Fei-Tan (1974) mentioned that radial intercellular channels are always present in all species of yellow meranti and some red meranti ( . in. This indicates that radial intercellular channels become the main characteristics of the woody species of yellow meranti.
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Before inoculation, wood strips were removed from the stem to determine the total phenolics content. The result revealed that the total phenolics content and the infection area generally showed a negative correlation.
Pre-Inoculation Sampling
The objectives of this study were to investigate the pre-inoculation total phenolic content of and represented by wood strips;. Inoculation was deployed in a spiral pattern at trunk area extending from ground level to 1.5 m high, wood strips were taken from that area representing the total phenolic condition pre-inoculation (Figure 1).
Analysis of Total Phenolics in Pre-Inoculated Wood Mill
Inoculation Procedure
Observation and Data Collection
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total phenolic content of pre-inoculated agarwood trees and infection area of the corresponding species after six months of inoculation with F. Correlation trend of total phenolics content and area of infection of agarwood trees in Carita and Dramaga caused by fungi.
CONCLUSION
The total phenolic content of the plant plays a significant role in agarwood formation, although it may act more prominently in a system with several other factors rather than just a single factor. The lower total phenolics content in the tree could result in a larger area of infection, meaning the greater amount of agarwood could be yielded or artificially induced. Indonesia ranks as the largest agarwood producer in the world and the host trees that produce such agarwood consist of 16 species.
Agarwood cultivation which is increasing especially after several researches have been done shows that cultivated agarwood can offer feasible benefit (Marliani, 2008; Suharti, 2009; Tarmiji, 2009; . The Angel, 2009).
MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Type and Source of Data
The key to agarwood agribusiness lies primarily in the success of the pathogen inoculation technique, the suitability of the pathogen for inoculation with inoculated trees, and the level of resistance of such trees. This paper describes the feasibility study of agarwood inoculation at several stem diameters and harvest periods after the respective host trees have been inoculated. These data included the ecological aspect and distribution of timber, age, diameter, price of trees prepared for inoculation, labor cost, price of inoculum material and chemical composition, price and depreciation value for tools and equipment used for the process. of vaccination, as well as the price of Agarwood in different qualities.
The collected data was analyzed in depth using financial analysis such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Cost Benefit Ratio (B/C Ratio).
Data Analysis
If these three requirements could be met, agarwood can initially be harvested one year after inoculation. The pertinent data were collected from three field survey areas: Carita-Banten, West Kalimantan and Kandangan-South Kalimantan (primary data) and literature study (secondary data). Meanwhile, the source of secondary data and information came from Ministry of Forestry, CITES, Statistical Center Bureau (BPS) and Indonesia's Agarwood Exporter Association (Asgarin).
The project is considered financially feasible if the IRR value is higher than the bank's interest rate.
Assumptions and Restrictions
For stem diameters of 15 - 25 cm, high-quality agarwood production varies from 0.4 to 1 kg/tree, while low-quality production varies from 3 to 7 kg/tree. For stem diameters of 26 - 35 cm, high quality agarwood production varies from 0.5 to 1.1 kg/tree, while low quality production varies from 4 to 8 kg/tree. For stem diameter of 36 - 40 cm, high quality agarwood production varies from 0.6 to 1.2 kg/tree and low quality production varies from 5 to 9 kg/tree.
Productivity of agarwood at different trunk diameters and ages of tree host Diameter 15-25 cm Diameter 26-35 cm Diameter 36-40 cm Production (kg/tree) Production. kg/tree) Production(kg/tree) Period of harvest.
Ecological Aspect and Agarwood Distribution in Indonesia
Another study conducted by Sumarna (2008) in Jambi (Tabir Angin sub-district, Merangin Regency) revealed that based on habitat ecology (shown by distribution of host trees of and ) confirmed that tree species studied is, can grow well at 100 m above sea level, with average temperature of 27 C, relative humidity 78% and light intensity 75%. They can also grow well at 200 m above sea level with an average temperature of 24 C, relative humidity 85% and light intensity around 67%. Meanwhile, at 200 m above sea level, they grow well with an average temperature of 20 C relative humidity around 81% and light intensity around 56%.
Harvesting could be done before the trees die, but agarwood is best cut on dead trees because three types of agarwood products can be obtained at once: and ash/dust (Sumarna, 2007).
Artificial Agarwood Development through Inoculation Process
The physiological process mechanism of wood agar production begins when disease-causing microbes enter the wood tissue. It is estimated that the best quality of agarwood can only be found in trees that grow deep in the forest, and it takes about a few weeks to obtain such wood. This condition can be caused by the use of fusarium for grafting, which works too wildly on the trees.
Another problem in the inoculation can also be attributed to the failure of the inoculating fungi to respond as each tree species shows different responses.
Market Prospect and Agarwood Business
Of course, the best quality agarwood is becoming harder to acquire due to overexploitation of agarwood. Internationally, the price of agarwood (super double) as indicated by blackish color can reach 25 million Rp/kg. The increase in agarwood demand is induced by the increase in usage variations due to the advancement in science and industrial technology.
Extreme increase in the price of agarwood occurred in 1997, when there was an economic crisis in Indonesia.
Investment Cost for Inoculation and Management
The investment costs consist of the costs of purchasing agarwood-producing trees, inoculating materials, chemicals, depreciation of the equipment used, fuel and the labor costs for the inoculation process. The equipment and depreciation costs amount to Rp 1,010,000, similar for all three stem diameter classes. The labor costs for carrying out the inoculation process (specialist, assistant and unskilled labor) amount to Rp 4,000,000, similar for all three trunk diameter classes.
