1
2
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT FISH
PLASTIC COMPOSITES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR FISHING VESSELS
Fishing Vessels Plastic Composite
Key words: rice straw, fishing vessels, lignocellulose-plastic composites, polypropylene, fiber an Alternative Material for
as
Syafril Mayu Dinata1 *, Budhi Hascaryo Iskandar2 Fuad4 ,
Yopi Novita2
, Firda Aulya Syamani3 , By:
coconut
including the price of wood being quite expensive because its availability is decreasing. Decreased wood quality also affects the durability and durability of wooden ships. Therefore, we need a replacement material used in making traditional fishing boats, so that the quality of the boats made is of good quality and fishermen get abundant catches when going to sea.
Alternative materials to replace wood can be materials containing lignocellulose, which are then combined with plastic materials to obtain materials with better properties. This literature study discusses alternative materials for making fishing boats that are possible as a substitute for wood, in the form of composites from plastic materials and materials containing lignocellulose, especially polypropylene composites filled with rice straw or coconut fiber.
The current fishing vessel fleet is still dominated by traditional vessels. Traditional fishing boats are generally made of wood. Considering that Indonesia's natural conditions are mostly marine waters, fishing activity is very high. The increasing need for fishing vessels also increases the demand for wood. In the process of making traditional fishing boats, fishermen face various problems, in
3 Biomass and Bioproduct Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia,
4 Fisheries Resource Utilization Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia.
sea. Alternative materials at to
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Marine Fisheries Technology Study Program, Postgraduate School, Fisheries Agriculture Institute, Bogor, Indonesia, Department of
Fisheries Resource Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Fisheries Agriculture Institute, Bogor, Indonesia.
can produce abundant catches that are maximally out
wooden boat, fishermen face various problems, including the price of wood, which is quite expensive because of its decreasing availability. The decreasing quality of wood also affects the resilience and durability of boats made of wood. For this reason, an alternative material is needed that is intended for shipbuilding so that the ships produced are of good quality and fishermen replace wood can
dominated by traditional vessels. Traditional fishing boats are generally is natural conditions of Indonesia, which are mostly marine waters, fishing activity very high. The increasing need for fishing vessels has also increased the demand for is wood. Meanwhile, build to a
Current fishing vessel made of wood. Considering the
Key words:
INTRODUCTION
The uniqueness of traditional fishing vessels in Indonesia is that they have distinctive models according to each coastal area.
be in the form of materials containing lignocellulose, which are then combined with plastic materials obtain materials with better properties. This literature study discusses possible alternative materials material for fishing vessels, which
are composites of plastic materials and materials containing lignocellulosic, especially polypropylene based composite with rice straw or coconut fibers filler.
Even in the midst of a pandemic, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) has succeeded in increasing the level of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP) in the capture fisheries resources sector by up to 17.78%.
Comparison of results in the same period, namely 2019 PNBP income from the capture fisheries sector up to June was 253 billion, up to 19 June 2020 PNBP income from the capture fisheries sector was 298 billion or there has been an increase in income. This happened during the pandemic, as evidenced by the significant increase in applications for permits to issue arrest warrants. More than 700 permits are issued each month. The ease of processing permits online is presented as a solution. This was done as a step to support the program without reducing optimum permit processing services (Director General of Capture Fisheries 2020).
As a maritime country that is dominated by large areas of sea, this means that activities at sea are still quite high, ships are one of the modes that are still needed. One of which is a traditional fishing boat. Traditional fishing vessels are generally made from wooden raw materials and are designed with knowledge passed down from generation to generation as a mode of carrying out fishing activities at sea.
. 2015).
