:1Desember2022

Diterima:23Januari2022 Terbit: 1 Februari2022 Keywords:

corruption, efforts, goals

Corresponding Author:

Dayu Ketut Wia Dinata, email:

[email protected]

Resistance to acts of corruption does not just use the agency of law enforcement. Efforts to prevent corruption with awareness to participate in building an anti-corruption culture are one of the main ways of eradicating corruption. As students, they are asked to take on the role of being agents of change in anti-corruption education in society. To become agents of change and movers, students also have to be provided with adequate knowledge related to anti-corruption knowledge. Equipped with knowledge about anti- corruption education aims to explain to students the dangers of corruption and how to prevent and reduce the occurrence of criminal acts of corruption which are so rife. This article will explain what corruption is, how to prevent it, and how students play a role in fighting corruption in Indonesia. Efforts that can be provided to students by way of socialization, seminars, and through anti-corruption education courses which all students are required to get. The goal is for all students to gain knowledge and deepen the importance of anti-corruption education and to be able to know how to fight corruption cases which are increasing. It also aims to foster an anti-corruption culture so that they can participate in eradicating anti-corruption in Indonesia.

(2)

Introduction

Corruption can be interpreted as one of the crimes that are increasingly rampant in Indonesia.

We need to know further that this criminal behavior can have a major impact on the health of a country's economy. According to Pujiyono, in general, the term corruption is related to the act of misappropriating government employees by utilizing authority so as to result in financial and economic losses to the State. In Law No. 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law No. 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes, itis stated that corruption crimes that are currently increasingly erebak, not only have an impact on losses the economy of the State, then also has an impact on socio-economic rights on the community, corruption crimes can also cause obstacles to development which can strengthen that corruption crimes need to be grouped as crimes which in this case need eradication which must be carried out widely and of course decisively.¹

In this case, the criminal act is considered a "social benalu" because it is considered to be damaging the government structure and is the main obstacle in running the government and is very difficult to recognize applying a definite legal principle. But corruption is a danger that needs to be watched out for by both the government, and the public without exception. This corruption problem is not only a problem for the government, but also a problem in the world of education where in the world of education is also expected to participate and synergize together in eradicating corruption. Within the scope of the university, it is considered as a place to build and foster an anti-corruption culture to the nation's generation of people. So that corruption cases do not get higher in Indonesia, it is necessary to eradicate to the roots so that corruption does not occur one after another in Indonesia. By providing

1Pujiyono, Corruption Crimes, (Tangerang, Open University. 2007), p. 3.

(3)

anti-corruption education courses to students, it is hoped that it can provide protection to the younger generation from the increasingly widespread corruption cases in Indonesia. ²

Education is seen as a benchmark for the future of a nation and anti-corruption education is one of the most important education instilled early because it will be useful for a lifetime later. Kualitas origin of human power is primary capital according to the development of a Negar a. The importance of instilling human character from an early age is one of the requirements for the success of a nation in the development of human resources in the State of Indonesia. The university environment is one of the printers of the younger generation who are educated at a higher level by obtaining anti-corruption education courses. The existence of this anti-corruption education course means that students will be able to understand corruption cases that occur in Indonesia, not only corruption cases, the next generation of the nation is also able to understand the unspeakable problems that are rampant in Indonesia.

This anti-corruption education course will not only insinuateabout science, but will also change the mindset of students, as well as change student behavior to participate in implementing a better life than previous generations. The result of the cultivation of the value of anti-corruption education will be felt in a short period of time, the process is not as fast as we imagined, the results we get will be felt if we participate in social roles and are in social institutions to collectively promote anti-corruption culture among students and the surrounding community.

Research Methods

The research method used in this article is in the realm of legal science with the type of approach used is a qualitative normatif approach. This research method includes the concept of positive legislation and states that the law is written norms and promulgated by authorized

institutions. In addition, this concept views law as a normative system, closed and independent of life. But in that frame of mind, it is actually flexible and open and there is a possibility for changes and adjustments as the research process progresses.

2Ita Suryani, Instillation of Anti-Corruption Values in Higher Education as a Preemptive Effort to Prevent Corruption, Vol.

12, Journal of Communication Science, 2013, p. 308.

(4)

Discussion

Several cases of corruption in Indonesia have been widely investigated and have had a bad impact on almost all aspects of life inIndonesia. Corruptionhas destroyed the political system, economy, democracy, social order in this country as well as the government system in Indonesia.

