This is due to the success of genetic transformation, which can introduce such new genetic character resistance to diseases, insects and herbicides. It is supported by the success of shoot organogenesis of this species, which is a prerequisite for the success of genetic transformation (Nistramanto, 2002).
Strains of EHA101 (vector plasmid pIG121-Hm) and LBA4404/ferritin (vector plasmid pBG-1)
- CONCLUSIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS Study Sites
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Zahner (1958) found that soil textures are correlated with the location index of loblolly pine (L.) and shortleaf pine (. Mill.) in the southern US. Numerous previous researchers found that the thickness of the A horizon correlated with the site index (Doollitle, 1957; Zahner, 1958; and Steinbrener, 1976). Nurkin (1989) also reported the negative correlation between clay content in A horizon and site index (r = - 0.30).
Multiple regression analysis of site index (base age 80 yr, m) and independent environmental variables of A horizon thickness (ATHICK, cm), clay content of A horizon (ACLAY, %), main aspect (coded from 1 5, 5 = due west), and height (ELEV, m).
Preparation of Soil and Charcoal
Most of the carbon will be released into the atmosphere when organic materials are burned as firewood; conversely, most of the carbon will be stored in the form of charcoal if the same organic materials are subjected to controlled partial combustion (pyrolysis). Conversely, charcoal application at a high rate may cause adverse effects on crop growth (Kishimoto and Sugiura, 1985; Siregar, 2002). Due to the fact that charcoal formation during slash and burn would lead to long-term sequestration of carbon in soils and sediments and thus provide a sink for atmospheric carbon (Fearnside, 1991), this preliminary research is therefore designed to examine soil modification using charcoal with potential to improve better plant growth and soil carbon sequestration.
This research would therefore assess the response of plant growth to promote the most sensible use of charcoal in. Meanwhile, in the case of seedlings, the application rates of crushed charcoal and 20% were. Five replicates were used to examine the effect of charcoal application on growth and some important soil chemical properties. The levels of charcoal application were prepared by mixing a certain amount of charcoal and soil, which further ensured the concentration of the charcoal.
Some important chemical properties of charcoal are presented in Table 1, meanwhile, some important soil chemical properties during replanting time (1 week after adding charcoal to the soil) are given in Table 2. Charcoal application significantly affected plant height at the age of 2, 4 and 6 months, plant diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, upper root ratio, and C/F [(root+stem)/leaf] at the age of 6 months ( Table 3). It is essential to note that optimum plant height was produced at 10 % charcoal application at all ages (Table 4).
Plant Height, Diameter and Biomass Measurement
Levels of crushed charcoal applications were and 20 % (v/v) in the case of seedlings One experimental unit was five potted seedlings. The charcoal was ground to pass through a 5 mm sieve and thoroughly mixed with the soil before planting. Soil moisture was brought to field capacity at the start of the study and every three days thereafter for 6 months.
At the beginning and end of the study period, soil samples were collected from each pot, air-dried, sieved through a 2-mm sieve, and stored for chemical analyses. Plant height and diameter at ground level were recorded for five seedlings in each experimental unit every two months. At the time of harvest, the whole plant biomass was separated from the soil, and the upper root ratio and total biomass weight were recorded by section.
In this study, evaluation of treatment differences was performed by analysis of variance using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute, 1998).
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A
- Plant Growth with Charcoal Application
- Soil pH, Nutrient Availability, and Retention
- Plant Growth with Charcoal ApplicationMichelia montana
- Soil pH, Nutrient Availability and Retention
Summary of variance analysis for plant growth variable as affected by charcoal application at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Effect of charcoal application on plant growth variable at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. In contrast to those reported, root dry weight observed in this experiment was not significantly affected by the application of charcoal.
This experiment indicated that exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) mostly increased with the increase in charcoal application. The trend of organic C and total N increasing as the rate of charcoal application increased was also reported by Glaser (2002). Although available soil P did not increase significantly as the rate of charcoal application increased, the increased trend was observed and was consistent with the trend observed at replanting time.
The use of charcoal significantly affected plant height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight and total dry weight at 6 months of age (Table 7). Summary of the analysis of variance for the growth variable as affected by charcoal application at 6 months of age. In general, most soil variables at the time of replanting increased with the increase in charcoal application, except Al and H, which decreased.
