ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
No. 111
An annotated bibliography of recent papers o n corals and coral reefs
by
J o h n D. Milliman
Issued by
THE PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Washington, D.C.
July 15, 1965
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENT PAPERS ON CORALS AND CORAL REEFS*
by
John D . Milliman*"
INTRODUCTION
The a r t i c l e s and books concerned w i t h c o r a l s and c o r a l r e e f s number w e l l i n t o t h e t h o u s a n d s . I n o r d e r t o b r i n g t h e s e works t o t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e s c i e n t i f i c community, many b i b l i o g r a p h i e s have been a t t e m p t e d . The most r e c e n t and most complete was compiled by G i l b e r t Ranson (1958. Coraux e t r & i f s c o r a l l i e n s : B u l l . I n s t . Monaco, No. 1121: 80 p p . ) , l a r g e l y bor- rowed from b i b l i o g r a p h i e s p u b l i s h e d i n p a p e r s by J . W . Wells. Ranson h a s c i t e d o v e r 1500 a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d p r i o r t o 1958. References t o o t h e r b i b l i o g r a p h i e s a r e made a t t h e end of t h i s p a p e r .
The i n c r e a s i n g number of r e c e n t a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d on c o r a l s and c o r a l r e e f s r e q u i r e s t h e i s s u i n g o f a new b i b l i o g r a p h y , which t a k e s up where Ranson l e f t o f f . Because t h e s t u d y of c a r b o n a t e and c a r b o n a t e - s e c r e t i n g organisms h a s reached a h i g h d e g r e e of r e s e a r c h e f f o r t , a n o t h e r c o m p i l a t i o n w i l l undoubtedly be r e q u i r e d i n a few y e a r s .
A b i b l i o g r a p h y on c o r a l s and c o r a l r e e f s might i n c l u d e e v e r y t h i n g w r i t t e n on t h e s u b j e c t , b u t t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n i s p r e j u d i c e d toward t h e g e o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of t h e s u b j e c t , d e a l i n g m o s t l y w i t h Madreporarian
;
? C o n t r i b u t i o n No. 586 from The Marine L a b o r a t o r y , I n s t i t u t e of Marine S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Miami.
+& I n s t i t u t e of Marine S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, F l o r i d a
c o r a l s and modem r e e f s . A r t i c l e s c o n c e r n i n g o t h e r organisms a r e r e f e r r e d t o o n l y when t h e organisms a f z e c t t h e c o r a l s , t h e i r e c o l o g y , o r their r e l . a t e d s e d h e n t s . Ancient r e e f s a r e c i t e d o n l y when t h e y a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an a r e a of p r e s e n t - d a y r e e f growth.
The p a p e r s a r e h e r e c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o s p e c i f i c s u b j e c t s of c e r t a i n t e c h n i c a l o r geographic problems. I n c a s e s where t h e paper c i t e d d e a l s w i t h m u l t i p l e s u b j e c t s , t h e c o m p i l e r h a s p l a c e d i t i n t h a t c a t e g o r y which seems most p e r t i n e n t .
Over 80 p e r c e n t of t h e c i t a t i o n s have been a n n o t a t e d . A r t i c l e s t h a t were n o t r e a d , e i t h e r i n complete o r a b s t r a c t form, a r e denoted by an a s t e r i s k (*). Annotations were excluded a l s o from some c i t a t i o n s i n which t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r was e x p l i c i t i n t h e t i t l e .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The compiler i s g r a t e f u l t o D r . G. A. Rusnak, of The Marine Labora- t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y of Miami, f o r h a v i n g i n i t i a t e d t h e p r o j e c t and f o r r e f e r e n c e s , c r i t i c i s m s and s u p p o r t i n o r g a n i z i n g t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y , and t o D r . J. E. H o f f m e i s t e r , of The Marine L a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y of Miami, f o r c r i t i c a l h e l p w i t h t h e c o m p i l a t i o n . The r e f e r e n c e s have been c o l - l e c t e d a s a p a r t of a s s o c i a t e d s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t under v a r i o u s con- t r a c t s w i t h t h e National. S c i e n c e Foundation,and t h e O f f i c e of Naval Research, C o n t r a c t No. Nonr-4008(02).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page I . G e o l o g i c a l F e a t u r e s : Reefs, A t o l l s and t h e i r Sediments
1. General
2A. I n d o - P a c i f i c a t o l l s and r e e f s 2B. A t l a n t i c r e e f s and a t o l l s
3 . Sediments i n a t o l l s , r e e f s and r e l a t e d a r e a s
11. Ecology
1. General c o n d i t i o n s (with emphasis on c o r a l s ) 2. Communities ( w i t h emphasis on organisms o t h e r
t h a n c o r a l s )
3 . Oceanographic and n ~ e t e o r o l o g i c c o n d i t i o n s on o r n e a r c o r a l r e e f s
111. C o r a l
-
t h e animal1. Taxonomy of Madreporaria 2 . Biology of c o r a l s
A. Physiology
B. Reproduction and embryology C . Growth r a t e and c o l o n y f o r m a t i o n
I V . B i b l i o g r a p h i e s c o n t a i n i n g a d d i t i o n a l r e f e r e n c e s
V. Author Index
-
iii-I. GEOLOGICAL FEATURES -- REEFS, ATOLLS AND THEIR SEDIMENTS 1. General
BOOLOOTIAN, R. A.
1963 Biology of coral atolls: BSCS Pamphlet No. 10. Amer. Inst.
Biol. Sci.; D. C. Heath and Co. 36 pp. (A simplified approach to the subject of atolls for pre-college stu- dents
.)CLOUD, P. E., Jr.
1953 A general explanation for the superficial characteristics of existing organic reefs: Science, Vol. 117: p. 466
(The eustatic fall in sea level has caused the truncation of pre-existing reefs, the development of new reefs, and the emergence of habitable, low islands.)
1957 Nature and origin of atolls: Proc. 8th Pac. Sci. Congr.
3A:
pp. . .1009-1036. (A general treatment of locations and origins of atolls.)
DANA,
J.D.
1851 Forms and special features of coral islands: Amer. Jour.
w., V0l. 12.9~
DARWIN, C.
1962 Coral Islands (with introduction, map and remarks by D.R.
Stoddart): Atolls Res. Bull., No. 88: 20 pp. (The Darwinian theory of coral atoll formation.)
FAIRBRIDGE, R. W,
1958 Dating the latest movements of the Quaternary sea level:
Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Series 11, Vol. 20; pp. 471-482.
( E u s t a t i c s e a - l e v e l c h a n g e s
and their relationship to atolls
.)1961 Eustatic changes in sea-level: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Vol. 4: pp. 99-185. (This article is included in the bibliography because it logically presents the dif- ferent mechanisms which have been explained assetrlevel changes. An integrated theory is presented, and is sup- ported by evidence gathered by various investigators. An extensive bibliography is included.)
FOSBERG. F. R.
1957 Some geological processes at work on coral atolls: Trans.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. Series 11, Vol. 19: pp. 411-422. (The geological processes seen on a coral atoll are catagorized
-into constructive, stabilizing and destructive processes;
each one is discussed. Different methods of islet forma-
FOSBERG,
P .R. and M. -H. SACHET
1954 Bandbook for atoll research (second preliminary edition):
Atoll Res. Bull
9No. 17: 129 pp. (Excellent reference for methods of studying coral reefs and atolls.)
HASS. H.
1962 Central. subsidence. A new theory of atoll formation:
Atoll Res. Bull., No. 9i: 4 pp. (Also in: New Scientist, 1962, No. 311,
pp.266-268.) (The collapsing of branching coral results in the deepening of lagoons.)
LADD,
H .S.
1961 Reef building. The growth of living breakwaters has kept pace with subsidence and wave erosion for 50 million
yea-cs: Science, Vol. 134 (3481): pp. 703-715. (A general approach to coral reefs, their structure and origin.)
MA. T. Y. H.
1956 Coral-re.efs and the problem of sial in oceanic areas:
Oceanographica Sinicg, Vol. 3: 4
pp.(Sial in oceanic areas may result from the granitization of reef material.) MENARD, H. W. and H. S. LADD
1963 Ocean i.slands, seamounts, guyots and atolls: in Hill g
&., -- The Sea, Vol. 111: pp. 365-387. (Each of these features is discussed and then related to one another as evolutionary steps.)
NEWELL,
N. D.
1959a The questions of coral reefs: Ezt. Hist., Vol. 68(3):
pp. 118-131. (A general look at coral reefs and their origins.
