The numerical simulation result in Figure 2 shows the changes in behavior of exposed subpopulations (E) when control strategy A, B, C is applied and the weight of costs w1w220. The number of exposed subpopulations has increased each time no vaccination or treatment control is given. After control strategy A is applied, the number of exposed subpopulations decreases faster than without control. The number of exposed subpopulations also decreased when control strategy B was used, i.e.
Effect of Calcium Polysulfide Applications on Severity of Cocoa Pod Rot (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) and Fungal Diversity
Effect of calcium polysulfide applications on cocoa pod rot (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) severity and fungal diversity. Effect of calcium polysulfide concentration against the average attack intensity of cocoa pod rot (P. palmivora).
Phylogenetic Patterns of Genus Megophrys (Anura: Megophryidae) from Java and Sumatra
The exchange of fauna between Java and Sumatra probably occurred several times during the Pleistocene period due to the merging of the two islands and the loss of the Sunda Strait [2]. The exchange of fauna took place after the formation of a wide topographic area at the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch (Fig. 3). The regression of the sea level between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula at that time reached up to 30 meters, which allowed a sub-aerial dispersal route between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
The siltation of the Sunda Strait, which caused the unification of Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula in the Pleistocene era (redrawn after Inger and Voris [2]) .. Description: a) At the maximum lowering of the sea level (120 meters from the current surface-below the current level) ;. Geographic barriers are an external environmental factor that affects all individuals, independent of genotypes. Thus, the barrier effect appears as an intrinsic response of species to large environmental variations.
Molecular systematics of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus): a comparison of parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Improved interpretation of the Talang Akar depositional environment as an aid to hydrocarbon exploration in the ARII Offshore Northwest Java contract area.
The Effect of Explant Types and Kinetin Concentration on In Vitro Callus Induction in Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
Induction and growth of callus in vetiver is influenced by explant types and concentration of kinetin in the medium. However, there is no interaction between explant type and kinetin concentration on callus formation and growth. The explant type had a significant effect on the formation and growth of callus in vetiver.
Addition of 0.3-1 ppm kinetin in combination with 0.75 ppm 2,4-D did not significantly affect the formation and growth of callus. In root explantation in Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst. addition of 3 ppm kinetin to the medium produces a percentage of callus higher than 1.5 ppm kinetin, 50% and 16%, respectively [13]. Callus formation and growth in vetiver was influenced by explant type and kinetin concentration supplemented in the medium.
The formation and growth of callus from tiller explant was faster and better than crown explant. In addition, the formation and growth of callus was also affected by kinetin in the medium.
Assessing the Genotoxic Potentials of Methomyl-based Pesticide in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Using Micronucleus Assay
Evaluation of genotoxic potentials of methomyl-based pesticides in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using micronucleus assay. Additionally, micronucleus data were analyzed using One Way Anova to determine the effect of methomyl-based pesticide on the response of actual parameters. At the concentration of methomyl-based pesticide at 4.2 ppm, fish mortality begins to occur after 4 hours of exposure up to 10%.
At a methomyl-based pesticide concentration of 6.5 ppm, it was found that fish kills began after 4 hours of exposure as much as 10% of the fish population and total fish kills over 96 hours exposed as much as 70% of the fish population. Concentration of methomyl-based pesticide of 8.7 ppm showed that fish kills started after 2 hours of exposure of as much as 10% of the fish population and total fish kills over 96 hours exposed as much as 80% of the fish population. Concentration of methomyl-based pesticide at 10 ppm, fish kills begin after 2 hours of exposure as much as 10% of the population and total fish kills over 96 hours exposed as much as 100%.
Probit Analysis of LC50-96 hours of methomyl-based pesticide During 96 hours exposed, lower mortality of. The micronuclei frequencies in tilapia (O. . niloticus) erythrocytes were significantly increased (p<0.05) simultaneously with increased concentration and exposure of methomyl-based pesticide.
Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Cobra (Squamata: Naja) in Java, Sumatra, and Other Asian Region
The results of this study led to the idea to review the results of the research by Philip [9] who states that Ophiophagus hannah is a sister lineage of the genus Naja. Reconstructed phylogenetic tree of the genus Naja based on the 16S rRNA gene from Java, Sumatra and some areas of Asia. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the AIb group is consistent with the research of Wuster and Thrope [10], i.e.
The results of the phylogenetic reconstruction trees in accordance with the results of research Wuster [12], which showed that three evolutionary lines separated from the genus of the genus Naja. The results of the reconstruction are consistent with research by Wuster [12] and Wallach [13], where N. The divergence time of Elapidae occurs at the beginning of the Neogene period (about 16 mya) to the end of the Cretaceous subperiod [ 14 ].
Iti pammadayaw kadagiti subhenero: taksonomiko a kasasaad dagiti kobra ti henero ti Naja Laurenti (Uleg: Elapidae). Molekular a pilohenia, pannakaidasig ken bioheograpia dagiti uleg ti pamilia ti Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata).
