ISSN : 2252 - 4940 - Undip PAK Repository

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

ISSN : 2252 - 4940

Quarterly publication

Volume 2, Number 2,

June 2013

(6)

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ISSN : 2252-4940

EDITOR IN CHIEF

DR. HADIYANTO DR. P.V. ARAVIND

Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (C-BIORE) Diponegoro University, Indonesia

E-mail : [email protected]

Process and Energy Section, Technical University (TU) Delft, Netherlands

E-mail : [email protected]

EDITORIAL BOARD

Prof. Harwin Saptoadi

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

(Assoc. Prof.) Dr Henri Spanjer

Sanitary Engineering, Technical University Delft, Netherlands

Dr. Nuki Agya Utama

Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University Japan Prof.Dr Electo Eduardo Silva Lora Federal University of Itajubá, Brazil Dr. Konrad Blum

Universität Oldenburg, Germany

Dr. Mohd. Amran Moh Radzi University Putra Malaysia Dr. Misri Gozan

University of Indonesia Dr Widayat

Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University, Indonesia Dr. J. Sitompul

Bandung Institute of Technology Dr. Taro Sonobe

Graduate School of Energy, Kyoto University Dr. Wilfried van Sark

Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development , Utrecht University, Netherlands

Dr. Boonrod Sajjakulnukit

The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), Thailand

Prof. Rangan Banerje

Mechanical engineering Department, I.I.T. Bombay, India Dr. Samavedham Lakshminarayanan

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore

Dr. M. Sarker

Head of Science Team (VP and CTO) Dr. Tariq Osman Khider

College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri, Sudan

Dr. Samantha Wijewardane

Laboratory for Advanced Materials Science and Technology (LAMSAT) University of South Florida, United States

Dr. Atit Tippichai

The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), Thailand

Dr. Roberto Gabrielli

Department of Energetics, University of Pisa, Italy

Dr. Moinuddin Sarker

Research and Development (R & D), Head of Science Team CTO, USA

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Dessy Ariyanti

Chemical Engineering Department, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

Noera Handayani

Chemical Engineering Department, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

EDITORIAL

(7)

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

www.ijred.com

Volume 2 Number 2 June 2013 ISSN 2252- 4940

CONTENTS OF ARTICLES

PAGE

A Reliability Based Model for Wind Turbine Selection 69-74

A.K. Rajeevan, P.V. Shouri, Usha Naira

Antioxidant Effect on Oxidation Stability of Blend Fish Oil Biodiesel with Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Fuel 75-80

M. Hossain, S.M.A Sujan, M.S. Jamal

Enhancement of Energy Efficiency and Food Product Quality Using Adsorption Dryer with Zeolite

81-86 Moh Djaeni, S.B. Sasongko, A.J.B. van Boxtel

Materials and Components for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – an Overview 87-95 D. Radhika, A. S. Nesaraj

A Feasibility Study of Biogas Technology to Solving Peri Urban Sanitation Problems in Developing

Countries. A Case for Harare, Zimbabwe 97-104

G. Sibanda, D. Musademba, H.C. Chihobo, L. Zanamwe

Analytical Investigations of Kinetic and Heat Transfer in Slow Pyrolysis of a Biomass Particle 105-115 S. J. Ojolo, C. A. Osheku, M.G. Sobamowo

Design and Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Engine Driven Refrigeration System for Vaccine Storage

117-124 Wirat Kamsuk, Det Damrongsak, Nakorn Tippayawong

Renewable Energy in Eastern North Africa in Terms of Patterns of Coupling to Czisch European

HVDC Super Grid 125-129

K. Boubaker, A. Colantoni, E. Allegrini

Performance of microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment and electricity generation 131-135 Z. Yavari, H. Izanloo, H.R. Tashauoei, K. Naddafi, M. Khazaei, M.H. Mahmoodian

(8)

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2 (2) 2013: 81-86

P a g e | 81

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED)

Journal homepage: www.ijred.com

Enhancement of Energy Efficiency and Food Product Quality Using Adsorption Dryer with Zeolite

M. Djaeni

^*a

, S.B. Sasongko

^a

and A.J.B. van Boxtel

^b

a Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl Prof H. Soedharto, Tembalang, Semarang, INDONESIA

b System and Control Group, Agrotechnology and Food Science, Wageningen University, Bornsesteg 59, 6708 PD Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS

Article history:

Received February 13, 2013

Received in revised form February 26, 2013 Accepted April 4, 2013

Available online

ABSTRACT: Drying is a basic operation in wood, food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry.