Efforts to eradicate corruption that have occurred in Indonesia have been carried out so far but still have not received maximum results. In various levels of corruption cases, this is so rampant that it seems as if corruption cases have become commonplace in society. If this happens repeatedly, it can cause destruction in the Indonesian state.

This case has been seen as an extra ordinary crime, which in this case certainly requires extraordinary efforts in eradicating corruption that has been rampant in Indonesia. The government's efforts to eradicate corruption have two major parts, namely enforcement and prevention. The efforts made by the government may never go according to what is being said if this does not involve awareness of the government and also the people. Therefore, it is necessary to participate in students in this case because students are heirs or younger generations who are expected to be able to play an active role in participating in eradicating corruption crimes that are increasing in Indonesia. The role of students in this matter is certainly not in the law enforcement institutions, but the involvement of students in this case plays a more role in efforts to prevent corruption crimes in building an anti- corruption culture within the scope of students and also the surrounding community.³

Definition of Corruption.

Indeed, corruption has been around for a long time, especially since people were introduced to governance in the administrative field. In corruption cases, most of them are published by the media and often these corruption cases are inseparable from the existence of bureaucracy, government or power. It is also often associated with political meaning. Often people associate corruption with politics but not only related to politics, this corruption crime is also related to public policy, international, social welfare, social development and also most importantly the economy. Therefore, not only Indonesia's corruption is also related to international aspects to international organizations such as the United Nations which has special regulations to monitor corruption that occurs in the world. Basically,

3 Ibid., p. 312

(5)

to eradicate the existence of corruption crimes and to overcome them, an understanding of corruption itself is needed.

Corruption isclassified as an antisocial act, many think that it is a social pathology, thus corruption becomes a "disease" and is considered very detrimental to society. Corruption is a form of crime. Thomas argues that evil is a sinful act based on the behavior of a person which includes acts or utterances that violate the law or do not carry out a mandate. Corruption includes crimes that are prohibited for not doing as ordered by law. ⁴ According to the KBBI (Big Dictionary Indonesian) it is stated that corruption is a misappropriation or misuse of State money (companies and so on) for personal or other people's benefit.⁵

There is a legal foundation and instrument that has been formed in combating perpetrators of corruption crimes that are increasingly rampant in Indonesia. The existence of government regulations and laws that have been established to prevent corruption and provide appropriate penalties for perpetrators of corruption crimes. The Indonesian state already has a legal basis in the eradication of corruption crimes which has become a reference and foundation in preventing corruption. The establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) is an example of an institution established by the government to prevent the rampant corruption crimes that occur in the Indonesian state.

This is proof of the government's seriousness in ridding the State of corruption crimes in the country, various laws and regulations have been changed to adjust to current conditions related to corruption cases, with the existence of government laws and regulations also invite the public to take an active role in the eradication of corruption. Law Number 3 of 1971 explains that corruption is a behavior that can harm the State's finances for personal or other people's benefits, despite the fact that corruption, collusion, and nepotism were still widely found at that time. So that in the government s.

6

Juridically, the term corruption is defined in Law No. 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes in conjunction with Law No. 20 of 2001 concerning amendments to Law No. 31 of

4 Pujiyono, Op. Cit. p. 6

5Central Agency for Language Development and Development. "Corruption." Big Dictionary of Indonesian, Balai Pustaka, https://kbbi.web.id/korupsi.

6 Pujiyono, Loc. Cit.

(6)

1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. Juridically, corruption is not just an act that meets the formulation of a delik that can harm a State, it also covers all other acts that meet the existence of a delik formulation that by its nature is destructive and detrimental to society in the economic midwife. This regulation can be seen from the various corruption crimes regulated in law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes (hereinafter referred to as Law Number 31 of 1999), this regulation was passed on August 16, 1999 which was promulgated in State Gazette No. 140. Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes, which was later replaced by Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes (hereinafter referred to as Law Number 20 of 2001).