coconut fibers, fishing vessel, lignocellulosic-plastic composite, polypropylene, rice straw
(Trimulyono tool Tonnage as a
(GT) and are made traditionally by craftsmen or traditional shipyards as a
substitute for wood
Gross to
social distancing
The increasingly limited availability of raw materials in the form of wood in the process of making traditional fishing boats makes the price of wooden boats expensive. Merbabu wood, which previously cost 7 million, has become 8.5 million per cubic meter. Making a ship with a keel length of 16 m requires approximately 39 m3 (Karyanto and Nuraini 2020). The construction of traditional fishing vessels in Indonesia, which still relies on wood, will continue to increase along with the increase in the price of wood. This is because almost the majority of people living in coastal areas depend on fishing or fishing for their livelihoods. The limited raw materials for ships which have an impact on increasing prices certainly burden fishermen, considering that making a traditional fishing boat requires quality wood in large quantities. Therefore, another material is needed so that it can reduce the use of wood in making traditional fishing boats without compromising quality. This literature study is aimed at exploring literature information regarding alternative materials to replace wood in making fishing vessels. This literature review discusses materials
as
As of June 22 2020, the online Quick Service Permit Information System (SILAT) service for 1 hour has been able to issue 4,080 permit documents since it was announced on December 31 2019. This figure consists of "2,750 Fishing Permits (SIPI), 1,158 Permits Fishing Business (SIUP) and 172 Fish Transport Vessel Licenses (SIKPI).” Until now, traditional types of boats and fishing vessels or also commonly called "traditional fishing vessels" still dominate as the type of national fishing vessel. In general, traditional fishing boats are made from the main raw material of wood and are no more than 30 meters in size
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESEARCH METHODS
Alternative Materials for Fishing Vessels Plastic
official
Plastic is a polymer. A polymer is a material consisting of molecular units called monomers. Monomers of the same type are called homopolymers, and if the monomers are different they produce copolymers. Nitrocellulose is a type of plastic that was first made commercially. Plastic materials currently have various functions very quickly, some examples are in electronics, agriculture, textiles, transportation, building construction, cosmetic packaging, children's toys and other industrial products. In general, plastic is thermoplastic, that is, it can be changed
The sources used can be national or international journal publications according to relevant research topics. This was done to provide a range of sources for the journal analysis. The results of this time were used to study the use of plastic composites as a substitute material for fishing vessels. The types of qualitative and quantitative data obtained were then analyzed as material for consideration in developing further research. The steps taken are to find literature that is relevant to the research objectives followed by evaluating the sources. After the evaluation process, the next stage is to draw up an outline of the results
literature review
tool
government. Literature reading references from research come from or research journals and books do not provide a publication year limit, but still prioritize the latest publication year to support updates in future research. This time, 18 national journals, 15 international journals and several books were found as sources or listed in the bibliography. The journal focuses on themes related to the use of plastic composite boards as material for traditional fishing vessels, the composition of plastic composite board materials and the process of making boards.
. Method
literature review literature
literature review
.
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review
The results obtained from
Review . On
comes from books, journals, as well website literature review
Materials other than wood that have the potential to be used as building materials for fishing vessels are plastic. The Indonesian Classification Bureau (BKI) durability class criteria for wooden ships shows the weaknesses of wood raw materials for making ships, such as the nature of wood which is sensitive to humidity, termite attacks, water absorption and weathering which indirectly reduces service life. Technically, plastic is used to fill the
shortcomings of wood material. Plastic has its advantages; it is more stable in the weathering process, simpler in the manufacturing process, and the quantity of this raw material is greater than wood and the price is relatively cheap.
This research was conducted during the period January to May 2023. The research was carried out using the research method used in analyzing or reviewing previous research articles. This is also done to synthesize and critically evaluate and obtain information on a research topic (Hart 2018).
furniture
A possible alternative for making fishing boats as a substitute for wood, which is in the form of a composite of plastic and lignocellulosic-containing materials, especially polypropylene composites with rice straw or coconut fiber as filler.
This alternative board has advantages compared to wood, namely that its size, density, properties and quality can be adjusted (Fauziah 2014). The addition of plastic as an adhesive is considered to increase the resistance of composite boards to termites and increase the stability value of the board (Arao
literature review
obtained and compiled a review
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review . 2014; Mirza
literature
review . 2020).
literature review
literature review
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Some farmers still utilize rice straw by using it as food for livestock during the dry season. Currently, only around 31-32%
of rice straw is used as animal feed, so rice straw is still not utilized optimally (Haryo 2013; Yanuartono. 2019). Rice straw can be used as a filler in composite boards. Rice straw has the advantage that there is more of it, it can be degraded by nature, so it is more environmentally friendly. Rice straw also has a disadvantage, namely that in general the fibers in rice straw have different fiber sizes everywhere
(PP),
Polypropylene (LDPE), and
and
is a type of plastic that can be recycled so it has potential as a matrix in making plastic and natural fiber composites.
.
Polypropylene
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High-density Polyethylene
0.940 g/cm3 and a melting point of 115 °C. Plastic has a crystallization point of 130-135 °C.