)1959b The biology of corals: Nat. Hist., Vol. 68(4): pp.
226-235. (A general discussion of the biology of corals.
Relates Pacific coral reefs to West Indian reefs.)
RUSSELL, '.
J.,ed.
1961 Pacific Island terraces: Eustatic?: Zeit. Geomorph., Sup- plement
3:106
pp.(Contains 12 articles on elevated
shorelines and terraces around the world. Of particular interest are:
Eustatic shorelines of Pacific islands, by H. T.
Stearns.
Mauritius: River-mouth terraces and present eustatic
sea stand, by W. G. McIntire.
Recent terraces of tropical limestone shores, by N. D. Newell.)
SACHET, M.-H.
1955 Pumice and other extraneous volcanic materials on coral atolls: Atoll Res. Bull., No. 37: 27 pp. (Origins and methods of transport to atolls are discussed.)
SCHEER, G.
1959 Contributions to a German reef-terminology: Atoll Res.
u, No. 69: 4 pp. (English atoll terms with German counterparts.)
SHEPARD, F. P.
1963 Submarine Geology: Harper Row, Publishers, New York. 557 pp. (A general review of coral reefs and atolls, with a section on the origin of atolls.)
STEERS,
J.A.
1945 Coral reefs and air photography: Geog. Jour., Vol. 106:
pp. 232-235. (Discusses different aspects of coral reefs which can be studied in greater detail and insight if
aerial photography is used. These aspects include mor- phology, wave patterns, fringing reefs, etc.)
TEICHERT, C.
1958 Cold and deep-water coral banks: Bull. Amer. Asoc. Petrol
w, Vol. 42(5): pp. 1064-1082. (Deep- and cold-water reefs can form "organic reefs" up to 200 feet thick and 1% square miles in area. A few examples of modern and ancient reefs are given.)
WIENS, H.
J.1959 Atoll Development and morphology: Annals Assoc. Amer.
Geogr., Vol. 49: pp. 31-54. (A theory of atoll develop- ment presented; linked to eustasy. Also discusses types of erosion, formation of groove-spur system, and the formation of beach rock.)
1961a The role of mechanical abrasion in the erosion of coral reefs and land areas: Proc. 9th Pac. Sci. Congr., 1957, No. 12: pp. 361-366. (Destructive agencies appear to play an extremely important role on the windward parts of coral reefs. Spurs and grooves are probably formed by mechanical erosion.)
1961b The evolution and destruction of atoll land: Proc. 9th
Pac. Sci. Congr., 1957, No. 12: pp. 367-376. (The
1962
YABE, H.
1942
1947
effects of relative rises and falls of sea level on atoll origin and the evolution of atoll land are discussed.
The text is mainly a review of previous workers, but personal observations are also added.)
Atoll Environment and Ecology. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 532 pp. (A good basic reference, dealing mainly with the geography, ecology, geomorphology and mete-
orology of Pacific Atolls. In effect, it condenses American studies in the Pacific since 1945.)
Coral reef problem (in Japanese): Mem. Geol. Paleont.
Inst. Tohoku Imp. Univ., Vol. 39: pp. 1-6. (Dominant growth is 1Tmited to the under-sea margin. Conclusions are reached from studies, made mainly by the author, on Pacific islands.)
Coral reef problem: Science of the Earth, Vol. 2(3):
pp. 41-42. (Discussion of the inter-relationship between Darwin's and Daly 's hypotheses
.)YONGE, C. M.
1963 The biology of coral reefs; in Russell: Advances in Marine Biolopv. Academic Press Inc., London. pp. 209-
260. (An excellent: review of recent advances in the study of corals and coral reefs. The emphasis is on ecology
.)2 A. Indo-Pacific rcefs and atolls
ALLDREDGE,
L.R., F. KELLER, and
W .J. DICIZTEL
1954 Magnetic structure of Bikini Atoll: U. S. Geol. S u m . Prof. Paper 260-L: pp. 529-535. (Studies show a broad, negative anomally of 750 gammas over Bikini Atoll. A contour map shows the relative thickness
to basement, interpreted from a model and field obser- vations.)
ASAHINA, H.
1931 On the coral reefs of the South Seas: Jour, Geog.
(Jap.), Vol. 43(508): pp. 337-349. (Average reef growth is about 4 centimeterdyear.)
ASANO, K.
1940 Limestones of tbe South Sea Islands under the Japanese
Mandate: Jap. Jour. Geol. and Geog., Vol. 17(58).*
ASANO, K. (cont'd)
1942 Coral reefs in Oceania: Mem. Geol. Paleont. Inst. Fac. Sci.
Tohoku Imp. Univ., Vol. 39: pp. 27-45."
AVIAS,
3.1959 Les r6cifs coralliens de la ~ouvelle-~al&donie et quelques -
uns de leur problSmes:
&.U, Soc. Geol. France ser. 7, vol.1:
DP..
&424-430. (The main reef is a barrier reef, but
other reef types are present.) BATES, M. and D. P. ABBOTT
1958 Coral Island. Portrait of an Atoll. Charles Scribner 's Sons Co.. New York. 254
pp.(A popularized treatment of the scientific investigation of lfaluk Atoll.)
BATTISTINI, R.
1959 Observations sur les rticifs coralliens du sud-ouest de Madagascar: Bull. Soc. Geol. France ser. 7, Vol. 1:
DD.
341-346. (A description of small lagoons formed by
. .
-the coalescing of corals in Ramanetaka Bay. The fring- ing reef on the S. W. coast of Madagascar is trending towards a barrier reef because of present day conditions.) BOSCHOFF, P. H.
1958 Development and constitution of the coral reefs in McNae and Kalk; in A Natural History of Inhaca Island, Mozambique.
Johannesburg. pp. 49-56.)'' CATALA, R.
1955 Iles basses corralliens et organisms marins du Pacific:
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 80(4): pp. 225-227. (resume of a general talk on the Gilbert archipelago.)
CHEVALIER,
J. -P.
1964 Compte rendu des missions effectuees dans le Pacifique en 1960 et 1962, (Mission d16tudes des recifs coralliens de Nouvelle-Calendonie): Cahiers du Pacif., No. 6: pp. 171-
175. (Review of the basic objectives of the coral reef studies in the New Caledonia area.)
CHRISTIANSEN, S .
1963 Morphology of some coral-cliffs, Bismark Archipelago:
Geograf. Tidsskr., Vol. 62: pp. 1-23.*
CHUBB,
L.J.
1957 The pattern of some Pacific island chains: Geol. Mag., Vol.
94(3): pp. 221-228. (Suggests a series of growth stages developing from the volcano to atoll stage, moving progres- sively along the chain.)
CLOUD, P. E., Jr.
1959 Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands. Part
4 .Submarine
Geology. U . S. Geol. S u r v . P r o f , Paper. 280-K: pp. 361-445.
( " D e s c r i p t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e submarine topography and of t h e s e d i m e n t s , b i o t a s , and morphology of t h e r e e f complex a d j a c e n t t o a g e o l o g i c a l d i v e r s e t r o p i c a l i s l a n d . "
The s p u r s and grooves seem t o be e r o s i o n a l f e a t u r e s . ) CLOUD, P. E . , J r . , R. G. SCHMIDT. and H. W. BURKE
1956 Geology o f S a i p a n , Mariana I s l a n d s . P a r t 1. G e n e r a l geology: U. S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 280-A: pp. 1-126.
(About 1500 f e e t of s e d i m e n t s , Miocene t h r o u g h Recent, o v e r l i e an a n d e s i t i c v o l c a n o . L a t e r limestofies i n c l u d e r e e f complexes .)
COLE,
W,
S.1957a L a r g e r F o r a m i n i f e r a from Eniwetok A t o l l d r i l l h o l e s : U. S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . P a p e r 260-V: pp. 743-784.
(62 s p e c i e s a r e j d e n t i f i e d : most were d e p o s i t e d i n s h a l l o w w a t e r . S t r a t i g r a p h i c c o r & l a t i o n s a r e made between Eninetok, B i k i n i , and S a i p a n . )
1957b Geol-ogy of S a i p a n , Mariana I s l a n d s . P a r t 3. L a r g e r
F o r a m i n i f e r a :
U.
S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 280-1: pp. 321- 360. ( T e r t i a r y f a u n a a r e l i s t e d and d i s c u s s e d . )1963 T e r t i a r y l a r g e r F o r a m i n i f e r a from Guam:
U.
