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ORAL PRESENTATIONS SCHEDULE
Time Session Venue
Paper titles
THE FIRST DAY
10.30-11-30;15’ Q&A A Cornwallis
1)Reintroducing the Juxtaposition of Sense of Privacy and Social Interaction in Traditional Towns to Contemporary Urban Design in Iran
Samira Ramezani & Shima Hamidi
2) The Effects of Sense of Progression and Cognitive Distance on Route Choice and Waking to Reach Destination
Mohammad Paydar & Samira Ramezani
3) How Walkable is Our City?: Its Influence in Creating Sustainable City Centre Design
Shuhana Shamsuddin , Nur Hanani Abdul Rahman & Ahmad Bashri Sulaima
4) Perception of Property Buyers towards the Existence of the Park Farahwaheeda Shukur Noriah Othman & Abdul Hadi Nawawi
10.30-11-30;15’ Q&A A Esplanade
1) Sustainable Design in Architecture and Urbanism Hourakhsh Ahmadnia, Majid Gholizadeh & Alireza Delpazir
2) Designing for Sustainable Retail Development in City Centres: the Case of Traditional Bazaar in Tehran, Iran
Shuhana Shamsuddin, Seyedeh Atefeh Abtahi & Mohammad Ashjaei
3) Analysis of Urban Design Method for Aging Society of Japan
Hiroatsu Fukuda , Yupeng Wang , Liyang Fan , Ken Igarashi, Harumichi Yuasa & Kiyoshi Shinriki
4) Stagnate to Extensive: The Design of Capital City Development in Coastal Archipelago Raja Ampat
Astuti
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10.30-11-30;15’ Q&A A Sri Penang
1) A View over Cooling Systems into Building Using Wind Power in Yazd Tofigh Tabesh & Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi
2) The Effects of Vegetation, Building Construction, and Human Factors on the Thermal Performance of Housing in a Tropical Environment
Alamah Misni, George Baird & Penny Allan
3) A comprehensive Study on Traditional Wind Tower’s Performance in Brojerdiha Mansion of Kashan
M. Sarlak, B.Mahmoodi & A.Shamsaie
4) Efficient System of Sustainable Energy in a Housing, Using Optimization Model for Electric Renewable, Software, Case Study Sudan
Z.Abdallah.M.E, A.Awadalla & M.F.M.Zain
11.45-12.45;15’ Q&A B Cornwallis
1) Word Bank’s Changing Approaches to Sustainability of Housing Affordability in Developing Economies
Mahbubur Rahman & Moukhtar M. Mai
2) Spatial-Functional Analysis of Kurdish Courtyard Houses in Erbil City, Iraq Faris Ali Mustafa & Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
3) Vernacular Housing Design in Central India: Issues and Concerns for Today
Rajashree Kotharkar, S.A.Deshpande & Rajesh Gupta
4) Neighbourhood and Housing Quality in Low Cost Housing in Aden, Republic of Yemen
Enas Ahmed Abdulla Shaqra'a & Nurwati Badarulzaman
11.45-12.45;15’ Q&A B Esplanade
1) Assessing Wayfinding of Users in Unfamiliar Large-Scale Urban Place Aida Eslami Afrooz
2) A Study on Pedestrian Walkways at Ahwaz Imam Bazaar, Iran Sara Rasooli & Elahe Aflaki
3) Place-Making of Roadside Eatery and Its Characteristics: A Case Study in Kuala Lumpur City Centre
Norhayati Abu Bakar, Wan Mariah Wan Harun & Julaihi Wahid
4) Elasti(c)ity: Rediscovering the Night Market as an Itinerant Urban Space Khalilah Zakariya & Sue Anne Ware
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11.45-12.45;15’ Q&A B Sri Penang
1) The Preliminary Study of Smart Window for Passive Cooling in Tropical Terrace House
Agung Murti Nugroho
2) The Issues of Urban Heat Island in the City, the Case Study of Tanjong City Marina and Jetty Districts, Penang Island, Malaysia
Bambang Karsono & Julaihi Wahid
3) Wall Window Ratio (WWR) and Its Influence on Internal Air Temperatures and Natural Light Level in Glazed Room in the Tropics
Sharifah Fairuz Syed Fadzil, Nedhal A. Al-Tamimi , Adel Abdullah & Wan Mariah Wan Harun
4) Towards Responsive Architecture: An Exploration of Massing in Design Process
Zalina Hj Samadi, NurulHusna Qamaruzzaman & Firdaus Al-Siddiq Fadzil
14.00-15.15;15’ Q&A C Cornwallis
1) Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Respect to Building Height in a High- Density City in the Tropics: A Case Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Anisha Noori Kakon, Mishima Nobuo, Shoichi Kojima & Taguchi Yoko
2) Integrated Thermal Building Simulation for Cooling Energy Assessment of a High-Rise Office Building in Indonesia
Rahmi Andarini, Streicher.W, Kamawardhana, H.P. & Nafarin. E.
