investigation of the madaras wind turbine using

Since the edge of the cylinder C is a streamline, the flow function does not change above it, and dφ = 0. In the figures below, as described by the name, the difference is clear - the orientation of the axis depends on the type of turbine. This structural reinforcement can be done on the inside of the cylinders where there is room for bracing.

Due to the low speeds of the trams (no higher than about 10 m/s), it would be easier for birds to avoid collisions with the Madaras turbines. Regardless of the exact number, the design of the Madaras turbine could reduce bird deaths caused by wind turbines. Due to the large friction losses in the rotation of the cylinders, Whitney et al.

As can be seen in figure 15, four large Flettner rotors are along the top of the ship. The rotational speed of the cylinder was the parameter that Ingham and Tang varied in their study. The coefficient of lift CL was calculated as ( ) where ρ is the density, v is the velocity of the free stream flow, and D is the cylinder diameter.

To facilitate comparison, the Reynolds numbers were removed from the graph of the study data.

Figure 1: Madaras power plant configuration [Whitford et al., 1978]

Coefficient of lift for varying relative speeds

After validating the 2D model, a model was created using the Madaras parameters listed in the introduction. In the upper half of the cylinder there is quite low speed, and in the lower half there is quite high speed. Another element of interest in the image below is the difference in pressure between the negative-x (front) side of the cylinder and the positive-x (back) side of the cylinder.

Below is a figure showing velocity magnitude slices at various locations along the length of the cylinder. Not surprisingly, the velocity profile around the cylinder is remarkably similar for all points along the cylinder's major axis. A major difference between 2D simulations and 3D simulations is the addition of the cap on top.

The effect of the cylinder head on the air flow is visualized in the figures below. As the incoming flow is rotated around the cylinder, it meets the wall of high pressure on the other side of the cylinder and is redirected upwards. Although this behavior still occurs, a cap at the end of the cylinder greatly reduces its effect as will be shown shortly.

On the higher pressure side of the cylinder the flow is diverted upwards, and on the lower pressure side of the cylinder it is diverted downwards. This is the difference between the 2D and the 3D study: in 3 dimensions, the fluid at the top of the cylinder is mobile in the vertical direction. In this way, it makes sense that the CL of the Madaras cylinder increases with the aspect ratio.

This ended up solving the cylinder convergence problem and the rotation of the cylinder produced a stable offset region with some recirculation. Initially, rotation of the second cylinder was set equal to rotation of the first cylinder, so that at t = 100 s the cylinder started to rotate and at t = 200_s it had reached full speed. The figure below shows the velocity magnitude of the flow just before the rotation of the cylinders starts in the case where r = 30.

As can be seen, the second cylinder is located in the slow motion of the first cylinder, where the speed is approximately 6 m/s (much lower than the ambient 10 m/s). This will be important because it is the change in flow velocity that causes a pressure differential to develop across the flow.

Figure 23: Comparison of Hoerner Cl with study Cl

Pressure Across Cylinder 2

CYLINDER SPACING

"1" in the titles means the first cylinder, or the cylinder upstream in the flow, and "2" means the second cylinder. The most important quantities shown are the pressure across the cylinders as they determine the lift that a cylinder can generate. The velocity taken around the cylinders at a diameter of 2 meters was also calculated for comparison and to help determine where the cylinders are sufficiently separated (similar values for both cylinder 1 and cylinder 2).

In the table on the right, the pressure differences over a cylinder in Pascal are given for different separation distances in meters. As the separation distance increases, the values converge to approx. 21 Pa, which is close to the average of the pressure difference across the first cylinder of 21.3 Pa. It should be noted that for a separation distance of 30 meters the second cylinder actually has a pressure gradient acting in the wrong direction.

This placement of the second cylinder is clearly much too close to the first cylinder to make an effective Madaras turbine. It appears that the minimum necessary separation distance before reasonable results are achieved is approximately 400 meters. Although the pressure difference value at 400 meters is still 85.9% of the first cylinder value, this is a much more reasonable distance to separate the cylinders than 3200, giving a better pressure difference.

The table below shows the percentage deviation in various variables when comparing the second cylinder to the first cylinder. This was used as another way to determine if the cylinders were separated enough to be called independent. Fish and Wildlife Service to avoid or minimize the take of migratory birds at these structures." Partners in Flight, n.d.

Ocean-going hardware for the cloud-albedo method to reverse global warming.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. An Analysis of the Madaras Rotor Power Plant: An Alternative Method of Extracting Large Amounts of Power from the Wind. DOE Report DSE Vol.