S. Geol.Surv. P r o f . Paper 403-E: 28 pp. (The d i s t r i b u t i o n of d i a g - n o s t i c T e r t i a r y s p e c i e s i s g i v e n , a l o n g w i t h t h e i r c o r r e -
l a t i o n t o Saipatl and t h e Eniwetok d r i l l h o l e s . ) 'COLE,
W.
S. and J . BRIDGE1953 Geology and l a r g e r F o r a m i n i f e r a of Saipan I s l a n d :
-
U. S.Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 253: 45 pp. (A g e n e r a l s t u d y of Saipan I s l a n d ; t h e o l d e s t exposed r o c k s a r e Eocene l a v a f l o w s . Some of t h e t e r r a c e s on t h e i s l a n d a r e u p l i f t e d r e e f s . A p r e s e n t - d a y f r i n g i n g r e e f i s , i n p l a c e s , q u i t e h e a l t h y .)
CROSSLAND, C .
1911 Red Sea c o r a l r e e f s : J o u r . Linn. Soc. Zool., Vol. 31(208):
pp. 265-236. (Regional u p l i f t h a s a f f e c t e d t h e c o r a l r e e f s a s w e l l a s t h e physj-ography of t h e a r e a . Modem r e e f d i s t r i b u t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o c u r r e n t s and sediment move- ment .)
C U S W , J . A ,
1942 A r e p o r t on t h e samples o b t a i n e d by t h e b o r i n g a t Heron I s l a n d , G r e a t B a r r i e r R e e f , A u s t r a l i a : Great B a r r i e r Reef Exped. S c i . Re*, Vol. 5: pp. 112-119.9
DORAN, E . , 3r.
1960 Report on Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands: Atoll Res.
, No. 72: 54 pp. (Includes a short discussion of the topography with a series of charts and aerial photos.) DORBIN, M. B.
1950 Submarine geology of Bikini Lagoon as indicated
bydepression of water-borne explosive waves: Bull. Geol.
Soc. Amer., Vol. 61: pp. 1091-1118. (Techniques and results of sound transmission and measures are given.
A Halimeda facies change in the central portion of the lagoon explains the increase in sound velocity.)
DORBIN, M. B. and B. PERKINS, Jr.
1954 Seismic studies of Bikini Atoll: U. S. Geol. SUrV.
Prof. Paper 260-5: pp. 487-506. (Findings indicate a subsidence of between 3000 and 13,000 feet. The
basement surface of the atoll seems to have more relief than guyots.)
DOUMENGE, F.
1961 Observations B propos des formations coralliennes de l'ile Wallis: Bull. Assoc. Geog. Franc.: pp. 186-196.x EMERY, K.
0,1956 Sediments and water of Persian Gulf: Bull. Amer. Assoc.
Petroleum Geol. Vol. 40(10): pp. 2354-2383. (Coral and oolite composes only a small amount of the sediment in the Persian Gulf. Reef locations are shown; charts also show distribution of salinity, temperature and sedLment characteristics.
)1962 Marine geology of Guam: U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 403-B: pp. Bl-B76. (A detailed study of the reefs and sediments in the Guam area. Typhoon effects and beach studies are also included.)
FAIRBRIDGE, R. W.
1953 The Sahul Shelf, northern Australia; its structure and geological relationships: Jour. Roy. Soc. Western Aust., Vol. 37: pp. L-33.x
FAIRBRIDGE,
R ,W. and C. TEICHERT
194.8 Some coral reefs of the Sahul Shelf: Geog. Rev., Vol.
38(2): pp. 222-249. (Mainly an analysis of aerial photos of the reef area. Origins of the reef owed to subsidence with tilting, eustasy, andlor faulting.)
FAIRBRIDGE, R. W. and H. B. STEWART, Jr.
1960 Alexa Bank, a drowned atoll on the Melanesian Border
Pl.ateau: Deep Sea R e s . , Vol. 7: pp. 100-116. (General t r e n d s of t h e a r e a a r e d e s c r i b e d . Alexa Bank h a s some l i v i n g p i n n a c l e s of r e e f c o r a l , b u t most of t h e c o r a l i s dead. The r a i s e d rim f e a t u r e s u r r o u n d i n g a mild d e p r e s s i o n , and t h e g e n e r a l l y s t e e p o u t e r s l o p e s s u g g e s t a drowned a t o l l . )
FISCHER, P.
El.
1961 Coup d ' o e i l s u r l a Grande-BarriSre d l A u s t r a l i e e t e n p a r t i c u l i e r s u r un r & i f du group du C a p r i c o r n e :
C a h i e r s P a c i f . , No. 3: pp. 52-74. ("
...
a b r i e f glimpse a t t h e G r e a t B a r r i e r Reef and i t s r e e f s . " Mainlyconcerned w i t h geomorphology and a revi.ew of t h e l i t e r a t u r e .)
FOSBERG, F
.
R., , e t&.
1956 H i l i t a r y geography of t h e Northern M a r s h a l l s : U. S . Army, Chief Cng. w i g e n c e Dl-v.,Engineer H e a d q t r s . U. S . -Far East: and E i g h t h U. S .
arm^.
320 pp. (Containsinformat:ion t h a t h a s n o t bccn p u b l i s h e d o t h e r w i s e . I n c l u d e s s e c t i o n s on t h e g e n e r a l geography, c l i m a t e , geology and e c o l o g y , p l u s o t h e r s . Most of t h e n o r t h e r n M a r s h a l l s a r e covered .)
1900 The a t o l l of M i n i k o i : g' Camb. P h i l . Soc., Vol. 11:
pp. 22-26.k GILLETT, K . and F
.
McNE7EILL1959 m e r e a t B x r r i e r Reef and a d j a c e n t i s l e s . C o r a l P r e s s , P a d d i n g t o n , Sydney, A u s t r a l i a . 194 pp. (Mainly d e s c r i p t i v e , b u t does contain. some e x c e l l e n t p i c t u r e s of c o r a l r e e f s and
c o r a l s . Also discusses some of t h e g e n e r a l geology of t h e a r e a . )
GWSSITT,
J.
L,1952 D e s c r i p t i o n of Kayangel A t o l l , Palau I s l a n d s : A t o l l Res.
%I&, No. 14: 6 pp. (A very g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e a t o l l . I n c l u d e s a bathymetric c h a r t showing l o c a t i o n s o f c o r a l heads .)
1953 Notes on Ngaruangl and Kayangel A t o l l s , P a l a u Isl-ands:
A t o l l Res.
--&.
Ijih.1 N O . 21:. 5 pp. (A v e r y b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e morphology of Ngaruangl A t o l l . )GROVER, J . C .
1960 The geology of R e n n e l l and B e l l o n a , t h e g r e a t u p l i f t e d a t o l l s on t h e edge of t h e C o r a l Sea; i n T. Wolff: The N a t u r a l
H i s t o r y of Rennel&-Tsland, B w h Solomon I s l a n d s , Vol 3 . Botany and Geolom-. pp. 103-119. (The rim of c o r a l
limestone is 360 feet above sea level; fossil algae and Foraminifera are listed.)
GUILCWER, A,
1956 Etude ge'omorphologique des re'cifs coralliens du nordouest de Madagascar: &n. Inst. Oceanog. (Paris), No. 33:
pp. 65-136.9<
1958 Mise au point la gGomorphologie des r6cifs coralliens de Madagascar et de'pendances. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. F - Oceanog., No. 2:
pp - .89-115. (Maximum growth was post-glacial; present growth is peripheral.)
1959 Les re'cifs coralliens
&petits lagons multiples de la
baie Ramanetaka (C6te nord-ouest de Madagascar): Bull. Soc.
Geol. France. Ser, 7, Vol. 1: pp. 337-340. (A description
- of small lagoons formed by the coalescing of corals in Ramanetaka Bay.)
1963 Quelques caracteres des rgcifs-barrieres et de leurs lagons:
Bull. Assoc. Geogr. Fran% Vol. 314-315: pp. 2-16.
(Abstracted in Cahiers du Pacif., no. 6: p. 200). (The origin of doublybarrier reefs, faros and spurs and grooves - -
are discussed. Algal ridges were not found on the barrier reefs of New Caledonia.)
GUILCHER, A. and L. BERTHOIS
1955 Les recifs coralliens du nord du Banc Farsan, Mer Rouge:
Ann. Inst. Oceanog. (Paris , No. 30: pp. 1-100."
GUILCHER, A. L., L. BERTHOIS, R. BATTISTINI and P. FOURMANOIR
1958 Les recifs coralliens des iles Radama et de la baie Ramanetaka (cote nord-ouest de Madagascar; etude g~omorphologique et sedimentologique: Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. F. -
Ocea.nog., No. 2: pp. 117-199.;k W B E R L E , F . R .