3) Influence of Geometry and Orientation on Flank Insolation of Streets in an Arid Climate City
Mehrdad Mazloomi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Parmis Naraghi Bagherpour, Mohd Rodzi Ismail &
Mohd Zin Kandar
4) Symbiotic Transformation of Advanced Technology in Vernacular Context Shinde Sanjay, Lele Anand & Gokhale V.A.
5) Estimation of Non-Residential Building Energy Consumption in China Yongzhi Gao, Weijun Gao, Ji Xuan & Yutaka Tonooka
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14.00-15.15;15’ Q&A C Esplanade
1) Regionalisation of Solid Waste Management towards Sustainable Metropolitan Cities in Indonesia
Fitrijani Anggraini & Elis Hastuti
2) The Deterioration of Built Environment: Crisis Impact of Urban Heat Island on Energy consumption
Che-Ani A.I., Shahmohamadi P., M.F.I. Mohd-Nor, Mohd-Tawil N. & M.F.M. Zain
3) Importance of Self-Sustaining Islands in Terms of Environmental Impact Sercan Yalciner & Cemaliye Sunalp
4) Solid Waste Management in Indonesia: Lessons Learnt from Austria Christia Meidiana & Thomas Gamse
5) Gender Participation in Creating Ecological Housing Environment Titien Woro Murtini
14.00-15.15;15’ Q&A C Sri Penang
1) Microclimatic Importance of Dry Stone Houses in the Berber Architecture, Algeria
Hamza Zeghlache & Hanane Kihal
2) Adapting the Patterned Brick Production Technique for the Purpose of Restoration of Historical Buildings in Iran
Hamidreza Kazempour & Shima Hamidi
3) Sustainability Assessment of Model Construction for Bamboo Mat Panel House
Wahyu Wuryanti
4) The Use of Glass in the Buildings in Amman: Architecture or Trend?
Nabeel AlKurdi
5) Implementing Ecological Sustainability in Building Development Yeoh Oon Soon
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15.30-16.45;15’ Q&A D Cornwallis
1) Low-Tech Climate Control of Suburban Housing, an Egyptian Case Study:
A Middle East Example Salah El din Samir Hareed
2) A Study of Modernity and Architectural Identity in Erbil City, Iraq Salahaddin Yasin Baper & Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
3) Behaviour of Columns of Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings with Soft Ground Floor subjected to Earthquake Load
Khan Mahmud Amanat & Sharany Haque
4) Undergraduate Students’ Satisfaction with Hostel and Sense of Attachment to Place, Case Study at Universiti Sains Malaysia Fatemeh Khozaei, Nadia Ayub & Zahra Khozaei
5) An Empirical Assessment on the Integration Level of Environmental Sustainability in Architectural Design Education in Malaysia
Sufian C.A. & Ku Azhar Ku Hassan
15.30-16.45;15’ Q&A D Esplanade
1) Dynamics of Ever-Expanding Modern Urbanism and Endangered Cultural Sustainability of Urban Heritage in Middle Eastern Cities
Murat Cetin & Senem Doyduk
2) Old Cities Planning- Are We in Danger of Losing Our Historical Pattern?