In Indonesia, the term corruption is a despicable act, not good and can harm others and the state's finances. In the Regulation of Military Rulers Number PRT / PM / 06/1957 concerning the Eradication of Corruption. ⁷

1. Adverse Effects of Corruption Crimes

In the criminal act corruption has a great destructive effect or in English it is used as an enermouse destruction effects, which have a multidimensional nature to various sides of life in the nation and state, which are specialized in the efforts of the State that realizes welfare in society. The resulting damage is not only local, internationally it also certainly has an impact and is deeply felt, especially in the government's efforts to realize harmonyin society. Hence the dangers resulting from n corruption are very widespread, and are also often mentioned in various global stetments. ⁸ Ythat is:

2. The UN Congress's "Corruption in government" resolution 8/1990 on "the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders" in Havana (cuba) stated that corruption among public officials was:

1. The destruction of the effectiveness and potential of some kind of government program

2. Disruption and delay in development in Indonesia 3. Bringing up individual or group victims in society

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid., p. 15

(7)

The 9/1995 UN Congress also stressed that corruption is one of the serious problems because:

1. Harmful to the stability and security of society and can adversely affect the values of morality and democracy

2. May threaten the social, economic, and political development of a Stat 3. The UN Assembly on October 31, 2003, determined corruption to be:

1. Acaman for the security and stability of the community 2. Can undermine the value of democratic institutions

3. Can adversely affect moral values as well as the values of justice 4. Threatening "sustainable development" as well as the "rule of law"

5. Harmful to the political stability of a State

3. Causes of Corruption

Experts agree that the causes of corruption are multidimensional. Political factors, which are certainly related to power, are one of the main sources of corruption. This corruption is a deviation from the state's duty to personal and family interests, this corruption is also interpreted as an abuse of power for one's own interests. These factors include weak design and legal sanctions, as well as cultural factors, which in this case are fundamental cultures that are one of the factors causing the growth of increasing corruption. Syed Hussein Alatas, who in his book entitled "Sociology of Corruption: An Exploration with Content Data", stated several factors for the occurrence of corruption crimes. ⁹ Yakni as follows:

1. The indecisiveness of the leadership towards key positions that influence actions that pass corruption;

2. The weakness of teaching about religious teachings and also the lack of ethics;

3. Colonialism, because a foreign government does not adopt an attitude of loyalty and obedience that is treated to dispel acts of corruption;

4. Lack of public education;

5. The economy of underprivileged communities;

9 Ibid. p. 14

(8)

6. The absence of strict legal action;

7. Lack of a good environment for anti-corruption measures;

8. Government structure;

9. A radical change in action that makes corruption grow as a transitional disease;

10. A society that is passive to the growth of corruption.

Syed Hussain Alatas, explained that the characteristics of corruption crimes are:

1. Always involves two or more people;

2. His actions were carried out in secret;

3. The existence of the involvement of elements of mutually beneficial obligations and profits;

4. Always take shelter within the protection of the law;

5. The existence of an element of fraud

6. Wanting to make tough decisions that can shake the decisions themselves;

7. It is a form of betrayal.

Corruption in Indonesia can be likened to an "illegitimate legacy". Corruption still occurs one after another even though the rules governing it apply. It can be determined that the cause of corruption can be divided into two faktor. ¹⁰ Namely as follows:

1. The first is internal faktor, this factor consists of moral aspects such as loss of faith, shame, honesty, attitude aspects, behaviors such as consumptive habits and social aspects such as being able to motivate families not to commit corruption crimes.

2. Second, external factors can be sought through social aspects, income that does not meet the necessary needs, political aspects where in this case this aspect can be used to achieve and challenge power in the political world, legal aspects can be seen in poor government regulations and weak law enforcement in the Indonesian state, as well as the lack of social aspects in the community environment to reduce and support anti- corruption behavior.

10Sitti Uswatun Hasanah, Higher Education Policy in Implementing Anti-Corruption Education, Vol. 02, Journal of Civic Education, 2018, p. 4

(9)

According to Nur Syam, who expressed his opinion that the cause of corruption was due to his tempting material. Arifin also gave his views regarding the factors that cause corruption, including due to aspects of the behavior of individuals, society, organizations. This happens because humans are encouraged to be able to commit corruption due to selfishness and human gluttony that is not strong enough in the face of temptation.¹¹

According to Erry Riyana Hardjapamekas, the emergence of corruption cases that occur in Indonesia is caused by the example and elite leadership in Negeri, the small salary of the country's people, weak law enforcement in the Indonesian state and also weak shame, faith, shame and public ethics which causes corruption cases to continue to occur in Indonesia. Corruption is carried out mostly by people who have positions and are highly educated, but the thing that stands out is due to the lack of employee salaries which causes corruption cases to continue to rise in Indonesia. This makes employees with a sense of being forced to seek additional income. Basically, corruption is caused by ole poverty but it can also be said that poverty can also occur due to corruption. The lack of firmness of leaders in upholding justice also makes corruption cases more widespread because individuals easily continue to commit corruption crimes because they are not afraid of applicable government regulations.