1952 The dlEntrecasteaux Reef group: Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 250:
pp. 28-34. (It is probable that this reef group is an excel- lent example of an antecedent platform origin.)
HAMILTON,
E. L .1956 Sunken islands of the Mid-Pacific mountains: Geol. Soc.
Amer. Memoir 64: 97 pp. (Cretaceous reef corals were dredged from the tops of guyots. This supports Darwin's Subsidence Theory for the formation of atolls.)
HAMILTON, E. L. and
R .W. REX
1959 Lower Eocene phosphatized Glohigerina ooze from Sylvania
Guyot: U s S,:eol. S u r v . P r o f . Pa= 260-W: pp. 785-798.
( S y l v a n i a Guyot has a f l a t t o p a t 705 fathoms. It i s p r o b a b l e t h a t S y l v a n i a was eroded t o a l e v e l bank and s u b s e q u e n t l y s u b s i d e d . )
S ,
On t h e problems of c o r a l r e e f s of t h e S o u t h Sea I s l a n d s : S c i e n c e of t h e 0 2 5 , : pp. 470-485. (Among t h e problems
---
d i s c u s s e d a r e t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of r e e f s , t h e o r i g i n of s p u r - g r o o v s z o n e s , t h e f o r m a t i o n of i s l a n d s on a t o l l s , and t h e o r i g i n s of beach r o c k by e v a p o r a t i o n of s e a l a t e r . ) JOHNSON,i.
8 .1957 Geology of S a l p a n , K ~ r i a n a I s l a n d s . P a r t 2 . Petrography of t h e l i m e s t o n e s : U. --. S, Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 280-6: pp. 177- 187. (The lirneszones a r e mainly a l g a l - f o r a m i n i f e r a 1 and c o r a l - a l g a l , i n d i c a t i v e of o l d r e e f s . E x c e l l e n t p l a t e s a r e i n c l u d e d , t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of l i m e s t o n e s . ) Geology of S a i p a n , Nariana I s l a n d s . P a r t 3 . C a l c a r e o u s a l g a e :
--
U,, S , GeoL. S u r v . P r o f . P 2 r 280-E: pp. 209-246.-- -
( I n c l n d e s r e c e n t a l g a e . )
Comparison of t h e c a l c a r e o u s a l g a l f l o r a s of r e c e n t and f o s s i l r z e f s :
&'5~5-~.9th
Pac. S c i . Cong., 1957,-
Vol. 4: pp.1 5 6 - i 6 0 , ( I n c l u d e s d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a r t s o f r e c e n t and Eocene c o r a l l i n c a l g a e i n t h e P a c i f i c a r e a a s w e l l a s a c h a r t show- i n g t h e g e o l o g i c r a a g e of r e c e n t c o r a l l i n e a l g a e g e n e r a . ) F o s s i l and r e c e n t c a l c a r e o u s a l g a e from Guam: U.
--
S. Geol.Surv. P r o f . PaE 403-G: 40 pp. ( 6 8 s p e c i e s from 16 g e n e r a
---
.a r e d e s c r i b e d a l o n g w i t h e c o i o g i c a l amd s t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i - b u t i o n s . A l l f o r m a t i o n s a r e abundant i n al.gae,)
J .
Notes on I n d i a n Ocean a t o l l s v i s i t e d by t h e Yale S e y c h e l l e s
E x p e d i t i o n : A t o l l _.____4 R e s , B u l l No. 101: 12 pp.
Motes orr r e e f h a b i t a t s and g a s t r o p o d m o l l u s c s o f a lagoon i s l a n d n t North Male A t o i l , MaTdives: A t o l l Res. B u l l . , No. 102: 5 pp. (Lagoon i s l a m i s form from f a r o s . . Observa- t i o n s s u p p o r t t h i s t h e o r y .)
KUENEriI, P. H.
1954 Eniwetok d r i l l i n g r e s u l t s :
- -
D e e k S e a Res,, Vol. 1: pp. 187- 189 .$:1956 Coral. r e e f s of i n d o n e s i a : Pac. Sci-. Congr. 8 t h , P h i l i p p i n e s ,
-
Voi. %A: pp 851-853. (Sunmarizes r e s e a r c h s i n c e 1947,
-
10-and c u r r e n t problems.) LADD, H. S.
1956 C o r a l r e e f problems i n t h e open P a c i f i c : Pac. S c i . Congr.
8 t h , P h i l i p p i n e s , Vol. 2A: pp. 833-848. ( D i s c u s s i o n of work c a r r i e d o u t on c o r a l r e e f s s i n c e 1945.)
MDD, H. S. and S . 0 . SCHLANGER
1960 D r i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s on Eniwetok A t o l l : U . S. Geol. Surv.
P r o f . Paper: 260-Y: pp. 863-903. (A summary of t h e l i t h o l o g y of 21 s h a l l o w w e l l s and 3 deep w e l l s . Compares t h e s u b s u r -
f a c e geology of Eniwetok with d r i l l b o l e s d a t a from o t h e r a r e a s . ) MA, T. Y . H.
1957 Marine t e r r a c e s i n t h e w e s t e r n P a c i f i c and t h e o r i g i n of c o r a l r e e f s : Oceanographica S i n i c a , Vol. 5 ( 2 ) . (Marine t e r r a c e s and r e e f s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e pauses i n c r u s t a l movements.)
McKEE, E. D.
1958 Geology of Kapingamarangi A t o l l , C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s : B u l l . Geol.
Soc. Amer., Vol. 69: pp. 241-278. ( I n c l u d e s d e s c r i p t i o n s of a t o l l framework. s e d i m e n t s , r e e f and l a a o o n a l s t r u c t u r e s ,
-
s o i l s , and ground w a t e r . )
1955
MASON, A.
1956 McNEILL, F.
C o r a l p a r a d i s e of One T r e e I s l a n d : A u s t r a l . Mus. Mag., No. 11:
pp
.
404-408.*
C . , e t a l .
M i l i t a r y geology of P a l a u I s l a n d s , C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s : U. S, Army, Chief Eng., I n t e l l i g e n c e Div., H e a d q t r s . U.S. Army F o r c e s F a r E a s t (Tokyo): 285 pp. ( c f . Tracey et&., 1964.) NESTEROFF, W. D
.
1955 Quelques r e s u l t a t s g e o l o g i q u e s d e l a campagne d e l a "Calypso"
en Mer Rouge (1951-1952): Deep-sea Res., Vol. 2(4): pp. 274- 283. ( O r i g i n of t h e Red Sea and a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e o r i g i n and s t r u c t u r e of c o r a l r e e f s i n t h e Red S e a . )
N I E R I N G , W. A.
1961 O b s e r v a t i o n s on Puluwat and G a f e r u t , C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s :
-
A t o l l Res. B u l l . , No. 76: 10 pp. (A very b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n of t h egeology of t h e i s l a n d , supplemented by an a e r i a l photo.) NUGENT, L. W.
1948 E l e v a t e d phosphate i s l a n d s i n M i c r o n e s i a : B u l l . Geol. Soc.
Amer., Vol. 59(10): pp. 977-994. ( D e s c r i b e s 8 e l e v a t e d
a t o l l s . The g e n e r a l geology and morphology a f f o r d s agreement w i t h t h e G l a c i a l C o n t r o l Theory.)
PICHON, M,
1962 Note p r c l i x i n a i x e s u r l a t o p o g r a p h i e e t l a g6omorphologie d e s r e c i i s cora:l.iens d e La r e g i o n d e T u l e a r (Madagascar):
Trav. S t n . r Endo~rme S u j g . , No. 3.: pp. 153-168."
-
-.-..
.-- --
1963 ~ ^ o l e d e l a subsi.dence dans l a Eormation de.s r 6 c i f s - b a r r i e r e s u r l a c'ote sud-.ouest d e Madagascar ( r k g i o n d e T u l e a r ) : C. R. Acad. S c i . P a r i s
--.
Voi.. 256(4): pp. 980-98i."PIGGOTT, C
.
J.
1961 Notes on some of ?be S e y e h e j l e s Z s l a n d s , Irtdian Ocean:
Res. Dull..
,
No. 83: 10 up. ( C l a s s i f i e s t h e i s l a n d s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r morphology, and d i s c u s s e s t h e geology of s e v e r a l . ) POPE, E , C .1962 New Caliidonia., t h e c o r a l - r i n g e d i s l a n d : A u s t r a l i a n Nat. K i s t . , Val.