Costs for security, calculated from the time when the vaccination process was carried out until the end of the harvest period (1 – 5 years after vaccination), is Rp 12 million, similar for all three trunk diameter classes.
Feasibility of Agarwood Inoculation Business
Total investment cost for grafting agarwood producing trees with 35 - 40 cm trunk diameter is Rp 59.41 million. The above financial analysis indicates that grafting of agarwood producing trees needs an investment worth a large currency. Therefore, to promote the development of agarwood agribusiness more widely, a partnership scheme should be introduced initially.
Production and Utilization Technology for Sustainable Development of Agarwood (Gaharu) in Indonesia: PD 425/06 Rev.1 (I) which largely funded and provided adequate facilities for this study.
AT EX-SITU CONSERVATION PLOT, WATUSIPAT, GUNUNG KIDUL, YOGYAKARTA
- MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Materials
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- INTRODUCTIONRhizoctonia solani
- MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Samples for bacteria isolation
These findings are consistent with the previous research on the pollination system in India, which showed that 15 different species of insects visit flowers, with ants and bees being the regular visitors (Veerendra and Padmanabha, 1996). However, in this experiment, branches with complete exclusion treatment (completely closed) showed the ability to produce fruit in the lowest percentage compared to other treatments. The low fruit production in this study may indicate some degree of self-incompatibility in the population.
It has been tested for control of a variety of fungi in pure cultures and during composting (Phae., 1990). The aim of this study was to isolate and screen the potential of soil bacteria as biocontrol agents from tropical peat compost and peat soil. swamp forest, especially spp.
Bacteria isolation procedure
One hundred liters of a 1/4000 dilution sample was spread on the sterilized nutrient agar (NA) medium on a petri dish and incubated at room temperature until the fifth incubation period.
Purification of bacteria isolates
Precultivation
Cultivation
Antagonistic test ( test)
Extraction and measurement of iturin A
Measurement of cell concentration and pH
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Number of Bacterial Isolates
Cell concentration and pH of isolates cultivation in Tryptic Soy Broth medium
Gln R-CH
Detection of Iturin A. In vitro
RESEARCH METHODS
Study Site and General Information
Some of the primary data, especially in the province of Riau and South Kalimantan were obtained from the data collection that was done by a team from several institutions such as CIFOR, IPB and Research Institutions in both provinces. Focus group discussion (FGD) according to Bungin (2007) is a data collection technique which is generally done in qualitative research, the aim is to find the meaning of a topic in the opinion or understanding of a group. FGD aims to avoid a misinterpretation of the researcher regarding the focus on the problem being studied.
Principal agent relationship in the rules and decisions on RFL CFP The process of formulating rules and decisions on RFL CFP involves.
Principal Agent Relationship in the Regulations and Decisions on RFL CFP The process of formulating regulations and decisions on the RFL CFP involves the
The policy process formulation of the RFL CFP, supported by researchers and practitioners, is limited to the minimum area that can be managed by farmers and yield a decent profit. PSA CFDF is the organization within the Ministry of Defense that manages the RFL CFP and is based exclusively in Jakarta. The limitations faced by the PSA CFDF are that it has limited authority as not all decisions can be taken internally and may need to be referred to the regulations applied in the other ministries (e.g. the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Stands for Public Administration and Bureaucracy Reform).
The institutional differences (organization and rules of the game) between RFL CFP and CDA RAD will be presented in Table 4.
PSA CFDF Organization as a Fund Manager of the RFL CFP
Funding schemes that are based on the on-site cost standard of HPHTI (industrial forest concession) holders are incompatible with Lackey (2007) Kartodihardjo (2008) who stated that "policy implementation in the field requires a revised framework that enables knowledge and information to be adopted properly”. Low because everyone has enough human resources Moral hazard Moral hazard is high because. Lower due to distance is close and short procedure (high transaction cost is lower) Table 4.
From Table 4, it is known that RFL CFP (covering the situation, structure, organization and behavior) contributed to the increase in transaction costs, moral hazard and adverse selection.
Characteristics of Farmers, Markets and Perceptions of the Parties toward the RFL CFP
Therefore, beneficiaries of RFL's CFP are usually wealthy farmers and investors, while unbankable farmers remain marginalized (adverse selection). BPD and BRI (formal financial institutions): (1) RFL CFP regulations should provide business security for farmers, (2) financial management capacity is low, (3) forest plantation loans are not attractive due to the timing of during high return and risk, and, (4) RFL CFP licensing should not lead to high transaction costs. There are several aspects that can be taken as lessons for the development of RFL's CFP.
The physical environments that support the development of the RFL CFP are: (1) 89% of agents stated that they could easily obtain production resources, (2) 52% of agents stated that the distance to the market was close, and (3 ) 85% of officers indicated that the mode of transportation is convenient.
Perceptions of agents towards the CDA RAD, and factors that contribute to its success
The perception of agents towards the client and working methods of the CDA RAD is positive and satisfied (≥90%). Unfavorable aspects of the physical environment make it easier for the broker to sell directly to the market. The RFL CFP requirements and procedures are hastily drafted, complex, and provide only one financing arrangement.
We will send five reprints of the journal to the first author free of charge.