Journal of Tropical Life Science

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2022, Vol. 12, No. 2, 163 – 172 http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.12.02.02

How to cite:

Research Article

Ethnobotanical Study and Conservation Status of Plants Used by the Tigwa- hanon-Manobo in Mt. Malimumu, San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines

Mark Lloyd G. Dapar *^1,2,3, Victor B. Amoroso ^1,3

1 Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao (CEBREM), Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon 8714, Philippines.

2 Microtechnique and Systematics Laboratory, Natural Science Research Center (NSRC), Central Mindanao Uni- versity, Musuan, Bukidnon 8714, Philippines.

3 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon 8714, Philippines.

Article history:

Submission May 2021 Revised June 2021 Accepted August 2021

ABSTRACT

Central Mindanao, Philippines, is a center of the cultural wealth of knowledge and botanical resources in the southern archipelago. However, traditional plant resources remain unexplored, and most of the tribal communities remain undocu- mented. Manobo tribe is one of the most populated and diverse tribal communities in the country, including the secluded Tigwahanon-Manobo community in Mt.

Malimumu, San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines. Hence, this study provides ethnobotanical information and conservation status of plants along a 1-km transect walk in Mt. Malimumu used by the Tigwahanon-Manobo. A guided field walk with the tribal chieftains and tribal healer documented a total of 23 species in 22 genera belonging to 20 families, of which four species, namely Dillenia philip- pinensis Rolfe, Nepenthes cornuta Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Gronem., Gieray & V.B.Amoroso, Nepenthes truncata Macfarl., and Pandanus mindanaensis Martelli, are Philippine endemics. Three families, namely Nepen- thaceae, Melastomataceae, and Rubiaceae, are the most represented with two species each. Based on the combined international (IUCN 2021) and national (DENR DAO 2017-11) listing of conservation status, one species was assessed as Criti- cally Endangered (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) and another one as Endangered (N. truncata). Two species were assessed as Vulnerable (Agathis philippinensis Warb. and N. cornuta) and one species as Near Threatened (D. philippinensis).

Six species were identified as Least Concern while the rest of the species were not yet evaluated. This participatory research provides the first ethnobotanical study and conservation status of traditional plants used by Tigwahanon-Manobo for food and medicine, as well as economic and ecological uses needing conservation and protection of their natural resources.

Keywords: Conservation, Ethnobotany, Food plants, Indigenous, Medicinal plants, Mindanao

*Corresponding author:

E-mail: mackybio.cmu@gmail.com

Introduction

Assessment in traditional and local knowledge has increased in recent years due to its essential roles in improving management and conservation practices [1]. Ethnobotany as a scientific study of plant and human relationships applies to many fields of discipline concerning global food securi- ty, medicine, climate change, and biodiversity

conservation [2]. Ethnobotanical studies document the rich traditional plant knowledge of tribal communities to make more educated decisions with their environmental resources [3]. Integrating science-based and traditional knowledge of plant resources helps attain the goal for biocultural conservation [4,5]. The plant resources used by

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various ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines provided a repository of traditional plant knowledge as a biological basis for scientists, physi- cians, and experts [6].

Philippines, as an archipelagic country, is occupied with more than a hundred divergent ethnolinguistic groups [7, 8]. The Manobo community is the largest Philippine ethnic group occupying a wide distribution area in Mindanao than any other tribal communities [9]. The Manobo tribe is rich in culture and tradition based on their medical practices and uses on their community plant resources [10]. Manobo people have their forest care, interconnectivity, and maintenance of ecological resources, particularly the Manobo-Matigsalug people in the Southern Philippines [11]. Recent ethnobotanical studies were conducted among the Agusan Manobo tribe [6,9,12,13]. However, no study has yet been conducted among the geographically clustered Tigwahanon-Manobo community. The Manobo community possesses diverse plant resources for food, medicine, rituals, and other uses [10]. Some traditional plants used among the Manobo tribe were validated for their molecular identity, biochemical properties, and biological activities providing empirical evidence to their folk medicine [14–17].