1&(1):
pp. 3-11.. jitegiona: c o r a l geol.ogy i s i n c l u d e d . ) RAITT, R.W,
1.954 Seismic refrac!;i.on s t u d i e s of B i k i i l i and ihm.:jai.ein A t o l l s :
U.S.
Ceol.. Surv. P r o f . P s 260-K: pp. 507-528. (Se.l.srnic v e l o c i - t:izs l..eneal-h B i k i n i 1.agoon v a r y l a t e r a l l y a s w e i l a s v e r t i c a l l y . T h i s g i v e s an i n s i g h t . i n t o t h e h i s t o r y of t h e a t o l l . )
1957 Seismic. r e f r a c t i o n s t u d i e s of Eniwetok A t ; , l l : U. S. Geol.
S u r v . P r o f . .. P a ~ e r . .-
-
260-5; pp. 685-698. (Six l a y e r s of r o c k were r e c o r d r d . . The f i r s t t'iio a r e c a r b o n a t e ; t h e r e s t were non-sediii1e11t:arji. The s i x t h l a y e r , 16-17 k i l o m e t e r s below s e aLeve!.? i s probab!y just. below t h e Mollorovicic d i s c o n t i n u i t y . ) RANSON, G .
1958 Cureux e t r 6 c i f s c o r a l l i c i l s . Obse%vations s u r i e s z l e s c o r a l - dl
I.j.mnes d e I ' a r c h i p e l deo Tuamotu (Oceanic P r a n q a i s e ) : C a h i e r s Pacif:.
,
No.I:
pp. 15-36. ( D i f f e r e n t t h e o r i e s of- -..
a t o l l formaeion a r e reviewed., followed by a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e e l e v a t e d and nodern r e e f s i.n t h e Tuamotus. Lagoon f o r - :nation and .the h i s t o r y o f t h e Tuamot.ns a r e a l s o mentioned. ) M i s s i - ~ a s dans Le P a c i f i-que. REcLfs c o r a : l l i e n s . K k t r e s '.96%
i e - l - i b r e s
.
' P a r i s , Ed. L e c h c v a l i e r,
pp.
1-99. (Reviewed i n"La
G a b i e r s P a c i f -I-? No. 5 , p . 3 7 , and i.n A t o l l Res. Bul.l., No.
130, p p , 1'-5.) (Appears t o be s i m i l h r t o t h e above.%3icle.) RFVELI3, R . ,
--
et al.-
1953 Shipboard repor t , Capriconl. E x p e d i t i o n : ScScipps I n s t . Ref.
5 3 - 1 5 : 60 pp. (Tbe g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e r e e f s and a t o l l s v i s - i t e d . Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i s a photo of t h e c o r a l on P a l - con Kank, w11ic.h h a s o n l y r e c e n t l y submerged under w a t e r . )
-. 12-
SACHET, M. -+I.
1962a Geography and land ecology of C l i p p e r t o n I s l a n d : A t o l l Res.
B u l l . , No. 86: 115 pp. (Weather and ocean c u r r e n t s a r e men-
--
t i o n e d . D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t zones on t h e a t o l l ; t h e Lithotbamnion r i d g e i s a b s e n t , and t h e lagoon i s f r e s h w a t e r . )A
1962b Monographie physique e t bi-ologique de l ' i l e C l i p p e r t o n : I n s t . Oceanogr, n . s . , Vol. 40(L): 107 pp. ( B a s i c a l l y t h i s i s a French t r a n s l a t i o n of S a c h e t , 1962a. But i t does i n c l u d e photos of t h i s "almost a t o l l " . )
SCHLANGER, S
.
0 .1963 S u b s u r f a c e g e o b g y of Eniwetok A t o l l : U . S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . 260 BE: pp. 991-1066. (Contains s e c t i o n s on t h e c a r - b o n a t e mineralogy, p e t r o l o g y of t h e basement b a s a l t , and d a t i n g of t h e c a r b o n a t e r o c k s . The s u b s u r f a c e geology i s compared t o s i m i l a r a r e a s t h s t have been s t u d i e d . )
1964 P e t r o l o g y of t h e Limestones of Guam: C g e o l . Surv. P r o f . Pa= 403-D: 52 pp.
he
l i m e s t o n e s of Guam were formed p r e --.
dominantly by r e e f growth. The components of t h e e n t i r e T e r t i a r y r e e f f a c i e s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same. 21. p l a t e s of p e t r o g r a p h i c i l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e included..)SHIPEK, C . J .
1962 Photographic survey of i;ea f l o o r on southwest s l o p e of Eniwetok A t o l l : B u l l . Geol.. Soc. Arner,, Vol. 73(7): pp. 805-812, (The observed r i p p l e d . sedimencs s u g g e s t s t r o n g w a t e r movements.) SITOR, G o C . , J r .
196' Thiclcness oE c o r a l a t Kidway : i s l a n d : La&%, Vol. 201(4925):
DD. 1207- 1208. (The reiiulc:: of a br:ieL s e i s m i c r e f r a c t i o n
. .
survey show a t h i c k n e s s of c o r a l rock of about 370 m e t e r s . ) SIJOR, G . C . , J r . and I),
I),
P01.JL"4XD1963 Sei.smic i n v e s t i g a i i o u s o f S e y c h e l l e s and Saya d e Malha Banks, n o r t h e s t : I n d i a n 0ce.an: c n 0 142(3588): pp. 48-49.
(The two a r e a s a r e unclerlairr wi?.h g r a n i t e , and a r e capped w i t h c o r a l . )
SQUIRES, 1959
D. F.
R e s u l t s of t h e Puritan-Americim Museum of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y expediti.on t o w e s t e r n Mexico. 7 . C o r a l s and c o r a l r e e f s i n t h e Gulf of C a l i f o r n i a : &I&:A~e.g. Nat. H i s t . , , Vol. 118(7):
pp. 367-632. (Ecology o f t h e r e e f s d i s c u s s e d ; t h e fauna resembles the panamic f a u n a l t y p e s and, t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , t b e i n d o - . P a c i f i c f a u n a . Formations a r e young due t o t h e t e c t o n i c a c t i v i t y of t h e a r e a . )
SUGIYAMA, T.
1942 R e e f - b u i l d i n g c o r a l s o f Yap i s l a n d and i t s f r i n g i n g r e e f s :
+.
P a l e o n t . I n s t . Fac. S c i . Tohoku Imp. Univ., Vol. 39: pp. 7-26.
( D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e c o r a l r e e f s of Yap, i n c l u d i n g a l i s t of 75 s p e c i e s of c o r a l . )
SWARTZ, J . H e
1958 Geothermal measurements, Eniwetok and B i k i n i A t o l l s :
&&
Geol. Surv. P r o f . P a p e r 260-U: pp. 711-741. (The t h e r m a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e a t o l l s a r e l a r g e l y t h e r e s u l t of c o o l i n g
by t h e a d j a c e n t s e a w a t e r . Only i n one w e l l d i d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e a t d e p t h ; t h e r a t e was 2 0 ~ ~ / k i l o m e t e r . )
1962 Some p h y s i c a l c o n s t a n t s f o r t h e M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s a r e a :
Geo:L. Surv. P r o f . P a p e r 260-AA. (Gives some g e o p h y s i c a l con- s t a n t s f o r d i f f e r e n t sediment t y p e s e n c o u n t e r e d . )
TAYAMA, R.
1951 Geology of Angaru I s l a n d : Tohoku Univ. I n s t . Geol. and P a l e o n t . , S h o r t P a p e r s , No. 3: p p . 91-108. (A r a i s e d a t o l l t h a t went t h r o u g h s t a g e s of a t o l l , b a r r i e r r e e f and f r i n g i n g r e e f . ) TEICHERT, C .
1950 Late Q u a t e r n a r y changes i n s e a - l e v e l a t R o t t n e s t I s l a n d , Wes- t e r n A u s t r a l i a : P r o c . Roy. Soc. V i c t o r i a , Vol. 59(2): pp.
62-79. ( P l e i s t o c e n e c o r a l r e e f s a r e o v e r l a i n w i t h a e o l i a n dune l i m e s t o n e . )
TODD, R .
1957 Geology of S a i p a n , Mariana I s l a n d s . P a r t 3. S m a l l e r Foramini- f e r a : U. S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 280-H: pp. 265-313. ( I n c l u d e s r e c e n t 1.agoonal f a u n a .)