Natural fibers have several advantages when compared with synthetic fibers, for example natural fibers have a lighter weight, processing can be done without the help of chemicals and are of course environmentally friendly. Natural fibers are renewable materials and have relatively high strength and stiffness and do not cause irritation to the skin.
Another advantage is that the quality can be varied and has high heat stability, therefore natural fiber-based thermal insulation materials can be developed (Nana 2021).
tool Polyethylene Terephthalate
polyethylene polypropylenepolypropylene
High Density Polyethylene
Filler
shape in the presence of heat. The following are materials that include thermoplastic plastic, including: (HDPE), (PVC), (PET).
Low Density Polyethylene
Natural fiber
One natural fiber that is widely available and widely used as a filler for plastic composites is rice straw. Rice straw can be said to be the vegetative part in the form of leaves, stems and stalks of the rice plant. Rice straw is obtained from threshing rice or separating the rice seeds from the rice stalks. Rice straw is the remaining product of rice farming which has not yet been fully utilized in terms of economic and technical aspects.
The most widely used type of plastic is . However, in this article, the focus will be on the use of materials as alternative materials for fishing vessels.
Polyvinyl Chloride
tool
(PS),
Polypropylene
particulate composite Polypropylene
is a type of thermoplastic. This type of plastic can be used as a matrix in making composite boards. PP () has the lowest density compared to HDPE and LDPE plastic types, which ranges from 0.855-0.946 g/cm3 and a high melting point (165-170 °C) while HDPE () has a density of 0.941-0.970 g/cm3 and melting point (127-135 °C) and LDPE density () 0.910-
Polystyrene
A composite is a material whose structure can be formed from more than 2 types of materials. A composite is generally a combination of filler () and adhesive. is a material with a certain role in a composite, one of which is as a reinforcement. or natural fiber is a filler material in a composite which will give the composite the
advantages of being lighter, more durable, environmentally friendly and economical. This is because natural fiber materials can be easily obtained from waste processing of agricultural products. Examples of the use of natural fibers, namely sisal, straw and coconut fiber, can be used to increase the strength of polymer composites (Septyanto. 2021). In the process of combining a mixture of materials that have the form of particles of the same average size into a matrix, a new material can be produced which is commonly known as
. 2020; Mawardi Low-density Polyethylene
Polypropylene
filler
.
PP (
composite Polypropylene
Rice Straw
)
Cocopeat
. (2018), made observations by making plastic composites by mixing PP plastic with rice straw. Comparison of the weight of PP plastic used, namely (0.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) from the weight of rice straw, it was found that the incorporation of rice straw into the matrix resulted in an increase in the tensile, bending and compressive properties of the composite board . The use of natural fibers such as rice straw as reinforcement for polymer composites can be developed because the material is cheap, light and environmentally friendly (Dinh Vu
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golf,
. 2018).
.
hydroponic planting method that has advantages over other methods (Sepriyanto 2018).
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Cocofiber
Cocopeat Mallampathi
or
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Coconut coir () is a material containing lignocellulose which can be used as a substitute raw material for heat-resistant particle board (Riza . 2022). is the fibrous material found outside the hard shell and outer layer of coconut (Kumar 2021). Coconut fiber contains lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Coconut fiber is
generally used as a soilless planting medium in agriculture (Hasan . 2021). is a by-product of coconut fiber. Coconut coir or coconut powder is produced from the process of filtering or separating the coconut fiber from
the dust part of the coconut fiber (Satito is generally used as a field grass media for biological water filters, absorbs oil spills, and can be used as a planting medium in
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affect the results of the tensile stress test. The smaller fiber diameter in rice straw can produce higher tensile stress test results (Nana 2020).