More traditional plants in various ethnicity in the Philippines practiced in different cultures were recently studied in for its phytochemical and biomedical properties [18–22]. However, most of the locals in the Southern Philippines are not aware of the conservation status of their plant community resources [23]. Ethnobotanical studies on food, medicine, and other important community uses is relevant on the conservation of biological and cultural diversity leading to sustainability.

Hence, it is important to evaluate plant resources among indigenous communities and check for their conservation status as baseline information and justification for future conservation. Thus, this study aims to document ethnobotanical uses and assess the conservation status of the community plant resources used by the Tigwahanon-Manobo tribe in the unexplored Mt. Malimumu, Magkalun- gay, San Fernando, Bukidnon.

Material and Methods

Research ethics and participants

Research ethics was observed by presenting a letter of request and research proposal to the local government unit (LGU), the Provincial Environ- ment and Natural Resources Officer (PENRO), Municipality Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO) to grant a gratuitous permit and conduct this study in San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines. Free prior informed consent (FPIC) was secured from the barangay captain and councilor before the conduct of the study. The identified key informants involve the tribal chieftains (males, more than 50 years old) and a healer (female, 56 years old) of the community as field guides during our scheduled Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) in the area. They key informants were inhabitants of the locality (barangay/village) for more than 50 years.

Participatory ethnobotany

As the nature of the research is participatory, the field guides comprised of three tribal chieftains and a tribal healer, were compensated, and invol- ved during the entire duration of the fieldwork. A community validation meeting was organized by the University Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao (CEBREM) and stakeholders, together with the participation of the local key informants, reviewed the information collected and assisted in checking ethnobotanical uses of traditional plants present in the area. Inter- viewees were asked about the use of plants for food, medicine, and other uses. The Communica- tion, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) materials on the plants used were provided, reviewed, and validated before finally distributed.

Ethnobotanical information was provided to the stakeholders for policy recommendation to support the conservation and protection of Mt. Mali- mumu.

Study sites

Mt. Malimumu (7°50'46.932" N/125°20 '47.868" E) is situated along the Pantaron Range of San Fernando, Bukidnon (Figure 1). The Pan- taron range is inhabited by indigenous peoples, which remains scarcely documented due to politi- cal instability and tribal animosity [24]. Mt. Mali- mumu is in Barangay Magkalungay, a village occupied by the Tigwa-hanon-Manobo community.

They are clustered within the Malay within the

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Malay Peoples affinity bloc and only found in the Philippines.

Tigwahanon-Manobo tribes live in hinterlands and mountains with diverse plant resources used for their livelihood and medicine. They speak with their dialect, Matigasalug Manobo, and practiced their ethnoreligion, rooted in their cultural identi-

Figure 1. Study site showing the elevation (A) and ter- rain (B) of the 1-km transect walk of Mt.

Malimumu, Pantaron Range of San Fer- nando, Mindanao, Philippines. (Source:

Google Earth).

ty. A 1-kilometer transect walk was performed at 850–1100 masl to observe and collect traditional plants used and available along the ultramafic

ridge trails with mixed dipterocarp forest covered with gravels and rocks in Mt. Malimumu, Panta- ron Range (Figure 2).

Plant collection and identification

Voucher specimens of medicinal plants were collected and deposited in the Central Mindanao University Herbarium (CMUH), and vernacular names were recorded as part of ethno-classifica-

Figure 2. View of study sites in Mt. Malimumu, Magkalungay, San Fernando, Bukidnon at 850 masl (A) and 1100 masl (B) in 1-km transect walk.

tion. Plant identification was authenticated using available taxonomic keys from floras and mono- graphs by MLGD with the help of MMP Mede- cilo-Guiang. Plant scientific names and family were checked for spelling and synonyms from various databases [25–28], while plant species occur- rence, distribution, and species identification were finally checked from the updated Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines [29].