Currently, several drying methods are often not efficient in terms of energy consumption (energy efficiency of 20-60%) and have an impact on product quality degradation due to the introduction of operational temperature upper 80^oC. This work discusses the development of adsorption drying with zeolite to improve the energy efficiency as well as product quality. In this process, air as drying medium is dehumidified by zeolite. As a result humidity of air can be reduced up to 0.1 ppm. So, for heat sensitive products, the drying process can be performed in low or medium temperature with high driving force. The study has been conducted in three steps: designing the dryer, performing laboratory scale equipment (tray, spray, and fluidised bed dryers with zeolite), and evaluating the dryer performance based on energy efficiency and product quality. Results showed that the energy efficiency of drying process is 15-20% higher than that of conventional dryer. In additon, the dryer can speed up drying time as well as retaining product quality.

Keywords: adsorption, drying, energy efficiency, zeolite, heat sensitive

*Corresponding author:

Email : [email protected]; [email protected]

1. Introduction

Drying is a basic operation in wood, food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry. The operation is important to enhance the preservation properties of agriculture crops and pharmaceutical products, to reduce the costs for transportation, and to increase customer convenience of food products. An example is milk powder that can be stored for a period longer than a year instead of some weeks (Birchal et al. 2005) and for which the transportation volume is 8-10 times reduced. Nowadays, the importance of powdered food products as for example soups, sauces and dried yeasts is increasing for consumer convenience.

A large part of the total energy usage in industry is spent in drying. For example 70% of total energy spent in the production of wood products, 50% of textile fabrics, 27% of paper, 33% of pulp production is used for drying (Kudra 2004). In food and pharmaceutical

industry the energy consumption for drying is around 15% of the total energy usage in this sector. Energy spent for drying varies between countries and ranges between 15-20% of the total energy consumption in industry (Gilmour et al. 2004).

Currently several drying methods are used, ranging from traditional to modern processing: e.g. direct sun drying, convective drying, microwave and infra-red drying, freeze and vacuum drying. However, the current drying technology is often not efficient in terms of energy consumption (energy efficiency of 20-60%) and has a high environmental impact due to combustion of fossil fuel or wood as energy source (Gilmour et al.

2004). The sources of fossil fuel are limited, the price of energy increases, the world wide industrial energy usage rises, and increase of greenhouse gas emission becomes a global issue due to climate change; the need for a sustainable industrial development with low capital and running cost especially for energy becomes

(9)

P a g e | 69

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED)

A Reliability Based Model for Wind Turbine Selection

A.K. Rajeevan

^a*

, P.V. Shouri

^b

and Usha Nair

^a

a Division of Electrical Engg, School of Engg., Cochin University of Science and Technology, (CUSAT), Cochin, Kerala, INDIA

b Dept. of Mechanical Engg, Model Engineering College, Cochin, Kerala, INDIA

Received February 21, 2013 Received in revised form March 8, 2013 Accepted March 17, 2013

Available online

ABSTRACT: A wind turbine generator output at a specific site depends on many factors, particularly cut- in, rated and cut-out wind speed parameters. Hence power output varies from turbine to turbine. The objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical relationship between reliability and wind power generation. The analytical computation of monthly wind power is obtained from weibull statistical model using cubic mean cube root of wind speed. Reliability calculation is based on failure probability analysis. There are many different types of wind turbines commercially available in the market. From reliability point of view, to get optimum reliability in power generation, it is desirable to select a wind turbine generator which is best suited for a site.

The mathematical relationship developed in this paper can be used for site-matching turbine selection in reliability point of view.

Keywords: reliability, weibull distribution, wind power, wind speed, wind turbine selection

*Corresponding author: Tel: +91-9496227443 E-mail: [email protected]

1. Introduction

Increased awareness of environmental protection compels the governments and experts to reduce the dependence on conventional source of energy due to their pivotal role in the emission of green house gasses and their contributions to other types pollutions affecting the nature. This provided a major shift to non conventional sources of energy like solar, wind and biomass. Among them solar and wind power generation are considered to be greenest source of power. Several favorable factors make the wind power as the dominant energy technology for this decade. Technology advancement greatly helped to reduce the cost per unit energy for each new generation of wind turbines that have been available in the market from time to time.