TODD, R. and D. MW
1960 S m a l l e r F o r a m i n i f e r a from Eniwetok d r i l l h o l e s : U. S. Geol.
S u r v . P r o f . Paper 260-X: pp. 799-861. (265 s p e c i e s a r e i d e n t i - f i e d . S t r a t i g r a p h i c c o r r e l a t i o n s a g r e e w i t h Cole, 1957, who s t a t e d t h a t Eniwetok's f o r m a t i o n s a r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y s h a l l o w e r t h a n B i k i n i ' s .)
TRACEY, J . I . , D . P. ABBOTT, and T. ARNOW
1961 N a t u r a l h i s t o r y of I f a l u k A t o l l ; P h y s i c a l environment:
B. I?. Bishop Mus., No. 222: pp. 1-75. (A summary of g e o l o g i c
-
and o t h e r p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s of I f a l u k A t o l l . )TRACEY, J.
I . ,
S. 0. SCHLANGER, J. T. STARK, D. B. DOAN, and H. G. MAY 1964 G e n e r a l geology of Guam: U. S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 403-A:104 pp. (A s t u d y of t h e s t r a t i g r a p h y and g e o l o g i c h i s t o r y of Guam. A l s o i n c l u d e s a c h a p t e r on t h e modern r e e f s . )
-
14-TRACEY, J . I . , e t a l .
1959 M i l i t a r y geology of Guam, Mariana I s l a n d s . P a r t I. Descrip- t i o n of t e r r a i n and environment. P a r t 11. E n g i n e e r i n g a s p e c t s of geology and s o i l s : U. S . Army, Chief Eng., I n t e l l i g e n c e D i v . , H e a d q t r s . U . S . Army P a c i f i c (Tokyo): 282 pp. ( c f . Tracey e t a l . , 1964.)
- -
VERSTAPPEN, H. T .
1953 E a r l y and r e c e n t r e s e a r c h on t h e c o r a l i s l a n d i n t h e Bay of D j a k a r t a : T i j d s c h r . Konink. Nederland. A a r d r i j k s k u n d i g Genootschap, Amsterdam, Vol. 70: pp. 472-478."
1960 On t h e geomorphology of r a i s e d c o r a l r e e f s and i t s t e c t o n i c s i g n i f i c a n c e : Z e i t . Geomor&., Vol. 4 ( 1 ) : pp. 1-28. (A s t u d y of r a i s e d r e e f s , p r i m a r i l y i n t h e Moluccas. T e c t o n i c u p l i f t e x p l a i n s t h e t h i n n e s s of t h e r e e f s a s w e l l as t h e t e r r a c i n g . )
WIENS
,
H. J.
1956 The geography of Kapingamarangi A t o l l in. t h e e a s t e r n C a r o l i n e s : A t o l l Res. Bull., No. 48: 85 pp. ( I n c l u d e s h i s t o r y , topography, c u r r e n t s , c l i m a t e , and a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s l a n d s . ) 1957 F i e l d n o t e s on a t o l l s v i s i t e d i n t h e M a r s h a l l s , 1956: A t o l l
-
Res. B u l l . , No. 54: 23 pp. (Contains s c a t t e r e d , g e n e r a l d e s - c r i p t i o n s of morpho1.ogic forms t h e a u t h o r observed on v a r i o u s a t o l l s . )
ZANEVELD, J
.
S.
andH,
T. VERSTAPPEN1952 A r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n about t h e geomorphology and t h e f l o r a of some c o r a l i s l a n d s i n t h e Bay of D j a k a r t a : J o u r . S c i . Res. D j a k a r t a , Vol. l ( 2 ) : pp. 38-43; Vol. l ( 3 ) : pp. 58-65."
2B. A t l a n t i c Reefs and A t o l l s ALLEN, J . R. L. and J
.
W. WELLS1962
e,
Holocene c o r a l banks and s u b s i d e n c e i n t h e Niger D e l t a : Vol. 70(4): pp. 381-397. (Banks o f dead ahermatypic-
J o u r . c o r a l s a r e compared w i t h o t h e r a r e a s . )BOYD, D. W , , Lo S . KORNICKER and R. REZAK
1962 Recent a l g a l bioherms n e a r Cozumel I s l a n d , Mexico ( a b s . ) : Geol.
-
Soc. Amer. Spec. P a p e r , No. 73: pp. 121-122. ( C o r a l l i n e
--
a l g a e a r e s e e n t o b u i l d a s e r i e s of m i c r o a t o l l s , from 12 t o 25 f e e t i n d i a m e t e r . C o r a l s a r e n o t common. The s p e c i e s o f a l g a e a r e l i s t e d . )-
15-BROOKS, H. K.
1962 Reefs and b i o c l a s t i c s e d i m e n t s of t h e Dry T o r t u g a s ( a b s . ) :
Geol.
Soc, Amer. Spec. P a p e r , No. 73: pp. 1-2. (Dry T o r t u g a s i s n o t an a t o l l . but r a t h e r a s e r i e s of banks. s h o a l s and r e e f s t h a t r i s e from a l i m e s t o n e p l a t f o r m . Live c o r a l i s s p a r s e . ) d r [email protected], 0 .
1958 0 r e c i - f e a n u l a r d a s Rocas, um r e g i s t r o d e r e c e n t e s v a r i a c o e s e u s t a t i c a s no A t l a n t i c 0 e q u a t o r i a l : Corn. 1 3 t h Assembl.
h s s o c . Geog. B r a z i l . *
--
1X BUISOMJE, P . H.
1964 MarSne t e r r a c e s and s u b - a e r i c sediments on t h e N e t h e r l a n d s Leeward I s l a n d s , Curacao, Aruba and B o n a i r e , a s i n d i c a t o r s of Q u a t e r n a r y changes i n s e a l e v e l and c l i m a t e . I and 11:
Proc.
Koninkl. N e d e r l . Akad. Wetenschappen, S e r i e s B , Vol. 67(1):
p p . 60-79. ( O b s e r v a t i o n s a r e made on f o u r "Quaternary"
t e r r a c e s , r a n g i n g i n e l e v a t i o n from 10 meters t o n e a r l y 200 m e t e r s . The t e r r a c e s a p p e a r t o b e e l e v a t e d c o r a l r e e f s and
l a g o o n a l d e p o s i t s .)
Dl? 3IJISONJE. ,~~ P. H. and 3 . ~ I . S. ZONNEVELD . . . ~
1960 De Kustvormen van Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire: Natuurw. Werk- g r o f p N e d e r 1 . A n t i l l e n , No. 11: pp. 121-144. ("The i s l a n d s
of Curacao, Aruba and B o n a i r e a r e surrounded by c o a s t s t h a t e i t h e r have t h e c h a r a c t e r o f c l i f f s c u t i n s o l i d c o r a l lime- s t o n e s , o r b u i l t up of l o o s e c o r a l d e b r i s and c o r a l sands."
The d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of s h o r e l i n e a r e d i s c u s s e d ; some mention i s given t o p r e s e n t - d a y c o r a l r e e f s . )
DaL41\', E .
1954 Land forms of Grand Cayman I s l a n d , B r i t i s h West I n d i e s :
-
Texas J o u r . S c i . , Vol. 6: pp. 360-377. (Deals w i t h t h e physiography, g e o l o g y , and g e o l o g i c h i s t o r y of Grand Cayman I s l a n d . )1955 Land forms of t h e s o u t h e a s t Bahamas: Dept. Geog. Univ. Texas P u b 1 No. 5509: 38 pp. ( E x c e l l e n t c h a r t s made from a e r i a l
-2,
photographs and p e r s o n a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . Various geomorphic f o r m a r e d i s c u s s e d .)
EIYEKY
,
K. 0 .1962 C o r a l r e e f s o f f Veracruz, Mexico: G e o f i s i c a International, Vol, 3 ( 1 ) : pp. 11-17. (The r e e f s resemble p a t c h r e e f s and a r e s o c l a s s i f i e d . Sediment a n a l y s e s a r e g i v e n ; t h e percen- t a g e of c o r a l d e t r i t u s i n t h e sediments of t h e a r e a i s g r e a t e r t h a n s i m i l a r a r e a s i n t h e P a c i f i c Ocean.)
POSBERG, P. R .
1962 A b r i e f s t u d y of t h e c a y s o f A r r e c i f e A l a c r a n , a Mexican a t o l l : A t o l l Res. B u l l . , No. 93: 25 pp. (Although most of t h i s p a p e r
-
c o n c e r n s t h e v e g e t a t i o n of t h e a r e a , t h e r e i s mention of t h e physi&graphy and c l i m a t e . Also i n c l u d e d i s a comparison between Alacran and a P a c i f i c a t o l l . )
GOREAU, T. F.