polypropylene
Coir Figure 1 Harvesting rice which produces rice straw after the rice grain threshing process
animal bed, (I'm behind
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coir
Cocopeat Coconut Fiber
Maleic Anhydride Figure 2 Process of extracting coconut fiber from coconuts (Hasan
cocopeat
Coupling agent
Pickering
. 2018
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coupling agent
Polypropylene
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coupling agent
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agent
) (Sepriyanto cocofiber
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), (b) Coconut fiber powder (and personal documentation) Figure 3 (a) Coconut fiber (
interfacial adhesion
It can also act as a material that prevents lumps from forming on composite boards
due to the mixing of less homogeneous materials. The selection is generally adjusted to the choice of matrix or connecting agent. This is done to ensure compatibility between the matrix and the connecting agent, for example (MAPP) which grafts (MA) to (PP) (). of all methods to improve interfacial bonding,
coupling with MAPP can be considered the most successful. It has been proven to provide almost double the strength
Maleic Anhydride olypropylene Plastic composites that have good quality can be achieved when natural fiber particles can be distributed or mixed evenly into the matrix. In reality, the bond strength between natural fiber particles and plastic is not good, this is because natural fibers have hydrophilic properties while plastic has hydrophobic properties. The arrangement of hydroxyl groups in the materials that make up the board will indirectly form hydrophilic properties on the board, this results in low or low bonding between the material and the polymer matrix which is hydrophobic in the board making process. This low bond between particles can result in a decrease in the physical and mechanical properties of composite boards (Wardani, 2013). In order to increase the adhesion/bond between the fibers and the matrix in the composite, it can be done by using (Idawati. 2014). Poor interfacial bonding of the natural fiber-polymer matrix leads to inferior mechanical and thermal properties in the final product. Therefore,
increasing interfacial adhesion needs to be considered (Techawinyutham . 2016). This is in accordance with Mohammadi's research. (2016), which increases bending strength and tensile strength. used as a connecting material to improve the bond of the matrix material with the reinforcing material, in order to make the composite material perform better.
. 2021)
Coupling tool
coupling agent Coupling Agent
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), making composites can also utilize recycled PP plastic pellets. The use of recycled PP plastic which is included in the thermoplastic category has the advantage that it can be recycled by heating, while the general matrix has high thermal properties but cannot be recycled, if heated it will be damaged and cannot return to its original state. PP plastic also has the advantages of low production costs, flexibility, transparency and better dimensional stability compared to other types of polymers. However, the presence of -OH groups in natural fibers causes poor interaction between PP and the filler fibers in composite boards
Wood Plastic Composite
The addition can improve the mechanical properties of the composite. functions to improve the bond between the matrix material and the reinforcing material so that the properties of the composite become better (Prasetyo & Wisnu 2013).
thermoplastic
Oil palm is a type of cultivated plant that is capable of producing vegetable oil in the form of
hot pressing
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Other things that influence the characteristics of PP and natural fiber composite boards are weak interactions between the PP surface and natural fiber particles, uneven distribution of natural fiber particles throughout the PP matrix, low stress transfer between phases which can then cause compactness. or the suitability () becomes less good, namely between PP and weak natural fiber particles (Nurjannah
Crude Coupling agent
void
(CPO). Palm fruit fiber contains about 4% crude protein and 36% crude fiber (of which 26% is lignin). To make composites, palm fruit fibers are cut and sieved to produce uniform particles, measuring 16 . The composite is made with a composition ratio between palm fruit fiber and PP of 80%:20% PP, 75%:25% PP, 70%:30% PP. The pressing process was carried out at a temperature of 190 °C for 15 minutes. Compressing pressure has an effect on increasing the strength of the mechanical properties of composite boards. A similar statement was also conveyed in research (Waluyo. (2017), the materials used were sago bark fiber with a length of 30 cm, plastic (PP), bamboo rope and white meranti finish made with a thickness of approximately 1 mm and length 30 cm. Composite board is made in a mold with a size of 30 cm x 30 cm and a thickness of 1 cm and a target density of 0.7 g/cm3 . Pressing is carried out using felt) with a temperature of 180 °C and a pressure of ± 25 kgf/cm2 for 10 minute. Apart from the size of the heat (fiber), type of wood (low or high specific gravity), there is an influence of the structure of the wood used
and/or particles, compression temperature and type of adhesive used on the characteristics of the resulting board.
compatibilityalet
. 2013).
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Apart from using pure PP plastic pellets (
. 2020). In Umam's research
virgin
Apart from the composition of the material that makes up the composite, other things that influence the mechanical strength of the board are the mixing process of plastic and natural fiber or the process of forming the composite, namely pressure and temperature. Stirring, pressure and heat in the molding process can be distributed evenly (Waluyo. 2022). Pressure during compression can cause the interfacial bonds of the matrix and reinforcement (natural fibers) to increase and decrease, resulting in bubbles or porous defects (Saputra
thermoset
composite. Improved mechanical performance with the addition of MAPP due to its ability to wet the fibers and increase their dispersion (Bera . 2010; Franco-Marquès . 2011).
(WPC) will create a matrix that is . 2020; Riza
In research (Dedi & Yulianto 2020), PP plastic was mixed with palm fruit fiber.
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polypropylene
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Palm Oil
interfacial adhesion coupling agent
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mesh
. 2015).