Consumption of energy in the modern society is increasing in a rapid pace, with demand for power far exceeding its production. Moreover, the spiraling hikes in the oil price and the expected depletion of oil reserves in the near future have given an added advantage for the competitiveness and selection of wind power (Hirsch et al. 2005; Meng & Bentley 2008; Bardi

2009). As bulk production is highly preferred in power sector, energy from wind becomes the most preferred one among non conventional energy sources.

The dependence of power generated from wind turbine on wind velocity is well established (Karki & Hu 2005). But the wind velocity variation with respect to time is random. Collection of wind speed data is significant in the study of wind speed model but the data may not be available from all potential sites.

A typical wind power curve is shown in Fig. 1. The functioning of a wind turbine generator can be explained in terms of cut-in speed Vin , rated speed Vr and cut-out speed Vout. Starting from zero, wind speed rises and when it is above the cut-in speed the generator begins to deliver power. The power increases with wind speed. When wind speed reaches rated speed Vr, the generator delivers rated power, and the power remains at this value with increase in wind speed. When wind speed is higher than cut- out speed Vout, the generator stops for protection (Manwell et al. 2002; Li

& Niu 2008). Even though the rated wind speed of a wind turbine generator is about 13-14m/s the average wind speed in most wind farm is only in the range of 7-

(10)

P a g e | 125

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED)

Renewable Energy in Eastern North Africa in Terms of Patterns of Coupling to Czisch European HVDC Super Grid

K. Boubaker

^{a *}

, A. Colantoni

^b

and E. Allegrini

b

a École Supérieure de Sciences et Techniques de Tunis (ESSTT), Université de Tunis/ 63 Rue Sidi Jabeur 5100, Mahdia, TUNISIA

b Department of Agriculture, Forest, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, ITALY

Received Feb 28, 2013

Received in revised form May 8, 2013 Accepted May 10, 2013

Available online

ABSTRACT: In this study, wind energy potential and perspectives in the eastern North Africa region (Tunisia) have been investigated in terms of connectivity to the projected Czisch European HVDC super grid. A simplified extracted scheme of this grid has been used as a guide to optimize transportation efficiency through the whole net. Wind, as an available and easily exploitable renewable energy was showing to have a promising future for 2025 horizon in the context of a connected net with the European Union, despite local sub-grids disparities. This is also to emphasis HVDC technology adequacy for economical power transmission over very long distances and connection between differently established grids.

Keywords: 3D optimizing abacus; renewable energy; Czisch HVDC super grid; European Union; North Africa;

wind energy

*Corresponding Author:

Email: [email protected]

1. Introduction

Tunisia is a very promising country in the matter of wind energy as well as a key participant in the renewable energy area. Due to its strategic geographical location at the middle of the Mediterranean basin, Tunisia holds one of the highest wind energy potentials in the eastern part of the basin (Khasri 1986; Hadj Sassi and Gattoufi 1988; Bahri 1991; United Nations Environnement Programme (UNEP) 2004; Ben Jannet Allal 2005; Ben Amar et al. 2006; Research Projects Federee (PRF) 2007; Societe Tunisienne de l’Electricite et du Gaz (STEG) 2010). During the last decade, primary energy average consumption increased by 3.7% per year whereas the average energy production increased, for the same period, only by 2.3%. Since 2001, Tunisia has become an importer of primary energy (Ben Jannet Allal, 2005; Societe Tunisienne de l’Electricite et du Gaz (STEG) 2010). Recently, and in order to balance this deficit, Tunisian Company of Electricity and Gas (STEG) has 20 power stations of diversified production of energy that are composed of combined cycle, steam and gas turbines and hydraulic and wind turbines (Societe Tunisienne de l’Electricite et du Gaz (STEG) 2010). In this context, wind energy sector is considered as a

promising source in the improvement of the energy balance and the environmental protection.

Not far from this area, and as stated by Czisch (2008, 2011), the recently launched European Renewable Grid Initiative ERGI is claimed to be capable of not only linking remote wind farms, but also drawing energy from millions of micro-generation devices. Producing unit size is critical to this grid since a grid based on micro-generation devices such as small scale wind turbines would prove much less efficient then one built around large scale renewable energy technologies.

In this paper, we give some features of adequacy of future and actual projects in the wind energy domain in the eastern North Africa region, in terms of both efficiency and connectivity to the European Renewable Grid Initiative ERGI. An electrically equivalent circuit along with a scientifically founded optimizing protocol gives evidence to this analysis.

2. Wind energy in Tunisia

2.1 Actual state of the art

According to Hadj Sassi and Gattoufi (1988), wind energy potential in Tunisia is significant and may