12

Anti-Corruption Principles and Values

Referring to various aspects that can make the cause of corruption crimes, as previously explained, it can be intendedas a cause of corruption crimes consisting of internal and external factors.

Internal factors are one of the causes of corruption crimes originating from the individual himself, while these external factors exist due to environmental factors and also the prevailing system.

Corruption can be prevented internally from the elimination and elimination of the two factors already mentioned. Hence the relationship between anti-corruption principles and values that are unitary and indistinguishable. For example, the nature of honesty is very important for every human being, without this honest nature, students may no longer be trusted by the life around them. Caring, if a student's caring attitude is lacking towards sesame then this kal is an attitude that is not good for the surroundings. The independent attitude of a student is also strongly demanded to do a responsibility

11Indah Sri Utari, Anti-Corruption Education in Higher Education, (Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, 2011), p. 40

12 Ita Suryani, Op. Cit., p. 315

(10)

with his own hands without making it difficult for others. Disciplinary attitudes in being a student in complying with regulations are very necessary in this case, because in actions that concern honesty and discipline such as fostering an anti-corruption culture, these basic attitudes are very necessary to foster an anti-corruption culture.¹³

There are anti-corruption principles, including conformity with the rules of the place of work.

It is expected that all work institutions are accountable for their performance in accordance with their respective rules both in the form of conventions, constitutions, and also at the cultural level or at the institutional level. The existence of public accountability can traditionally be understood as an intermediary to direct administrative attitudes in a way to give a trust to be able to provide an answer.

Not only that, public accountability is expected to be able to answer related to performance that can be implemented. There are other principles in this case including the principle of transparency in all regulations or policies that are carried out openly, then all irregularities will be protected by the public and no corruption crimes occur.¹⁴

Having trust, openness, and honesty is one of the main capitals of students to carry out their responsibilities in fighting corruption and fostering an anti-corruption culture towards society. The following will be described about the values that we must cultivate in order to be kept away from corruption, namely:

Honesty K value

As stated by Sugono, honesty can be interpreted as an attitude that does not lie, is straight - hearted, and does not commit fraudulent acts. An honest attitude is a very important attitude in the life of being a student, without this attitude maybe students will not be trusted in the social sphere. Honesty in student life can be seen in the academic culture that we really need as students.

The value of honesty does not only apply in campus life, this honest attitude is very applicable in all life as a human being, especially for students in campus life. In this case, if the student is found to have violated the rules by not telling the truth or lying then in the academic and social sphere, then others will doubt every word and deed done by the student. Vice versa, if a student is known to have

13 Sitti Uswatun Hasanah, Op. Cit., p. 6

14 Ita Suryani, Op. Cit., p. 317

(11)

never committed a lie or always told the truth in the academic or social sphere, it will be trusted by other students.

Concern

The definition of concern according to sugono is an attitude of concern, action, and an attitude of disregard. Caring attitudes are so important for a student within his campus or social sphere. To become a future dreamer, a student needs to have a high sense of concern for every human being, whether in an academic environment, campus environment, or in the surrounding community. A person's caring attitude must begin to be cultivated early because this sense of care is very necessary in any sphere as a student. Being a student is required to be necessary with the learning that exists on campus, other students who are on campus, and not only students but to all people who are on campus such as lecturers. Not only in the campus environment, students are also required to have a sense of concern outside the campus environment such as the community environment around us.

Independence

An independent attitude for students can be referred to as a process of maturing, namely by accounting for what is done to others. With this, being a prospective leader as a student must be able to be independent in regulating himself, it is estimated that if a student does not have an independent attitude, how will he be able to manage others. Therefore, being a good leader candidate requires an independent attitude in order to be responsible for what is done.

Discipline

Discipline is also defined by sugono as compliance with applicable regulations. As students we are required to live disciplined both in academic life and social life. Discipline is not only necessary for the social sphere, this disciplinary attitude must also be cultivated from an early age for ourselves, if it has become a habit to always be disciplined to ourselves then we will also easily displace into the academic and social environment. ¹⁵

A Sense of Responsibility

Sugono defines that being responsible is an obligation that bears everything (if something happens so that it can be prosecuted, disputed and can be troubled). ¹⁶ In this case, as a student, a sense

15 Sitti Uswatun Hasanah, Op. Cit., p. 7

16 Ibid.

(12)

of responsibility is very necessary because in carrying out our duties as students we are required to be students who have a high sense of responsibility for all the actions we have done.