Composite Board with Polypropylene (PP) matrix
Process Conditions for Mixing Plastic and Natural Fibers
Research Related to Composite Boards
. 2019).
(MOE) of 984.93 kg/cm2 and . 2018).
polypropylene
(Wahyuni et al., 2019) Composite made from straw and adhesive
Filler size
The SEM micrograph in Figure 4 shows that the composite with size 18-35 (with a magnification of 80 The larger the cavity will reduce the tensile strength of the composite. It is also observed that smaller sized fillers can be distributed more uniformly in the matrix than larger particles (Wahyuni
Hidanto's research (2019) used sawdust, palm oil bunches, coconut shells and resin as adhesive. First, palm oil bunches are soaked in hot water at 100 °C for 2 hours to remove extractive substances which can prevent the binder from reacting with the cellulose component. The grain size used is palm fruit bunches which are sifted to a size of 50 and the size of coconut shell powder and wood sawdust which is sifted to a size of 100. The sieve results are divided into five components with a ratio of wood sawdust (meranti): coconut shell is 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25.
The sample surface was smoothed with the lid provided on the mold and with a load capacity of 2000 kg at a temperature of 150ÿC for the top and bottom for a period of 10 minutes. In the physical test results, the best results were obtained on composite boards with a composition of 5:25 with a density value of 0.97 g/cm3 , the lowest water content of the board was 0.89% and the lowest water absorption was 15.17%. Mechanical test results of the best composite board at composition 25:5 with value (MOR)
10-35
mesh
mesh
Anita has researched it. (2013), who conducted research on composite boards using straw and urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive.
and (b)
filler
mesh
Composite boards are made in molds measuring 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm. All ingredients are then stirred until homogeneous manually, then placed in the prepared mold. Then the first pressure is applied, then the hot pressing process is carried out at a temperature of 140 °C with a pressure of 27 kg/cm2 with a duration of 10 minutes. After the compression process, the composite board is then left for ± 1 week to obtain perfect bonding results. The research results show that the resulting composite board has a low to medium density, namely in the range of 0.44 g/cm3 -0.53 g/cm3 . In Wahyuni's research. (2019), who used a material in the form of rice straw and showed that the smaller the particle size of the rice straw, the greater the tensile strength.
325
mesh
will reduce mechanical properties and heat stability. This problem can be overcome by physical or chemical treatment methods (Dinh Vu
mesh
tool
press tool
tool
modulus of elasticity modulus of rupture
Picture 4 (a)
filler
thermoset tool
mesh
void
,
The particle size used is ± 0.5 cm. Next, the straw particles are dried in an oven at a temperature of 103 ± 2 °C until they have a moisture content of ± 5%. Composite boards are made with a combination of varying composition weights of 450 g, 540 g, 630 g and varying urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive content of 12%, 14%, 16%.
Filler size
325
hot press Composite Board with Filling Material in the form of Rice Straw
Composite Board with Filling Material in the form of Coconut Fiber
mesh
• "In layered (laminated) tusks, the middle layer may be made of lighter wood (minimum 450 kg/ml), provided that the total thickness of the middle layer must not exceed 30% of the thickness of the ivory."
The composition of raw materials has a significant effect on the absorbance, MOE and MOR values. The best board is a board with a raw material composition of 80% sengon wood: 20% coconut fiber powder with a binding concentration of 16%. In research conducted by Obasi. (2021), apart from the composition of the raw material, particle size also has an effect on increasing the mechanical strength of composite boards. The boards made can be applied as materials that do not require large loads, such as wall insulation, furniture and partitions.
deck: wood with a minimum density of 700 kg/m3 ”
• “For keels, bow and stern heights, wrangs, tufts, stern beams, side covers
The components used are coconut fiber powder and sengon wood. The sengon wood material is sifted using a size 10 sieve, then both materials are placed in the oven to reduce the water content to ± 5%. The board is printed with dimensions of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm and a target density of 0.6 gr/cm3, resulting in a raw material weight of 540 gr. The boards are produced with 100% sengon wood: 0% coconut fiber powder and 80% sengon wood: 20%
coconut fiber powder. Binder concentration is 12% urea formaldehyde, 14% material weight. The mixture of natural fiber and binder material was molded with a wooden mold and cured by hot pressing for 8 minutes at a pressure of 25 kg/cm2 at a temperature of 140 °C.