1958. B u t t r e s s e d r e e f s i n J a m a i c a , B r i c i s h West I n d i e s : P r o c . XVth I n t e r n . Congr. Z o o l . , p . 250. ( B u t t r e s s e s examined seem t o
-
i n d i c a t e a f o r m a t i o n by c o r a l growth, n o t e r o s i o n . There a p p e a r s t o b e no c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e p r e v a i l i n g winds and t h e l i n e a t i o n of t h e b u t t r e s s e s . )1961 The s t r u c t u r e of t h e Jamaican r e e f communities. G e o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s : New York Zool. S o c . , Dept. Marine Biochem. and Ecology. 14 pp. (A s e r i e s of submarine t e r r a c e s , drowned r e e f s and submarine canyons a r e r e p o r t e d . The modern r e e f i s up t o 35 f e e t t h i c k . )
1964 F o r e - r e e f s l o p e : s t r u c t u r e , sediment, and community r e l a t i o n - s h i p s (abs.): Geol. Soc. Amer., Program, 1964 Ann. Meeting, p . 76. (Mostly reviews p r e v i o u s p a p e r s . L i t t l e sediment accumulates on t h e f o r e - r e e f s l o p e ; most i s t r a n s p o r t e d t o deeper w a t e r s . )
HOFFMEISTER, J . E. and H. G . MULTER
1964 Growth-rate e s t i m a t e s of a P l e i s t o c e n e c o r a l r e e f of F l o r i d a : B u l l . Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 75(4): pp. 353-358, (By u s i n g t h e r a t e of growth of Montastrea a n n u l a r i s , a 7 - f o o t v e r t i c a l s e c t i o n of t h e Key Largo l i m e s t o n e has been e s t i m a t e d t o have t a k e n 250 t o 500 y e a r s t o form.)
HOSKIN, C . M.
1963 Recent c a r b o n a t e s e d i m e n t a t i o n on Alacran Reef, Yucatan, Mexico: Nat. Acad. S c i . - N a t . Res. Coun. P u b l . 1089, 160 pp.
(A r a t h e r complete s t u d y of t h e sedimentary c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Alacran Reef. 19 b i o t o p e s a r e r e c o g n i z e d on t h e b a s i s of g r a i n s i z e and c o m p o s i t i o n . )
JORDAN, G. F.
1952 Reef f o r m a t i o n i n t h e Gulf of Mexico o f f A p a l a c h i c o l a Bay, F l o r i d a : B u l l . Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 63(7): pp. 741-744.
(Banks have been found t o be capped w i t h c o r a l . ) KAYE, C . A.
1959a S h o r e l i n e f e a t u r e s and Q u a t e r n a r y s h o r e l i n e changes, P u e r t o Rico:
U. S. Geol. Surv. P r o f . Paper 317-B: pp. 49-140. (The f r i n g i n g c o r a l r e e f s a r e t y p i c a l Caribbean r e e f s ; a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n i s i n c l u d e d . The g e n e r a l chemical and p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s of t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s of beach r o c k a r e c o n s i d e r e d . )
K A Y E , C . J., ( c o n t ' d )
195% Geology of I s l a Mona and t h e age of Mona Passage: U. S. Geol.
Surv. P r o f . Paper 317-C: p p . llcl-178. (The l i m e s t o n e t h a t composes I s l a Mona i s a Miocene r e e f - l i m e s t o n e . The e l e v a t e d r e e f s a r e d i s c u s s e d . )
IURN LCKER, L. S .
1963 The Bahama Banks: a " l i v i n g " f o s s i l environment: J o u r . Geol.
E d u c a t i o n , Vol. l l ( 1 ) : pp. 17-25. (A review of some l i t e r a t u r e and a g e n e r a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e geology of t h e Bahamas.)
0 J J : . C l ? , L . S . ,
F.
BONET, R . CANN, and C. M. HOSKIN!9:;!1 Alacran R e e f , Campeche Bank, Mexico: Publ. I n s t . Marine S c i . , liniv. Texas, P o r t Aransas, Vol. 6 : pp. 1-22, ( D e s c r i p t i o n
i:!: t h e r e e f s , sediment and f a u n a of t h i s " s h e l f a t o l l " . ) KO!;.NSC.I<ER, I,. S . and D o W . BOYD
1 . 3 6 2 Shallow-water geology and environments of Alacran Reef complex, C~mpeche fianlc, Mexico: B u l l . Amer
.
Assoc- -- .
Pf troleum Geol., Val. 46(5): pp. 640-673. (The ecology of t h e r e e f i s d i s c u s s e d , niong w i t h t h e e c o l o g i c z o n a t i o n s of t h e r e e f - b u i l d i n gorganisms. A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e s t u d y of f o s s i l r e e f s f o l l o w s .)
!4621,
Biogeology of a l i v i n g c o r a l r e e f complex on Campeche Bank:Guide Book t o F i e l d T r i p t o P e n i n s u l a of Yucatan. New O r l e a n s
-
G w I . SOS., Peh. 1 - 5 , 1962. pp. 73-84. (The main c o n t r i b u t o r s Lo t h e framework, s e d i m e n t , and cementing a g e n t s a r e d i s c u s s d . 'I'he g e n e r a l ecology and geology of t h e r e e f a r e a l s o d i s c u s s d , ) L , e C O E w , J.1183 The r e e f s , keys and p e n i n s u l a of F l o r i d a : S c i e n c e , Vol. 2:
p . 704..*
IcEWIS, 3 . R .
19b0 The c o r a l r e e f s and c o r a l communities of Barbados, West I n d i e s : Canadian J o u r . Z o o l . , Vol. 3 8 ( 6 ) : pp. 1133-1145. (Form,
i l e v e l o p ~ e n t and c o r a l growth a r e d i s c u s s e d . S p e c i e s a r e
l c c a r e d i n d e f i n i t e zones; t h e windward r e e f s a r e n o t a c t i v e l y growing .)
LOGAN. 13.
W
1.961 C o r a l r e e f and bank communities of t h e Campeche S h e l f , Yucatan, Mexico ( a b s . ) : Geol. Soc. h e r . Spec. P a p e r , No. 68: p. 218.
(Two communities have c o l o n i z e d rocky mounds on t h e s h e l f
a r e a : t h e primary r e e f c o r a l s a r e i n s h a l l o w w a t e r , t h e aherma- t y p i c c o r a l s i n d e e p e r w a t e r . )
LQGAN, B . W. ( c o n t ' d )
1962 Submarine topography of t h e Yucatan P l a t f o r m : Guide B o o 3 F i e l d T r i p t o P e n i n s u l a
--
o f Yucatan. New O r l e a n s Geol. S o c . , Feb. 1 - 5 , j 5 6 2 . (A s h o r t d i s c u s s i o n of t h e submarine t e r r a c e s , s h e l f mounds, and t h e l o c a t i o n of c o r a l r e e f s and o t h e r banks.) LUDWLCK, J. C. andW.
R . WALTON1957 S h e l f - e d g e , c a l c a r e o u s prominences i n n o r t h e a s t e r n Gulf of Mexico: B u l l . Amer.
-
Assoc. Petroleum Geol., Vol. 41(9):pp. 2054-2101. ("PossiL" r e e f s , now i n 40-55 fathoms of
w a t e r , a r e r e l a t e d t o p r e - e x i s t i n g lower s t a n d s of s e a l e v e l . ) W O R E , D . R.
1958 Notes on B l a n q u i l l a Reef, t h e most n o r t h e r l y c o r a l f o r m a t i o n i n t h e w e s t e r n Gulf of Mexico:
-
l'ubl. I n s t . Marine S c i e n c e , Univ. Texas, P o r t A r a n s a s , Vol. 5: pp. 151-155. (Live c o r a li s r a r e on t h e windward ( e a s t ) s i d e b u t i s common on t h e leeward s i d e ; because of l o n g - f e t c h , storm waves can c a u s e g r e a t d e s t r u c t i o n . )
MOORE. D. R . and
H.
R. BULLIS. J r .1960 A deep-water c o r a l . i e e f i n t h e Gulf of Mexico: B u l l . Marine S c i . Gulf and C a r i b . , Vol. lO(1): pp. 125-128. (The f i r s t deep-water r e e f r e p o r t e d i n t h e West I n d i e s , a t a d e p t h of 280-300 fathoms.)