Liudmila Cazacova & Uulfet Ulbar
3) Placed-Based Crime Prevention in Sustainable Development Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali, Aldrin Abdullah & Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki 4) Dilemmas and Contradictions in Implementing Sustainable Landscape Design in Community Open Spaces
Abhijit Natu
5) Marginalised Architecture as an Expression of the Poor Creativities in Informal Settlement within the City
Paulus Bawole
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15.30-16.45;15’ Q&A D Sri Penang
1) Some Lessons of Prophet Muhammad in Architecture: the case of His Mosque in Medina
Spahic Omer
2) Analysis and Views of the Holy Book (Quran) in Connection with Sustainable Concepts in Human Life through Architecture Habib Shahhosseini
3) The Function of Water, Soil, Wind, Fire in Iranian Traditional Architecture Habib Shahhosseini
4) The Impact of Heritage Buildings on the Urban Design of the Surrounding Areas: The Case of Islamic Cairo, Egypt
Walaa Nour & Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed
5) Contribution of Historical Buildings to the Sustainable Future Architecture H.M. Shokry & M.T.Hammad
THE SECOND DAY
9.30-10.30;15’ Q&A E1 Cornwallis
1) Ethnography-Architecture Comprehends the Cultural Space: Case Study of Kampong Kauman Semarang
Atiek Suprapti B., Eko Budihardjo, Galih W. Pangarsa & Nurdien H. Kistanto
2) The Waiting Space Environment: Perception by Design Fuziah Ibrahim, Wan Mariah Wan Harun & Muna Hanim Abdul Samad
3) The Effects of Interior Horizontal Pathway Design of Museums on Elderly Visitors’ Satisfaction in Peninsular Malaysia
Raed. M.A Elottol & Azizi Bahuddin
4) Natural Ventilation of Indoor Air Temperature: A Case Study of the Traditional Malay House in Penang, Malaysia
Ahmad Sanusi Hassan & Mahyuddin Ramli
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9.30-10.30;15’ Q&A E1 Esplanade
1) The Application of Information Technology in the Smart Progressing and Performance Optimisation of Tabriz Municipality
Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi & Tofigh Tabesh
2) Study on the Usage of GIS in Urban Designing by an Actual Project in Japan
Yupeng Wang, Hiroatsu Fukuda & Liyang Fan
3) A Study on the Unused and Renewable Energy Mapping in Kitakyushu with GIS
Ru Ye, Hidetoshi Fukahori & Weijun Gao
4) Ecological Capability Evaluation for Site Selection and Urban Design by Means of GIS: A Case Study
Reyahi Khoram Mahdi
9.30-10.30;15’ Q&A E1 Sri Penang
1) Towards Sustainability in Architecture
Eman Mohamed Eid Attiah & Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim
2) Autonomous Buildings: Wisdom on Sustainable Design in Architecture and Engineering
Yonas Ahmed
3) Patterns of Sustainability in Iranian Architecture at Hot Arid Zone Hourakhsh Ahmadnia, Majid Gholizadeh & Alireza Delpazir
4) The Tools of the Environmental Success and Aesthetical Success in Architecture and Their Application to the Urban of the Western Desert in Egypt
Walaa Nour ,Reham M. & M. Mohie El-Din
10.45-11.45;15’ Q&A E2 Cornwallis
1) Housing Orientation and Configuration Strategy in Reducing Noise Disturbance
Erni Setyowati, Sugiono Soetomo, Wahyu Setiabudi & Eddy Prianto
2) Survey of Effect of form of Building on Energy Consumption Rate in Different Regions
Mansour Nikpour & Mohsen Ghasemi
3) Towards Urban Harmonious Colours Visual Impact in Using Colour in Sustainable Architecture
Mohamed Elhamshary & Walid Anan
4) Saving Our Earth Learning Design and Materials Used at Traditional Architecture
Thomas Brunner & Nurlaela Latifah
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10.45-11.45;15’ Q&A E2 Esplanade
1) Renovation of Historical Residential Area in Tokyo with Consideration of Regional Contexts
Liyang Fan, Yupeng Wang , Hiroatsu Fukuda & Weijun Gao
2) Underground Spaces Planning: The New Way for Urban Landuse in Iran Maryam ziyaee & Ehsan Ranaee
3) The Sustainable Settlements Pattern on the Urban Fringe Areas with Case Study at Semarang Metropolitan Indonesia
Bambang Setioko & Joesron, A.S
4) Physical Qualities and Activities Patterns Associated with Street’s Identity, A Case Study Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ibrahim Abdallah Shinbira & Ahmad Bashri Sulaiman
10.45-11.45;15’ Q&A E2 Sri Penang
1) Harmonising Middle-Class Aspirations for Low-Carbon Housing:
Contextual Study of Mysore, India Satish B. K. & John Brennan