If a student has a high sense of responsibility not only in the academic sphere but in a social environment, of course, it will easily be trusted by others. The word responsible can be interpreted as accepting something even if the deed is wrong, whether it is intentional or unintentional. This sense of responsibility can be in the form of awareness and accepting all the consequences of what is done.

Strive

The word hard work comes from the existence of will. This gives rise to associations with the words determination, stance and unyielding. For a student to have hard work and strong determination, of course, he will always get the appropriate results. Working hard is one of the most important things to achieve the targets we have set, but working hard will not be worth it if it is not based on sufficient knowledge.

Simplicity

A simple word, of course, we have often encountered. As a student the lifestyle in an academic setting is one of the most important things, and everyone is required to choose their own lifestyle. This simple lifestyle is certainly one of the most important choices, because as students we have to get used to it so as not to waste money on unimportant things.

So by living sederhana we must also have principles to live life as simple students. Wehave to prioritize our needs over our desires. This simple life also keeps us away from envy and spite so that if we choose to have the principle of simple living then we will also be kept away from excessive desires.

Courage

In campus life, there are many students who experience difficulties in their lives, disappointment, heartbreak, and shame are wrapped around the feelings of many students in the campus environment, therefore we need courage to become a student. We as students, of course, are required to have courage and stick to the goals we want to achieve.

Cultivating self-confidence in oneself is a very necessary thing to do, because students must be able to provide their self-confidence continuously in order to strengthen the desires to be achieved. The

(13)

need to know the personality in ourselves is certainly very much needed because it will trigger us in achieving all the goals we want to achieve later.

A sense of fairness

Justice is an impartial attitude towards anyone. For a student, we are required to have a sense of fairness both in the campus environment and the community. In everyday life having a sense of fairness in everyone will certainly result in decisions and will continue to evolve along with the experiences we have had before. Students are required to always be wise in determining the decisions of the problems to be solved.

Student Involvement in the Anticorruption Movement

As students, of course, we will be involved in the movement to reduce or eradicate corruption that is currently rampant. For a student, we are required to carry out an anti-corruption movement in four environments, namely:

In a family setting;

In the family environment we are required not to commit fraudulent acts against the family, and in the family environment this is one of the main benchmarks in testing students to be able to cultivate an anti-corruption culture that will later affect the surrounding people in a larger scope. In a family environment we can make judgments in everyday life to family members. We can see this from whether family members in our scope obey the rules that apply in the family scope or the regulations that are not made by the government. If there is one family member who likes to deprive or take away the property rights of others then it is the seeds of man who will commit acts of corruption, why can this be associated with the criminal act of corruption? Because from small things, we should have instilled cultures of cheating, depriving, and stealing the property of others because if this continues to happen, we will commit acts of corruption.

In a campus setting;

On campus, students are required to be involved in the anti-corruption movement because the student campus environment cannot be separated from the vision and mission that has been set by the university. Therefore, students are given sufficient knowledge about anti-corruption culture, so that later as students do not commit acts that violate the law. In the campus environment, the anti-corruption movement for students can be divided into two parts, namely:

(14)

For the personality or individual of the student himself

As students we are expected to be able to prevent a culture of corruption from ourselves. This is very important to do, because if in ourselves alone we can reject actions that can cause corruption then in the future we will be able to do the same to society or more scopes.

For student organizations or communities on campus

As a student who is active in organizational activities, we are tasked to always remind our colleagues or friends and students not to commit acts of corruption.

Within the scope of local or national communities

The involvement of students in the scope of local or national communities is very necessary, because as a student and also included as an Indonesian citizen who has the right and obligation to always remind and provide knowledge about the dangers of committing corruption crimes to the surrounding community or nationally. Student involvement in this movement aims to prevent behavior that can grow seeds of corruption that can harm themselves and all involved. Not only that, students can also take an active role in campaigns, socialization, or anti-corruption mass movements carried out within the local community or national community.

