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JHSS (Journal of Humanities and Social Studies) Volume 06, Number 03, November 2022, Page 341-344

https://journal.unpak.ac.id/index.php/jhss e-ISSN: 2598-120X; p-ISSN: 2598-117X

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INDONESIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE MANAGEMENT

(Study of Content and Substance of Indonesian Defense Regulation Policy)

Raja Humuntal Manaluâ*), Siswo Hadi Sumantriâ), Suyono Thamrinâ), Pujo Widodoâ)

a)Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia

*)Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Article history: received 12 August 2022; revised 16 September 2022; accepted 12 October 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v6i3.6388

Abstract. The development of social life and technological progress of each country has the potential to have positive and negative impacts on other countries. The state as a legal instrument that functions to protect and prosper citizens against threats from internal and external. For every country, a national defense system is needed that is able to manage all potentials to become a positive v alue for national defense. This paper aims to explore the management of the Indonesian state defense. This paper is a qualitative type with a descriptive method. Documentation and literature studies were chosen to reach answers in this research. Regulatory analysis related to Indonesian national defense is used to examine the content and substance. The data and information are obtained through a study of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense, the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2019 concerning the Management of National Resources for National Defense. This paper finds that the management of the Indonesian state defense is realized through the concept of a defense system, defense industry and management of national resources that are integrated with each other.

Keywords: Indonesia; defense management; regulation

I. INTRODUCTION

Competition to meet the national needs of the country makes the pace of interaction of the global community move more dynamically. The intensity of the activities of various international forums is marked by interactions between countries to establish bilateral and multilateral cooperation.

On the other hand, the fulfillment of the defense forces of each country runs simultaneously. Advances in military technology seen in several joint military training forums show that the country's defense progress has reached modern technological sophistication. So that this condition slowly makes every country think about fulfilling its national defense needs. Various countries in the world are currently trying to develop their respective national defense forces. The state's ability to realize national defense will depend heavily on social, political and economic capabilities to complete the required facilities and infrastructure (Higate [1]). Effective bilateral and multilateral cooperation is an important key to achieving growth in various fields in the context of realizing national defense. National defense studies have long been a concern at the scientific level, among others by reading the writings of Bucur-marcu et al. [2]; Higate et al. [1]; Setia &

Purwowidagdo [3] and many more.

The development of life in a global society with modern technological capabilities has created the need for every country to protect its country from potential disturbances [4]. The stability of military industrial power and digital world power is an important thing that must be achieved by a country (Matthews & Koh [5]; Ashraf [6]).

State security stability is a priority in pursuing development in various sectors of life A stable security situation will

provide more certainty for economic growth from transactions and investments. Indonesia as a developing country needs conducive conditions to pursue economic growth and bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The total population of Indonesia in 2020 is around 270,203,917 people (BPS.go.id). From a defense standpoint, a large population has a positive impact if managed properly. Meanwhile, from an economic perspective, a large population is seen as a potential market. Forming a strong national defense is not an easy matter. Geographical and demographic characteristics are important notes for designing an effective state defense.

In addition to these characteristics, historical aspects and values of struggle in the formation of the state are the main basis for placing directions related to national defense. In the Indonesian context, there are laws and regulations governing the defense of the Indonesian state. There are three law products, namely 1) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defence, 2) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry, 3) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2019 concerning Management National Resources for National Defense. The three laws have their respective directions of emphasis to optimize the management of Indonesia's national defense. This paper will explore how the concept of implementing Indonesian state defense is contained in statutory regulations.

II. RESEARCH METHODS

This research uses a qualitative approach with a type of literature study. The research method employed is

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- 342 - qualitative. Arikunto [7] defines qualitative research as scientific research. The term "naturalistic" refers to the fact that this research is conducted naturally, as it is, in a regular scenario that is not influenced by external events and conditions, with an emphasis on nature description. "Natural or natural data retrieval" refers to the retrieval of data or a network of phenomena based on the state of nature. A qualitative descriptive approach was used in the research. A qualitative descriptive approach, according to Moleong [8], is a type of research that collects data in the form of words, pictures, and not statistics. Interviews, field notes, photographs, videotapes, personal documentation, memorandums, and other documentation can all be used to collect this information. Interviews, observation, and documentation were used to collect data for this study [9].

Data and information were obtained through a process of reviewing the contents and substance of several laws related to Indonesian defense. The laws used are: 1) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defence, 2) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry, 3) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2019 concerning Management National Resources for National Defense.

Descriptive analysis is used as a method to describe the discussion and interpretation obtained through a study of the content and substance of the three laws

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Indonesian Infographic

Indonesia as a sovereign country has a land area of 1.92 million square kilometers with a population of around 270,203,917 people in 2020 (BPS.go.id). Indonesia's population density is concentrated in several islands, including the island of Java, Sumatra island, Sulawesi island and Kalimantan island and following the island of Bali to Maluku and Papua. Based on the publication of the Geospatial Information Agency and the Center for Hydrology and Oceanography of the Indonesian Navy (2018) cited by the Central Statistics Agency, the area of Indonesian waters is 6.4 million square kilometers. From the mainland side of Indonesia, there are various ecosystems that have commodity values. Some of them are forest and plantation products. On the Indonesian waters side there are marine resources such as fish, seaweed to minerals and energy. This condition makes Indonesia a country rich in resources on land and at sea.