2) Towards Sustainable Financial Management of High-Rise Residential by Eliminating Monthly Service Charges
Che-Ani A.I., Mohd-Tawil N., M.F.M. Zain, M. Surat & M. Jamil
3) Strategies for Surviving in Desert, Lessons from Hot Arid Region of Iran Fatemeh Khozaei, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan & Zahra Khozaei
4) Potted Plants on Flat Roof as a Strategy to Reduce Indoor Temperature in Malaysian Climate
Asmat Ismail, Hanim Abdul Samad & Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman 5) Passive Cooling Design in Traditional Arabian Houses Bisam Ehessan A. Alhafiz, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan & Mohd Rodzi Ismail
THE ISSUES OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN THE CITY The Case of Tanjong City Marina and Jetty Districts, Penang Island-Malaysia
Bambang Karsono1, Julaihi Wahid2
1 ST., MT., is a PhD Student at the School Of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang
(e-mail: [email protected])
2 Assoc. Prof., B.Arch., M.Arch., PhD., is a lecturer at the School Of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang
(e-mail: [email protected]).
ABSTRACT
A heat island is an area of land whose ambient temperature is higher than the land surrounding it.
Warmer air temperature in cities as compared to air temperatures in the surrounding rural areas is the principal diagnostic feature of urban heat island.
Alterations of urban surface by the people may result in diverse microclimates whose aggregate effect is reflected by the heat island. Many studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between the density of population in the city and the effects of the heat island intensity. In this paper we attempt to identify the influence the use of building and landscape material in a district to its thermal environment, which can trigger urban heat island.
Tanjong City Marina, formerly known as Church Street Pier, and Jetty District in Pinang Island Malaysia has been chosen as a case study. To identify the use of building and landscape material and its quantity in the district we conduct ground survey. In order to get information about the influence of the use of building material to its urban heat island, we have to calculate the quantities of all building and landscape-material using in the district. There are two aspects to be measured i.e., 1) density of district, 2) type of building and landscape material. The measurements consist of ground survey. In discussion we propose to counteract the urban heat island by landscapes.
Keywords: urban heat island, thermal environment, density of district, type of building and landscape material 1. INTRODUCTION
Warmer air temperature in cities as compared to air temperatures in the surrounding rural areas is the principal diagnostic feature of urban heat island. Alterations of urban surface by the people may result in diverse microclimates whose aggregate effect is reflected by the heat island (Landsberg 1981). Buildings, paving, vegetations, and other physical elements of the urban fabric are the active thermal interfaces between the atmosphere and land surface. Their composition and structure within the urban canopy layer, which extends from the ground to about roof level, largely determine the thermal behavior of different sites within a city (Goward
1981). Thus, urban heat islands can be detected at various ranges of scales, from the micro-scale of a shopping center parking lot to the mezzo- scale of an urbanized region.
Figure 1. Urban Heat Island Profile (source: Oke, 1982)
The horizontal structure of a hypothetical urban heat island is characterized by a ‘cliff’ (Figure1.0) that follows the city’s perimeter and is steepest along the windward boundary (Oke 1982). This sharp temperature gradient leads to the pulses of cool air flowing into the city at night. Intra-urban heat islands and cool islands reflect a localized effect of differences in building density and surface cover. Temperatures in mid-latitude parks can be 1° to 3°C cooler than outside, and their influence can extend to several hundred meters beyond the park boundary (Oke 1989). Differences in urban and rural temperatures are usually greatest (3° to 8°C) in the early morning near the city core. However, the daytime temperatures are often warmest outside the core in a zone within a lower buildings or more exposed pavement (Tuller 1973).