As a student in order to play an active role in the movement to foster anan imcorruption culture and be able to participate in the anti-corruption movement, the main thing that students do is not to take actions that smell like corruption at various levels. Not only that, students also need to understand what are the values and principles of anti-corruption that have been explained earlier. Therefore, these two things can be obtained through positive activities in the campus environment and the local or national community environment, one of which is by participating in socialization activities of the anti- corruption movement in the campus environment or local or national communities, not only that students also need to get education and knowledge from taking anti-corruption courses. Therefore, the results of anti-corruption education obtained by students can be given to others and implemented to themselves and their families.

Efforts to Eradicate Corruption

Above has been explained about the meaning of corruption, the causes of corruption crimes, anti-corruption values and principles, student involvement in the anti-corruption movement. In this page will discuss about efforts that can be done in eradicating corruption. Efforts that can be made in

(15)

eradicating corruption are to punish the perpetrators with appropriate and severe punishments. For this reason, the criminal law will be considered the most appropriate answer to punish the perpetrators of corruption. In Indonesia, there is also a special institution to eradicate corruption, an independent institution owned by Indonesia to eradicate corruption is the Corruption Eradication Commission or often referred to as the KPK, so not only law officers who act as police, prosecutors, and court officials participate in eradicating corruption. The Indonesian government has also enacted regulations made to eradicate corruption that occurs in the Indonesian state.

In addition to the establishment of anti-corruption institutions, to strengthen the eradication of corruption, it is also covered by various laws and regulations. He delivered: Law No. 3 of 1971 concerning the eradication of corruption, Law No. 28 of 1999 concerning the implementation of a clean and free state for KKN, and Law No. 30 of 2002 concerning the commission for the eradication of corruption crimes.¹⁷

Conclusion

Starting from ourselves, family, then in the campus environment and society, we can start from the smallest thing, namely by not lying, not taking other people's property rights, not being greedy, and obeying the applicable regulations through positive activities in the form of participating in anti- corruption socialization activities, mass movements that reject corruption, and conducting campaigns in positive terms of rejecting corruption, this is certainly very influential in our life as students because it can foster an anti-corruption culture in ourselves, our families and also for local and national communities who participate in rejecting and fostering anti-corruption attitudes that will have a good impact on the Indonesian nation in the future. Corruption crimes that occur in Indonesia have spread to all circles, especially students. Therefore, anti-corruption education courses are very necessary in every university, this certainly plays a very important role in fostering an anti-corruption culture for students

Daftar Pustaka

Hartana, H. (2020). Existence And Development Group Companies In The Mining Sector (PT. Bumi Resources Tbk). Ganesha Law Review, 2(1), 54-69.

17Anti-Corruption Education Center, "Get to Know the Legal Basis for the Eradication of Corruption in Indonesia", https://aclc.kpk.go.id/aksi-informasi/Eksplorasi/20220510-kenali-dasar-hukum-pemberantasan-tindak-pidana-korupsi- di-indonesia, (Accessed December 18, 2022).

(16)

Hartana, H. (2019). Initial Public Offering (Ipo) Of Capital Market And Capital Market Companies In Indonesia. Ganesha Law Review, 1(1), 41-54.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2013). Kasus Pelanggaran Ham Etnis Rohingya: Dalam Perspektif ASEAN. Media Komunikasi FIS, 12(2).

Mangku, D. G. S. (2010). Pelanggaran terhadap Hak Kekebalan Diplomatik (Studi Kasus Penyadapan Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia (KBRI) di Yangon Myanmar berdasarkan Konvensi Wina 1961). Perspektif, 15(3).

Hartana, H. (2016). Hukum Perjanjian (Dalam Perspektif Perjanjian Karya Pengusahaan Pertambangan Batubara). Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 2(2).

Hartana, H. (2017). Hukum Pertambangan (Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Investasi Sektor Pertambangan Batubara di Daerah). Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 3(1), 50-81

Hasanah, Sitti Uswatun. 2018. , Kebijakan Perguruan Tinggi dalam Menerapkan Pendidikan Anti Korupsi. Vol. 02, No. 1, halaman 4-7.

Pujiyono. 2007. Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Tangerang: Universitas Terbuka.

Pusat Edukasi Antikorupsi, Kenali Dasar Hukum Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia.

10 Mei 2022. (Diakses pada 18 Desember 2022 dari alamat https://aclc.kpk.go.id/aksi- informasi/Eksplorasi/20220510-kenali-dasar-hukum- pemberantasan-tindak-pidana-korupsi-di- indonesia)

Sri Utari, Indah. 2011. Pendidikan Anti Korupsi di Perguruan Tinggi. Jakarta: Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.