1958a American c o r a l r e e f s : & ~ s . New York Acad. S c i . , S e r . 2 , Vol. 21(2): pp. 125-127. ( P r i n c i p a l b i o t i c z o n e s , s t r u c t u r e s , and t h e f u n c t i o n s of t h e r e e f s a r e d i s c u s s e d . )
1958b American c o r a l . s e a s : P r o c . XVth I n t e r n . Congr. Z o o l . ,
pp. 251-252. ( C o r a l growth i n t h e Florida-Bahamas a r e a f i r s t t e r m i n a t e d on t h e Blake P l a t e a u probably i n t h e Miocene.
CooLing w a t e r s caused a r e g r e s s i o n of t h e r e e f s t o F l o r i d a and t h e Bahamas, u n t i L most a l l r e e f s were k i l l e d . R e e f s have o n l y r e c e n t l y been r e - e s t a b l i s h e d . )
1959 West A t l a n t i c c o r a l r e e f s : R q r i n t s I s t I n t e r n . Ocean. Congr.
pp
.
286-287. ( A b s t r a c t s w o r r p u b l i s h e d p r e v i o u s l y .)1960 Marine p l a n a t i o n o f t r o p i c a l . l i m e s t o n e i s l a n d s : S c i e n c e , Vol.
132: pp. 144- 145, (Sea Level i n t h e Caribbean seems t a b e c u r r e n t l y t h e h i g h e s t s i n c e the. P l . e i s t o c e n e ; t h e r e h a s been no r e c e n t p l a n a t j . o n . The p i a t f o m s , t h e r e f o r e , r e p r e s e n t an equili.bri:tm between t h e upper l i m i t s of c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i - t i o n and t h e lower 1.imits of i n t e r t i d a l e r o s i o n . )
MEWELI,,
N.
D., J . IMBRIE, ~.1959 Organism c o m u n i i e s and bottom f a c i e s , G r e a t Bahama Bank:
B u l l . Amer. Mus. Nat. H i s t . , Vol. 117(4.): pp. 177-228. (A .---
g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n of t h e bottom f a c i e ~ and communities. The c o r a l z o n a t i o n s and dominant s p e c i e s a r e d e s c r i b e d , w i t h i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e r e a s o n s f o r l i m i t e d growth.)
G
.
PURDY.
and D. L. THURBERGTTWiNN, F.
9 " I ' A t o i l d a s Rocas" dans 1 ' A t l a n t i q u e sud t r o p i c a l : x u 2 Geog. Phys. e t Geol. Dyn
--
am., Vol. 5 ( 2 ) : pp. 101-107. (Thea t o l l a p p e a r s t o b e more a l g o l o g i c t h a n c o r a l l i n e . T r a c e s of t h e l a s t t r a n s g r e s s i v e p e r i o d of t h e Quaternary c a n b e s e e n . a t +% m e t e r s . )
PARENLAN,
P.
1957 Formazioni c o r a l l i g e n e m e d i t e r r a n e e e l o r o b i o l o g i a :
Boll.
sol,,
Vol. 24(2): pp. 287-312.*P!iK!3T!,
G. C. ,
C. E . FERGUSON, S. K. LOVE,&.
1355 Water r e s o u r c e s of s o u t h e a s t e r n F l o r i d a : U. S. Geol. Surv.
'Water-Supply P a p e r , No. 1255: 965 pp. ( I n c l u d e s a r a t h e r
--
ext.eusi.ve d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e T e r t i a r y and Q u a t e r n a r y Formations i n s o u t h e a s t e r n F l o r i d a . )PLIRIIY :, E. G . and R . K. MATTHEWS
4 S t r u c t u r a l c o n t r o l of r e c e n t c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n i n B r i t i s h Honduras ( a b s . ) : Geol. Soc. A m e r . , Program, 1964 Ann. M e e t a , p. 157. (The d i s t r i b u t i o n of r e e f s i s r e l a t e d t o P l e i s t o c e n e t o p o g r a p h i c h i g h s , which i n t u r n a r e r e l a t e d c o che u n d e r l y i n g s t r u c t u r e . The P l e i s t o c e n e topography h a s induced d i f f e r e n t i a l s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s , which have tended t o a c c e n t u a t e t h e r e l i e f . )
W R I , A . S , and R . 0 . VERNON
1.959 Strcmary of t h e geology of F l o r i d a and a guidebook t o t h e c l a s s i c exposures: F l a . S t a t e Geol. Surv. Spec. P u b l . ,
$01. 5 : 255 pp. ( D e s c r i p t i o n s of g e o l o g i c f o r m a t i o n s i n F l o r i d a , from Pre-Cambrian t o t h e p r e s e n t ; i n c l u d e s p r e s e n t - day r e e f s . )
:iCKIISI'ER-DIETERlCHS , 0.
i 9 5 6 A u f e i n e r k o r a l l e n - i n s e l d e s K a r r i b i s c h e n Meeres: Nature
xl
VoJ.. 86: pp. 376-380.*SIiLNN, 3 . A .
1963 Spur and groove f o r m a t i o n on t h e F l o r i d a Reef T r a c t :
Jour.
Sed. P e t Vol. 33(2): pp. 291-303. (The e c o l o g i c z o n a t i o n s
---:a
i n t h e F l o r i d a Keys a r e c o n s i d e r e d . The o r i g i n of t h e s p u r - groove complex i s r e l a t e d t o b i o l o g i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n t h e growth of w a v e - o r i e n t e d Acropora p a l m a t a . )
SQUIRES, D. F.
1963 Calcareous s h e l f - e d g e prominences o f f t h e Orinoco River of South America ( a b s . ) : Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. P a p e r , No. 76:
p. 155. ( C o n t r a r y t o p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s , "tl-ere i s no e v i - dence t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e w a l l o r prominences were once a c o r a l r e e f , and r e e f c o r a l s p r e s e n t l y make no c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e i r growth.")
STEERS, .T. A.
1940 The c a y s and P a l i s a d o e s , P o r t Royal, Jamaica: Geog. Rev., Vol. 30: pp. 279-296. ( C o r a l , a l t h o u g h abundant, has n o t f u s e d t o g e t h e r t o form massive r e e f s ; Halimeda i s a promi- n e n t component of t h e sediment. S i g n i f i c a n t changes may occur due t o s t o r m s . )
STEERS, J . A., V. J . CHAPMAN, and J . A. LOFTHOUSE
1940 Sand cays and mangroves i n Jamaica: Geog. J o u r . , Vol. 96:
pp. 305-328. (Formation of t h e c a y s , t h e beach r o c k and
v a r i o u s o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s a r e d i s c u s s e d . Sediments a r e anchored on t h e c a y s by v e g e t a t i o n . )
STETSON, T. R , , D. F. SQUIRES, and R .
M.
PRATT1962 C o r a l banks o c c u r r i n g i n deep w a t e r on t h e Blake P l a t e a u : Amer. Mus. N o v i t a t e s , No. 2114: 39 pp. ( S t u d i e s were c a r r i e d o u t by PDR t r a c i n g s , bottom photography and bottom sampling;
t h e " r e e f s " a r e compared w i t h s i m i l a r s t u d i e s . ) STEWART, H. B . , J r . , A. D o RAFF, and E . L. JONES
1961 E x p l o r e r Bank
-
a new d i s c o v e r y i n t b e Caribbean: B u l l . Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 72(8): pp. 1271-1274. (The bank r i s e s-
1000 fathoms t o a d e p t h of 15 fathoms. Magnetic s u r v e y s i n d i c a t e a p o s s i b l e o r i g i n s i m i l a r t o P a c i f i c a t o l l s . ) STODDART, D. R,1962 Three Caribbean a t o l l s : T u r n e f f e I s l a n d s , Lighthouse Reef, and G l o v e r s Reef, B r i t i s h Honduras: A t o l l Res. B u l l . , No.
87: 149 pp. (Each a t o l l i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . Sediments t y p e s , c o r a l f a u n a , and e c o l o g i c z o n a t i o n s a r e d i s c u s s e d . Author p r e s e n t s a t h e o r y on t h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e a t o l l c a y s , and o t h e r g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e s . )
THORPE, J . E., and D. R. STODDART
1962 A summary of r e e f work of t h e Cambridge E x p e d i t i o n t o B r i t i s h Honduras of 1959-1960: Geog. J o u r . Vol. 128: pp. 158-173.
(Most of t h e a r t i c l e i s by S t o d d a r t , who condenses h i s 1962 A t o l l Res. B u l l . a r t i c l e i n t o t h i s b r i e f paper. An i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c u s s i o n f o l l o w s , p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h beach rock f o r m a t i o n . )