Demographically, there are various tribes and religions in Indonesia. In this demographic, there are various local wisdoms that attract tourists in tourist areas. As is the case with tourist areas in several areas such as Bali, Lake Toba, Raja Ampat and so on. All potential resources inherent in the Indonesian state need attention in terms of resilience and defense. Apart from being a source of economic strength, resources in various aspects act as social capital to realize the common perception of the nation's children in understanding state defense. The large population strength can be used to strengthen the national defense system.

National defense is an important aspect that needs to be guaranteed by the state in order to be in a safe situation.

The conditions for an effective defense will go hand in hand with security. The state needs a set of regulations to realize national defense. Existing regulations must be able to meet the needs of national defense and project the country's potential to achieve these goals. the basic substance of regulation is to present a set of rules capable of providing regulation. In the context of the Indonesian state, this arrangement has been realized through the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defence. This law explains the meaning of national defense with the substance that national defense is all efforts to defend the sovereignty and integrity of the state and the safety of all Indonesian people. Another important substance in this law concerns the management of Indonesia's national defense.

The realization of state defense activities, education and training can strengthen the collective perception of citizens to be able to understand aspects of national defense.

Some examples of material understanding that are important to be initiated on an ongoing basis are Pancasila values material. According to Mukhtadi et al. [10] the application of Pancasila values in everyday life is able to dampen and distance radical actions. In addition, the application of Pancasila values is able to inflame the spirit of citizen nationalism, especially in areas characterized by being disadvantaged and outermost [11] as well as in tourist areas [12].

Indonesian State Defense Management

In 2022 Indonesia renews the law on Indonesian state defense. The previous law, Law Number 1 of 1988 concerning Amendments to Law Number 20 of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for the Defense and Security of the Republic of Indonesia, is deemed necessary to be perfected. Through the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defence, Indonesia has formulated the implementation of Indonesian state defense in a planned, systematic manner and covers the needs of the state's defense in the future. Law Number 3 of 2002 provides guidelines on national defense in terms of definitions and concepts. In addition, it also touches on aspects of the role of organizing and managing national defense.

Substantially Law Number 3 of 2002 functions as a legal umbrella that is useful for "covering up" other derivative laws related to national defense and which have not been touched by Law Number 3 of 2002. If we look closely, the potential for and disruption to national defense can be sourced from various aspects of state life so that defense law will be more effective if it is able to activate various powers in various aspects of life. Various aspects of life such as defense and security, economy and budget, social culture and politics, science and technology (Sciences [13]; Bucur-marcu et al.

[2]). The scope of the national defense dimension will be wider according to the times. For example, the emergence of an internet network that displays digital life for net citizens, which is currently growing rapidly compared to before (independence, the Old Order and the New Order) has not yet become a national defense concern.

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- 343 - Observing the Indonesian state defense system which involves all citizens with national or universal resources is still relevant to implement (Ryacudu [14]). Demographic, geographic and topographical characteristics of the Indonesian region. The country's defense system is universal and will provide a solid force to face the enemy (Saragih et al.[15]). However, complete technology is needed to support a more effective universal defense system. In achieving this goal, the presence of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry has accelerated the realization of this goal. In simple terms, it can be said that the existence of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2012 is to realize the availability of defense equipment independently with the capabilities of the domestic industry. Andersen & Reichborn-kjennerud [16] believe that several indicators of the technological maturity of the military industry are marked by the ability to produce sophisticated rockets.

Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2012 has stipulated that the defense industry is a national industry managed by the state and the private sector to produce defense and security equipment as well as maintenance services for such equipment. The existence of this law provides three positive values for the Indonesian state, namely: 1) availability of services for equipment and maintenance of defense and security equipment, 2) accommodating national production from the defense industry, 3) greatly saving the state budget from import transactions of defense and security equipment.

In order to synergize all of the country's defense potential in 2019, Indonesia has enacted Law Number 23 of 2019 concerning Management of State Resources for National Defense. The presence of this Law provides a wider and more flexible space for movement in meeting various needs to encourage the establishment of an effective state defense. This law defines national resources which include natural resources, human resources, and artificial resources.

From this definition it can be understood that there is an optimization of the use of resources in various aspects such as the utilization of infrastructure and education and training for residents (Putri & Lathifatuddini [11]; Ryacudu et al. [14]).

IV. CONCLUSION

National defense strength is closely related to the completeness of regulation, budget and management.

Reviewing the pace of development in the 4.0 era, apart from conventional power and technological power, it is important to maintain and realize the country. National defense is the starting point in multilateral relations. The higher the level of national defense, the higher the trust of other countries to invest or just interact. The management of Indonesia's state defense can be seen in 3 products of legislation, namely: 1) Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defence, 2) Law Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry and 3) Law Number 23 of 2019 on Management of National Resources. From the three regulations it can be concluded that the implementation of Indonesian defense consists of the

defense system, the defense industry and the management of national resources.

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