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Determination of ethnobotanical uses, endemic- ity, and conservation status

Ethnobotanical uses were listed based on the traditional plant knowledge and practices of the key informants. Assessment of conservation status of their plant resources was based on the combined international data of the IUCN [30] and the national list of threatened plants and their cate-gories in the Philippines by the DENR Adminis-trative Order [31]. Both listings follow the same criteria for monitoring and protecting threatened and endemic species within the mountain range and its vicinity. The documented medicinal plants were checked for their endemicity based on the occur- rence and distribution in the country from the updated online flora database of Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines [29]. The list of threatened species was presented and validated among the in- vited local community participants, together with the other stakeholders such the LGU, PENRO, MENRO, and the Department of Educa-tion (DE- PED) teachers and principal for a wider environmental awareness and dissemination of CEPA materials.

Results and Discussions

Characteristics of plant resources

A total of 23 plant species among 22 genera belonging to 20 families were documented to have ethnobotanical uses (Table 1). Philippine endemics were found, such as Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe, Nepenthes cornuta Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Gronem., Gieray & V.B.Am- oroso, Nepenthes truncata Macfarl, and Pandanus cf. mindanaensis. The most represented families are Nepenthaceae, Melastomataceae, and Rubia- ceae, with two species each. Most of the traditional plants are trees (7 spp.), followed by shrubs and herbs (6 spp. each), vine (3 spp.), and an epi- phyte, Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack. (Figure 3).

Parts used and ethnobotanical uses of plants Various plant parts are used in different purposes among the Tigwahanon-Manobo community.

Plant roots (Rt) are mostly utilized for any ethno- botani-cal uses having 11 species, followed by leaves (Lf) (5 spp.), fruits (Fr) (4 spp.), stem (St) (2 spp.), and other parts with one species each (Figure 4). Traditional plant resources of the tribe are also utilized in various uses and applications (Figure 5).

Figure 3. The habit of traditional plants used by the Tigwahanon-Manobo

Figure 4. Percentage of plant parts utilized by the Tig- wahanon-Manobo

Figure 5. Percentage of ethnobotanical uses of plants by the Tigwahanon-Manobo.

Vine 13,0%

Herb 26,1%

Shrub 26,1%

Tree 30,4%

Epiphyt e 4,3%

Rt 40,7%

Lf 18,5%

Tb 3,7%

St 7,4%

Sh 3,7%

Fr 14,8%

Rz 3,7%

Sd 3,7%

Wh 3,7%

Med 87,5%

Food 4,2%

Econ 4,2% Ecol

4,2%

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Table 1. List of documented plants with their endemicity, conservation status, medicinal parts, and ethnobotanical uses (alphabetically arranged by family).

No. Scientific Name Family Local

Name Ende- micity^a IU-

CN^b DA

O^c Parts Used^d

Ethnobotanical Uses, Administration and

Oher Purposes 1 Rhaphidophora

perkinsae Engl. Araceae Alingoog NE NE NE Lf, Rt

Sniff root aroma for colds; Drink decocted leaves and roots for diarrhea

2 Agathis philip- pinensis Warb.

Araucari- aceae

Alma-

ciga NE VU VU St

Drink stem sap or resin for diarrhea and vomiting; Stem resin is used for starting a fire or as fuelwood

3

Crassocepha- lum crepidioides (Benth.)

S.Moore

Aster-

aceae Sarabo NE NE NE Rt Drink sap of crushed roots for body pain

4 Hellenia speci- osa (J.Koenig)

Govaerts Costaceae Tawasi NE LC NE Rz Drink decocted rhizomes for cough and urination difficulty

5 Dillenia philip- pinensis Rolfe

Dilleni- aceae

Kalag-

timonoy EN NT NE Fr Eat fruit directly for sore throat

6 Vaccinium myr- toides (Blume)

Miq. Ericaceae Kalayaan NE NE NE Fr Eat fruit directly as food 7 Mentha cf.

arvensis

Lami- aceae

Katol-

katol NE LC NE Rt Apply sap of crushed roots for skin rashes, itchiness, and insect bites 8 Lagerstroemia

speciosa (L.) Pers.