Suryani, Ita. 2013. Penanaman Nilai Anti Korupsi di Perguruan Tinggi Sebagai Upaya Prefentif Pencegahan Korupsi. Vol. 12, No. 2, halaman 308-319.

Cristiana, N. K. M. Y., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2020). Peran Kepolisian Sebagai Penyidik Dalam Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga Di Kabupaten Karangasem. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(2), 78-87.

Dwiyanti, K. B. R., Yuliartini, N. P. R., SH, M., Mangku, D. G. S., & SH, L. M. (2019). Sanksi Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Dalam Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika (Studi Putusan Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Golongan I Oleh Anggota Tni Atas Nama Pratu Ari Risky Utama). Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(1).

Hati, A. D. P., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2020). Tinjauan Yuridis Terkait Permohonan Suntik Mati (Euthanasia) Ditinjau Dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(2), 134-144.

(17)

Parwati, N. P. E., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2020). Kajian Yuridis Tentang Kewenangan Tembak Di Tempat Oleh Densus 88 Terhadap Tersangka Terorisme Dikaitkan Dengan HAM. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(2), 191-200.

Pratiwi, L. P. P. I., Mangku, D. G. S., & Yuliartini, N. P. R. (2020). Pengaturan Terhadap Kedudukan Anak Di Luar Kawin Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 3(1), 13-24.

Hartana, H. (2019). SEJARAH HUKUM PERTAMBANGAN DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 5(1), 145-154.

Hartana, H. (2022). PENGEMBANGAN UMKM DI MASA PANDEMI MELALUI OPTIMALISASI TEKNOLOGI. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Media Ganesha FHIS, 3(2), 50-64.

Hartana, H. (2022). IMPLIKASI EKSPANSI PERUSAHAAN GROUP PADA SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 10(1), 251-260.

Hartana, H. (2021). EKSISTENSI DAN PERKEMBANGAN PERUSAHAAN GROUP DI SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(3), 669-681.

Prawiradana, I. B. A., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Windari, R. A. (2020). Peran Kepolisian Dalam Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Narkotika Di Kabupaten Buleleng. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 1(3), 250-259.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2012). Suatu Kajian Umum tentang Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional Termasuk di Dalam Tubuh ASEAN. Perspektif, 17(3).

Febriana, N. E., Mangku, D. G. S., & Yuliartini, N. P. R. (2020). Upaya Perlawanan (Verzet) Terhadap Putusan Verztek Dalam Perkara No. 604/PDT. G/2016/PN. SGR Di Pengadilan Negeri Singaraja Kelas 1B. Ganesha Law Review, 2(2), 144-154.

Purwanto, K. A. T., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2020). Implementasi Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Narapidana Sebagai Saksi Dan Korban Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II-B Singaraja. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(2), 113-123.

Putra, A. S., Yuliartini, N. P. R., SH, M., Mangku, D. G. S., & SH, L. M. (2019). Sistem Pembinaan Terhadap Narapida Narkotika Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIB Singaraja. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(1).

Putra, I. P. S. W., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2020). Kebijakan Hukum Tentang Pengaturan Santet Dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 3(1), 69-78.

Sanjaya, P. A. H., Mangku, D. G. S., & Yuliartini, N. P. R. (2020). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Gedung Perwakilan Diplomatik Dalam Perspektif Konvensi Wina 1961 (Studi Kasus Ledakan Bom Pada Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia (KBRI) Yang Dilakukan Oleh Arab Saudi Di Yaman). Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(1), 22-33.

Purwendah, E. K., & Wahyono, D. J. (2021). WASTE BANK AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMUNITY BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(3), 930-936.

(18)

Itasari, E. R. (2021). Kepatuhan Hukum Negara Indonesia Terhadap Icescr. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(2), 414-422.

Itasari, E. R. (2020). Pengelolaan Perbatasan Darat Antara Indonesia Dan Malaysia Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Dalam Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 8(2), 168-176.

Itasari, E. R. (2020). COVID-19 HANDLING IN THE BORDER AREAS OF INDONESIA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 8(3), 42-50.

Nurhayati, B. R. (2019). Harmonisasi Norma Hukum Bagi Perlindungan Hak Keperdataan Anak Luar Kawin Dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia. Ganesha Law Review, 1(1), 55-67.