Analysis of a temporal difference shows that the intensity of urban heat island is greatest at night, primarily due to differences in urban-rural cooling (Oke 1982). At sunset, rural areas begin to cool rapidly while urban areas remain warm and then cool at a slower rate. Different urban-rural cooling rates at sunset produce maximum heat island intensities of three or five hours later. At sunrise, urban areas begin to warm relatively slowly, sometimes producing urban ‘cool islands’ during the morning.
2. EFFECTS OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Urban temperatures have been increasing in cities around the world. Comparisons of temperature data from paired urban and rural weather stations suggest that the recent warming trends are due to the urban heat island effect rather than a change in regional weather. For example, the data from thirty-one California cities show a warming rate of 0.4°C per decade since 1965 (Akbari et al. 1992).
Additionally, scientists project a greenhouse warming rate at about 0.3°C per decade, which could exacerbate urban heat island effects.
Urban heat island can contribute to global warming because warmer temperatures resulting in greater demands for cooling. Coal-burning power plants release about 0.45 kilograms of carbon per kilowatt-hour every time the electricity is generated. Therefore, mitigating urban heat islands can indirectly reduce the carbon dioxide emissions at any power plants with the concentrations of atmospheric CO2.
Urban heat island can have a numerous other adverse effects on the physical and psychological well-being of city dwellers. Heat-aggravated illness and death are related to increased cardiovascular diseases that weaken resistance to heat. Unnaturally high heat loads can directly and indirectly reduce life expectancy (Weihe 1986).
3. MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY AREA
Figure 2. Sattelite Image of Tanjong City Marina and Jetty District
Although the density of this district is relatively low, i.e.
only 45% of area covered by buildings, but the total floor area is high, i.e. about 94% of district area (Table.1)
Table 1. District Density
Area of District (m2)
Ground Floor Area
(m2)
Total Floor Area
(m2)
BC FAR
16221.53 7262.62 15257.27 0.45 0.94
The envelope-area analysis at district shows that roof area is more dominant than wall area. Approximately 54% of Tanjong City Marina and Jetty district area covers by roof
and 28% area covers by wall. It means that in majority the buildings are low rise and single floor. (Table.2)
Table 2. Roof and Wall
Roof Area (m2)
Wall Area (m2)
District Area (m2)
Roof Area/Dist
rict Area (m2)
Wall Area/District
Area (m2)
8563.43 4532.81 16221.53 0.54 0.28
Table 3. Hardscape and Softscape
Hardscape Area (m2)
Softscape Area (m2)
District Area (m2)
Hardscape Area/Distri ct Area
(m2)
Softscape Area/Distri ct Area
(m2)
6693.84 964.26 16221.53 0.41 0.06
However, surface-area analysis shows that hardscape area is more dominant than softscape area. Approximately 41%
area covers by hardscape and only 6% area covers by softscape (Table.3).
The use of building and landscape materials is divided into two categories, namely heavyweight and lightweight material. In this area the use of heavyweight material is more dominant than lightweight material. The heavyweight material is dominantly used in floor and inside wall, while lightweight material is dominantly used as roof and perimeter wall (Table.4). The material of building envelope influences the gain of direct solar radiation. It is commonly known that the heavyweight material has bigger thermal capacity than lightweight one.
In this case, direct solar radiations dominantly interface with the lightweight material (Wonorahardjo, et al, 2007).
Table 4. Density of Heavyweight and Lightweight Material in the District
Building Material
Floor (m2)
Wall (m2)
Roof (m2)
Total area of material
(m2)
Area of material/
Area of District Heavyweight material
Concrete 15257.27 0 8136.28 23393.55 1.44
Brick 0 3312.55 0 3312.55 0.20
Lightweight material
Metal 0 0 427.15 427.15 0.03
Glass 0 1240.26 0 1240.26 0.08
The influence of the use of building and landscape material in a district to its urban heat island is shown at Tanjong City Marina. It could be seen that heavyweight concrete roof of single floor building and concrete floor makes a lower surface temperature. The lightweight metal roof has lower thermal capacity than concrete material, so the lightweight one could not absorb and collect much thermal energy. Furthermore the shiny surface of metal roof reflects most of the direct solar radiation. Open spaces such as street space, parking park, with hardscape surface give better influence to urban heat island.