In Vitro Morphogenesis Responses of Various Explant in Physalis angulata L
Callus formation was observed in 51.8% in vitro leaf explants, which was more dominant than shoot (35.7%) and root (7.1%) regeneration. In the combination of cytokinin:auxin, the in vitro shoot tips and nodes had high response in shoot induction and regeneration than in vitro and in vivo leaf explants. High percentages of shoot tips and nodes explant regenerated shoots in all combinations of PGR (Fig. 2).
Nearly 100% of shoot tips were able to produce shoots (Fig. 3A) in all types of culture media. These results demonstrated that shoot tips derived from in vitro seedlings may be used as explants to support the development of P micropropagation. Shoot multiplication derived from in vitro shoot tip explants in different combinations of hormone cytokinin:auxin eight weeks after culture.
In vitro morphogenesis responses of different explants 105. angulata obtained from in vitro seedlings was the most responsive explant to shoot regeneration and mutilation in different BA+auxin/cytokinin combination medium. Studies on the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Physalis angulata L. Solanaceae) fraction and physalin B highlighting the importance of assay determination.
Effects of Fish Oil and Tomato Powder Supplementation in Mojosari Ducks Diet on Egg Quality
Effects of addition of fish oil and tomato powder in the diet of Mojosari ducks on egg quality. The effects of the addition of fish oil and tomato powder in the diet of Mojosari ducks on the external quality of eggs are shown in Table 2. The effects of the addition of fish oil and tomato powder in the diet of Mojosari ducks on the external quality of eggs.
The effects of supplementation of fish oil and tomato powder in the diet of Mojosari ducks on internal egg quality are shown in Table 3. The results showed that the supplementation of fish oil and tomato powder in the diet did not affect the Haugh unit of eggs of Mojosari ducks. Effects of addition of fish oil and tomato powder in the diet of Mojosari ducks on the quality of internal eggs.
It can be said that supplementing fish oil up to 2% had no detrimental effect on egg quality. The conclusion of this research is that there were no harmful effects of fish oil and tomato powder supplements in the diet of Mojosari ducks on external and internal egg quality.
Comparison of DNA Extraction Methods Between Conventional, Kit, Alkali and Buffer-Only for PCR Amplification on Raw and Boiled Bovine and
Comparison of DNA extraction methods between conventional, kit, alkali and buffer only for PCR amplification on raw and cooked cattle and.
Porcine Meat
Raw and cooked meat were weighed at 80 g and 150 g and dispensed into 1.5 ml microtubes for DNA extraction. Samples were subjected to four methods of DNA extraction and purification: a conventional PCI method [12], isolation kit method, alkaline lysis method [9] and a lysis buffer only method [10], in 6 replicates. DNA extraction and PCR amplification were performed at the Central Laboratory for Life Science (LSIH), University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
Samples were initially aliquoted at 80 mg in microtubes and the DNA extraction method was following the manufacturer's instructions. Regarding the non-conventional methods tested in this study, the alkaline lysis method showed good reliability in DNA extraction for these samples, while the lysis buffer method showed good DNA isolation, albeit of poor quality. A Rapid Method for Authenticating Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Meat by Alkaline Lysis DNA Extraction and Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Improved DNA extraction method for pig contaminants, detection in imported meat in the Saudi market. Detection of rendered meat and bone meal by PCR depends on the animal species of origin and the DNA extraction method.
Study of Glucosamine Production from Shrimp Shells by Fermentation Using Trichoderma harzianum
Preparation of chitin from shrimp shells Isolation of chitin from Vannamei shrimp shells was carried out by a step of demineralization using HCl and deproteinization using NaOH [24]. 1.5 M HCl was then added to the shrimp shell powder at a 1:15 (w/v) sample to solvent ratio. Then, the solid was dried in an oven at 70 °C for 24 h and cooled in a desiccator to obtain shrimp shell powder with low mineral content.
The demineralized shrimp shell powder was placed in a beaker and added with 3.5% NaOH solution at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). The correlation between pH and duration of fermentation of shrimp shell chitin for glucosamine production according to the RSM program can be observed in Figure 1. Three-dimensional RSM plot of the correlation between pH and duration of fermentation of shrimp shell chitin for glucosamine production using T.
Three-dimensional RSM plot on Figure 1 shows the flat form of correlation between pH and fermentation duration of shrimp shell chitin for glucosamine production, which means that there was no optimum point. The fermentation duration applied to the optimization of fermentation of shrimp shell chitin for glucosamine production by T.
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Citation in the manuscript only typed the reference number (not the author and year), example: Obesity is an accumulation of fat in large amounts that will cause excessive body weight (overweight) [1]. Conclusion of the study's findings is short, concise and solidly written, without additional new interpretation. This section can also be written about research novelty, advantages and disadvantages of the research, as well as recommendations for future research. (Calibri 10 Justify).
This section describes gratitude to those who helped in terms of content and money. Importance of CD80/CD86-CD28 interaction in target cell recognition by CD8+CD122+ regulatory T cells.