INTRODUCTION Shorea selanica
METHODOLOGY A. Site Description
Tools and Materials
Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
- Weed Domination
- Weed Control
- Weed Biomass
- Poison Level of Herbicide
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Observation of Weed Issue
Visual observation of dominant weeds showed that some weed species have caused disturbance in new plantations, due to site competition and plantation invasion. In the study area, the important weed species was, The species could reach a height of 2.5 meters, and was a serious weed of pastures, forests, orchards and commercial plantations. In the forest ecosystem, it increases the cost of producing seedlings in nurseries, hampers harvesting operations in forests and affects the overall productivity of the forest ecosystem.
Another important weed found at the study site was This species is an unpleasant weed that is very light-demanding, therefore activities to open forests, clear felled forests and young plantations are particularly vulnerable. In Indonesia, alang-alang grasslands reached 8.5 million ha, and this species is still categorized as a nuisance weed until now. Area dominated by this species belongs to unproductive critical land and rehabilitation is needed to establish more productive forest area.
This can be caused by the area not getting full light intensity or enough shade due to the availability of plantation. In the location of three years old, there were 30 species of undergrowth found as shown in Table 1 Dominant species were those that have high important value indices in specific site. These dominant species could be categorized as weeds because they were dominant, dense and had the power to disturb the main plantation, through competition for nutrients, light, water and physical damage.
Dominant Weeds
List of important value indices (IVI) of substrate species under three-year plantations in Carita, Banten. This species originates from Central and South America and was introduced to Java via Thailand (so called 'Siam Weed') then spread throughout Indonesia; also to Australia, Northern India, South Africa and Peru. It is expected that through control of weeds, the main plantations can grow well and weed growth can be suppressed.
For this experiment, mechanical control was performed by hand using machetes to cut the undergrowth down to the soil surface. All undergrowth within 2 meters of the main plantation was cut and the results compared with control plots and herbicide application. The average weed biomass, which consists of weed leaves and branches after application of glyphosate and 2,4 D-amine herbicide up to three months of application, is presented in Table 2.
Trial of Weed Control
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
For the success of the establishment of forest plantation including the one of Bl, which was developed mainly for construction timber, the maintenance of plantation, including of weed control, is required. For maintenance of Bl plantation, Glyphosate and 2,4 D-Amin can be used at a dose of 6.0 litres/ha to control weeds under Bl plantation. There was no symptom of poison in Bl plantation, after the application of Glyphosate and 2,4 D-Amin herbicide applied at all doses.
Weed control should take place after the dry season or at the beginning of the rainy season to prevent forest fires due to the availability of fuel power derived from weed biomass in the field. The economic impact of the agroforestry production system in the Western Ghats of Kerala. Analysis of the variance of weed biomass one month after application of herbicides with glyphosate and 2,4 D-Amin under plantation in Carita, Banten.
Analysis of variance of weed biomass two months after Glyphosate and 2,4 D-Amin herbicide application under plantation in Carita, Banten.
- Procedures
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- Recovery at the Former Skidding Road after RIL Implementation
- Changes in LOA Condition
- CONCLUSION
- MATERIAL AND METHOD
The results revealed that: (1) The covers of slip road reach 2,641 m area (in block I), and 3,147 m area (in block II), as both characterized by the growth of forests with cover sections, i.e. 2) The forest that grew on the former slide was considered pioneer vegetation; (3) The effect of cross drainage on slippery road after logging was able to reduce erosion and increase the restoration of the road condition; and (4) The healthy remaining stand after 5 years of logging by RIL showed that felled trees with a small diameter resulted in greater residual stand damage than large diameter or the percentage of healthy trees would be small. The result of this method is unsatisfactory because the residual heavy oleoresin may still be present on the wood surface. When the solution cooled, the oleoresin secreted from the wood samples was separated.
Nitric acid solutions caused the color of the wood surface to turn yellow-brown. With 0.5% nitric acid solution in boiling, initially oil resin from keruing wood came out as foam and stuck very much to the wood surface. At the end of the cooking process, only a small amount of oleoresin was released from the wood.
Cooking keruing wood in a 1.5% nitric acid solution resulted in much more oily resin on the surface of the wood. In addition, when the surface of the keruing wood was planed after the boiling process, the color of the wood surface became pale brown. As the 1.5% oxalic acid solution increased, much more of the oleoresin was apparently removed, which easily separated from the wood surface.
However, at 1.5 %, the specific gravity decreased significantly and revealed the lowest of the overall extracted weirwood. Conversely, the use of neutral pH electrolyte solution extraction (NaCl) did not seem to cause any significant changes in the wood strengths.