4. DISCUSSION
The thermal behavior of cities is largely a by-product of urban morphology or, more specific, the composition and three-dimensional structures of materials that constitute the urban canopy layer. Counteract of urban heat islands by landscapes can contribute to the sustainability of the city. Since most electrical utilities experience peak demands during summer as a result of air-conditioning loads. The energy-saving potential of trees and other landscape vegetation has been documented (Meier 1991).
Vegetation can counteract urban heat islands directly by shading heat-absorbing surfaces, and indirectly through evapotranspirational (ET) cooling. Meier (1991) reported that vegetation consistently lowered the wall surface temperature by about seventeen degrees Celsius and reduced the usage of air-conditioning costs by 25 to 80 percent. In most circumstances, the impact of one or several trees on ambient temperatures and cooling load are small compared to the shading effect. Cool air produced in the tree crown is dissipated by the much larger volume of air moving through the tree. However, large numbers of trees and expansive green spaces can reduce local air temperatures by one to five degrees Celsius, and the advection of this cool air can lower the demand for air conditioning (Oke 1989).
Trees in urban environments can experience drought stress due to limited soil moisture and large heat gains from absorbed and reflected radiation (Oke 1989).
Theoretically, for stressed plants ET cooling is least during midday to late afternoon when water vapor deficits are greatest and stomata are closed. Therefore, actual ET cooling effects may be less than projected. The relative importance of ET cooling has been disputed by Lowry (1988), who calculated an ET cooling rate of 0.3°C per hour and a sensible heating rate of 0.1°C per hour along the ten meters of street canyon containing six mature trees.
5. CONCLUSION
The influence of building and landscape material to urban heat island is clearly recognized in this study of Tanjong City Marina and Jetty district. Trees and other vegetation can be applied to counteract the urban heat island in this district. Although the potential for planting trees in cities is great and the considerable counteract of urban heat- island effects is possible, however, there are problems associated with tree planning. Firstly, trees can be serious liability if they are becoming a public hazard, interfering with above ground or below ground utilities; hence it requires an excessive maintenance. Secondly, trees can have an adversely affect on the urban climate by blocking solar access in winter, by trapping pollutants within the urban canopy layer and by increasing aerodynamic roughness, therefore it reduced country-city air flow and caused a convective heat loss. Thirdly, trees can be relatively expensive to plant and slow to provide a return on investment. Fourthly, increased tree planting can increase the amount of pollen that affects allergy sufferers,
the usage of water supplies, and the amount of solid waste that goes into landfills. However, these problems can be minimized through careful planning, wise selection of species, and better designs that can use the hydrologic, ecologic, atmospheric, restorative, and aesthetic benefits that vegetation can provide. Counteract of urban heat islands by landscapes can contribute to sustainability of the city.
6. REFERENCES
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[2] ARNOLD, H.E. (1980), Trees in Urban Design, New York:
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[3] BEATTY, R.A., (1990), Planting guidelines for heat island mitigation and energy conservation. In Controlling summer heat islands, ed. K. Garbesi, H. Akbari, and P. Martien.
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[10] MEIER, A.K. (1991), Measured cooling savings from vegetative landscaping. In Energy Efficiency and the Environment: Forging the link, Washington: American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy.
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[15] TULLER, S.E., (1973), Microclimate variations in a downtown urban environment. Geografiska Annaler 54(3- 4):123-35
[16] VALE, B. and VALE, R. (1991), Green Architecture:
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[17] WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development),(1987), Our Common Future (Brundtland Report), Oxford.
[18] WEIHE, W.H. (1986), Life expectancy in a tropical climates and urbanization. In Urban Climatology and its Applications with Special Regard to Tropical Area, ed. T.R.
Oke. Geneva: World Metrological Organization [19] WONORAHARDJO, S., et al. (2007). The Influence of
Building Material to Urban Thermal Environment, A Case Study of Caringin Market, Bandung, Indonesia, Proceedings of The Eight SENVAR, Petra University, Surabaya- Indonesia.
ISBN: 978-967-5417-67-2
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design (ICSAUD 2010), pg 673-678, HBP-USM