Lyth-

raceae Lamod NE NE NE Wh Maintains irrigation near rivers and creeks

9 Melastoma san-

guineum Sims Melasto-

mataceae Tungaw-

tungaw NE LC NE Fr, Sh

Place heated fruit on the navel and apply burnt shoots for body pain

10 Medinilla

teysmannii Miq. Melasto-

mataceae Malalab,

Pulahan NE NE Rt, Fr

Drink decocted roots for blood vomiting; eat the fruit directly for body pain

11 Swietenia mac-

rophylla King Meliaceae Mahog-

any NE NT NE Sd Drink decocted seed for stomachache

12

Nepenthes cor- nuta Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Mich- eler, Gronem., Gieray &

V.B.Amoroso

Nepen-

thaceae Manga-

bang 1 EN NE VU Lf Drink decocted leaves for body pain

13 Nepenthes trun-

cata Macfarl. Nepen-

thaceae Manga-

bang 2 EN EN EN St

Drink decocted stem for kidney problem; drink unopened fluid-filled pitcher body to relieve cough

Continue…

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Most plants with 21 species are being used as medicine for internal and external diseases, infec- tions, and other health conditions. Aside from medicine, other plants have particular use, such as food (Vaccinium myrtoides (Blume) Miq.), fuelwood (Agathis philippinensis Warb.), and maintenance of water irrigation (Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.). While agricultural crops and rice are the staple food among the Tigwahanon-Manobo community, some plants like the V. myrtoides are sources of wild fruits as part of their food system.

Medicinal plants, on the other hand, are usually obtained in the wild for a more effective treatment compared with the cultivated ones.

Contributions of the project

This is a pioneering project initiated by the Central Mindanao University-CEBREM headed by VBA on biodiversity studies in selected mountain ecosystems of Mindanao, Philippines, for conservation and sustainable development. As part of this project, this ethnobotanical study was Table 1. List of documented plants with their endemicity, conservation status, medicinal parts, and ethnobo-

tanical uses (alphabetically arranged by family).

No. Scientific

Name Family Local

Name Ende- micity^a IU-

CN^b DA

O^c Parts Used^d

Ethnobotanical Uses, Administration and

Oher Purposes 14 Spathoglottis

plicata Blume Orchida-

ceae Taluangi NE NE NE Rt Drink decocted roots for postpartum care and recovery

15 Pandanus cf.

mindanaensis Pan-

danaceae Baloy EN NE NE Lf Drink decocted leaves for snake bites 16 Piper aduncum

L. Pipe-

raceae Buyo NE LC NE Lf, Rt Apply leaf sap and drink decocted roots for snake bites

17

Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb.

ex Hornem.) Honda

Poaceae Tagiti NE NE NE Rt Drink decocted roots for urination difficulty

18 Polygala pa-

niculata L. Polyga-

laceae Biks-

biks NE NE NE Rt

Sniff root aroma for head cold; drink decocted roots for runny nose, headache, and uri- nary incontinence 19 Rubus fraxini-

folius Poir. Rosaceae Sambo-

gaw NE NE NE Rt Drink decocted crushed

roots for postpartum care and recovery

20

Neonauclea formi- caria (Elmer) Merr.

Rubiaceae Talupa-

kan NE LC NE Bk Drink decocted bark

mixed with Pawkol #23

21 Myrmecodia

tuberosa Jack Rubiaceae Tukwan NE NE NE Lf, Rt, Tb

Drink decocted leaves, roots, and tubers for goi- ter

22 Aquilaria ma-

laccensis Lam. Thyme-

laeaceae Lapnisan NE CR EN Rt, Lf

Drink decocted roots and leaves for stomachache, cough, and body pain.

23 Leucosyke cap-

itellata Wedd. Urtica-

ceae Pawkol NE LC NE Bk Drink decocted bark to relieve cough

Note: aCDFP: EN: Endemic, NE: Not Endemic. bIUCN: (NE): Not Evaluated, LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered, CR: Critically Endangered. cDENR Administrative Order 2017-11, CDFP: VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered. dBk: barks; Fr: fruits; Lf: leaves; Rt: roots; Rz: rhizomes;

Sd: seed; Sh: shoots; St: stems; Tb: Tubers; Wh: whole plants.

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conducted collaboratively by the indigenous peoples as stakeholders to support sustainable community conservation while also conserving biocultural diversity. This participatory research can serve as a reference for other indigenous groups in the Philippines and other countries in preventing the loss of indigenous and local knowledge as well as conserving indigenous plant genetic resources.