Mangku, D. G. S., Purwendah, E. K., Itasari, E. R., & Nurhayati, B. R. (2020). Compensation for Oil Pollution Due to Tanker Accidents in the Indonesian Legal System in a Justice Value Perspective. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 662-669.

Nurhayati, B. R. (2019). Penyalahgunaan Keadaan Sebagai Dasar Pembatalan Perjanjian. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 5(1).

Nurhayati, B. R. (2017). Constitutional Basis for the Civil Rights of Illegitimate Children. Pattimura Law Journal, 1(2), 118-130.

Nurhayati, B. R. (2017). Status Anak Luar Kawin dalam Hukum Adat Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 3(2), 92-100.

Itasari, E. R. (2021). PROTECTING CITIZENS IN BORDER TERRITORY BASED ON HUMAN RIGHTS. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(1), 27-32.

Itasari, E. R. (2022). KONSEP PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH MENURUT KETENTUAN THE INTERNASIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 10(2), 488-503.

Itasari, E. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2021). Legal Protection Againts Violations of Human Rights That Abuse Uighur Ethnic Women in China. Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender Dan Anak, 33-48.

Kristhy, M. E., & Aprilla, A. P. (2022). Hak Atas Satuan Rumah Susun Bagi Warga Negara Asing Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2021. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 7(2), 498-506.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2021). Pemenuhan Hak Asasi Manusia kepada Etnis Rohingya di Myanmar. Perspektif Hukum, 21(1), 1-15.

Mangku, D. G. S., & Itasari, E. R. (2015). Travel Warning in International Law Perspective. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 6(4).

Mangku, D. G. S., & Yuliartini, N. P. R. (2021). Fulfillment of Labor Rights for Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10, 272-280.

(19)

Mangku, D. G. S., Triatmodjo, M., & Purwanto, H. (2018). Pengelolaan Perbatasan Darat Antara Indonesia Dan Timor Leste Di Wilayah Enclave Oecussi (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada).

Mangku, D. G. S., Yuliartini, N. P. R., Suastika, I. N., & Wirawan, I. G. M. A. S. (2021). The Personal Data Protection of Internet Users in Indonesia. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(1).

Kristhy, M. E., Kristanto, K., Siswanto, E., Martono, A. B., & Nababan, R. M. (2022). Legal Politics of Regional Quarantine during the Covid-19 Pandemic with the Approach to Implementing Community Activities Restrictions (PPKM) Level 1-4. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute- Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(3), 18308-18317.

Kristhy, M. E., Afrinna, R., & Taka, P. J. (2022). BIJAK BERINVESTASI DALAM MASA PANDEMIK GLOBAL COVID-19. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 10(2), 377-382.

Kristhy, M. E., Andri, A., & Harefa, F. (2022). Legal Politics in Food Estate Program for Community Welfare. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(2).

Kristhy, M. E., Farina, T., Mahar, S., & Kristanto, K. (2022). PENGAKUAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP HAK-HAK TRADISIONAL MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DAYAK MA’ANYAN DI KECAMATAN AWANG KABUPATEN BARITO TIMUR. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 8(2), 27-43.

Purwendah, E. K., Mangku, D. G. S., & Periani, A. (2019, May). Dispute Settlements of Oil Spills in the Sea Towards Sea Environment Pollution. In First International Conference on Progressive Civil Society (ICONPROCS 2019) (pp. 245-248). Atlantis Press.

Purwendah, E. K., & Periani, A. (2020). FORMULATION OF LOSSES FOR OIL POLLUTION DUE TO TANKER SHIP ACCIDENT IN THE INDONESIAN LEGAL SYSTEM VALUE OF JUSTICE. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 8(3), 1-9.

Purwendah, E. K. (2020). Persepsi Budaya Hukum dalam Merespon Pencemaran Minyak di Laut Cilacap akibat Kapal Tanker dalam Perspektif Keadilan Ekososial. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 8(1), 93-105.

Purwendah, E. K., & Wahyono, D. J. (2022). WASTE BANK AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMUNITY - BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 8(2), 10-17.

Sant, G. A. N., Yuliartini, N. P. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2020). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di Kabupaten Buleleng. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(3), 71-80.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2021). Pemenuhan Hak Asasi Manusia kepada Etnis Rohingya di Myanmar. Perspektif Hukum, 21(1), 1-15.

Mangku, D. G. S., & Itasari, E. R. (2015). Travel Warning in International Law Perspective. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 6(4).