As part of reshaping the future ethnobotany, this participatory approach gave local participants not only to be participants but also investigators of the study in finally implementing the Nagoya Protocol [32].

Endemicity and conservation status

Out of the 23 plant species found in Mt.

Malimumu with ethnobotanical uses among the Tigwahanon-Manobo tribe, only 12 had been evaluated for their endemicity and conservation status (Table 1). Four species, namely D. Philippi- nensis, N. cornuta, N. truncata, and P. Mindana- ensis, are Philippine endemics. Conserva-tion status of evaluated species was listed as Critically Endangered (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.), Endangered (N. truncata), Vulnerable (A.

Philippnensis and N. cornuta), and Near Threa- tened (D. philippinensis) as shown in Figure 6. An invasive species (Swietenia macrophylla King) has some weed potential and may invade native forest communities following disturbance.

The other six were evaluated as Least Concern (Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) Govaerts, Mentha cf. arvensis, Melastoma sanguineum Sims, Piper aduncum L., Neonauclea formicaria (Elmer) Merr., and Leucosyke capitellata Wedd.).

Community plant resources are at risk from possible destruction of their habitats (Figure 6) such as fire, constructions, overgrazing, overhar- vesting, agri-cultural expansion, and urbanization) of identified plant species. The destruction of the endangered N. truncata was observed as shown in Figure 6.

Comparison with other ethnobotanical studies Ethnobotanical finding of plant resources used among the Tigwahanon-Manobo have several threatened plant species as compared to other ethnobotanical studies involving Manobo communities [3,6,9,12–14]. The most common threatened plant used among the Manobo tribe is the Maho- gany tree, particularly to treat diarrhea [6,12,13].

The S. macrophylla was known to be an introdu- ced species from tropical America [29].

Figure 6. View of anthropogenic destruction of the endangered Nepenthes truncata Macfarl. (A) along the 1-km transect passing through the ultramafic ridge trails of Mt. Malimumu, Pantaron Range in San Fernando, Bukidnon (B).

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However, the ethnobotanical importance of Nepenthes species community is unique among the Tigwahanon-Manobo. This could be due to the presence of the two endemic Nepenthes species present in Mt. Malimumu. Two new species of Ne- penthes were also discovered to be site ende-mics under Nepenthaceae, the family known to have the highest rate of endemism [24].

This checklist of important plant resources among the Tigwahanon-Manobo tribe in the area was addressed to the present management, local community, and government agencies to support- management programs on utilization and conservation. The findings of this study enforce the sta-

keholders to conserve and protect these plant community resources. Moreover, the ethnobotanical uses of these traditional plant resources could support the aim to declare Mt. Malimumu as a Pro- tected Area (PA) for conservation, including the documented 1-km transect walk. This participatory approach is essential and useful for decision making together with stakeholders from the locals and local government unit.

Conclusion

This study provides the first ethnobotanical study and conservation status of plant resources used by the Tigwahanon-Manobo community in Figure 6. Some threatened and invasive plant species of Tigwahanon-Manobo in Mt. Malimumu, San Fernando,

Bukidnon, Philippines.

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Mt. Malimumu, San Fernando, Bukidnon. A total of 23 species among 22 genera belonging to 20 families were documented with ethnobotanical values as food and medicine as well as having economic and ecological importance. While Mt.

Malimumu is a habitat of endemic, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, and near- threatened traditional plant resources, a policy recommendation must be initiated for protecting this plant community resources. Participation of indigenous people in ethnobotanical surveys and conservation assessment is essential for effective local training and learning. This participatory approach opens to a new perspective in using traditional plants for future management and conservation.

Acknowledgement

We thank the Tigwahanon-Manobo community for their active participation in the study. We acknowledge the funding granted by the Depart- ment of Science and Technology-Grant-in-Aid (DOST–GIA), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Region 10 for the issu- ance of Gratuitous Permit X-2020-06, and the Central Mindanao University led by the university president, Dr. Jesus Antonio G. Derije for the administrative and logistical support. We also thank the photos taken by YLL Cariño.

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