BKI's strength class and durability class regulations require that important construction parts must use wood with a minimum quality of strength class III and durability class III. Meanwhile, for buildings or parts above the water line, the important thing is that the wood used must be good, healthy, have no gaps and no defects that could be dangerous and must be easy to work with. Wood that is not resistant to water, weather, mold and insects should not be used. Therefore, the use of plastic composite boards on traditional fishing vessels if they are to be used as keels, bow girders, stern girders, wrangs, ivory beams, stern beams, deck side coverings must have a wood density of 700 kg/m3 , use for other parts may be less of this density but must have a humidity of 15% and meet the strength class and durability class standards stated in BKI 1996.
. (2015), conducted research with the materials used including coconut fiber powder, sengon wood, urea formaldehyde (UF) binder, 25% emulsion (paraffin) 40% and catalyst (NH4CL).
Pink
tool
Based on the regulations of the Bureau of Marine Ship Classification and Construction (BKI) regarding wooden ship regulations, there are several things that must be fulfilled when building a wooden ship. The materials used in the manufacture of wooden boats must meet the following requirements:
tool
the highest 199.91 kg/cm2 . The test results for the mechanical properties and physical properties of the board are in accordance with the standards used, namely SNI 03-2105-2006 except for the MOE and density test values.
,
• “The specific gravity of wood applies with a humidity of 15%.”
• "If wood that is lighter than that described above is used, the dimensions of each construction must be enlarged (for thick planks, for deck beam trusses and bulkhead stiffeners, the cross-sectional area of the keel, for the cross-sectional area of the keel) according to the minimum specific gravity ratio wood according to regulations, to the actual specific gravity of the wood.”
mesh
• "For decking and baling: wood with a minimum density of 450 kg/m3 ."
and coconut fiber powder is retained on a 40 sieve
• "For outer skin, deck beams, beam girders, beam knees, deck concentrators, machine stands, dead wood and others: wood with a minimum specific weight of 560 kg/m3 ."
Fishing Vessel Material Requirements
furniture dockingnon-isotropic
fiberglass
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fiberglass
. 2022).
Gigantochloa apus
literature review
Research related to the use of alternative composite plastic materials in the manufacture of fishing vessels is still minimal. Iswidodo . (2022), conducted research by mixing resin with coconut frond fiber. The results of the ASTM D638-02 tensile test show that adding more fiber does not determine tensile strength and the ASTM D790-03 test shows that the results of adding coconut fiber will increase the flexibility value.
obtained illustrates the strength of composite plastic boards which is still limited to the use of boards as a board material which cannot be provided
Fiberglass
The results showed that there was a 40% increase in the mechanical strength of the bamboo laminated composite and it met the material requirements for building non-steel ships according to BKI. This is also in accordance with research (Manik) with fiber. Bamboo laminate is made with a fiber direction of 450/-450. The results show that the use of thin bamboo fibers and the number of lamination layers can increase mechanical strength.
coupling agent
death
epoxy
or
bending
,
The Directorate General of Capture Fisheries shows that almost 90% of traditional capture fishery vessels are made of wood. Making traditional fishing boats using wood is considered easier to manufacture because it does not require the use of high technology, and the price is relatively cheap. Making traditional fishing boats from wood also has several disadvantages, such as the need for additional materials to protect against organisms that can damage and weather the wood. Because traditional wooden fishing boats require repairs or checks () approximately every 6 months (Huwae & Santoso 2016). Apart from that, wood has properties (having different mechanical properties in various directions) (Bochary & Larengi 2012). Another current material for making fishing vessels is f.
The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) of the Republic of Indonesia in 2016 provided assistance to 754 fishing vessels, all of which were made from . The 754 ships consist of 371 units of 3 GT ships, 185 units of 5 GT ships, 120 units of 10 GT ships, 60 units of 20 GT ships and 18 units of 30 GT ships. Even though it is generally a material that can be used in all construction parts of ships, fiber is a synthetic fiber with waste properties that are difficult to reprocess and can cause pollution to the environment. It cannot be decomposed and will pollute the environment because it has inorganic properties. made from glass fiber () can cause skin irritation or itching when it comes into contact with the skin. The material is made from chemicals and glass fibers which are difficult to degrade naturally. The recycling process can be carried out mechanically, but this mechanical process produces CO gas and dust which is harmful to health, so alternative raw materials are needed with lower risks and are environmentally friendly (Iswidodo
fiberglass iberglass
tool
. 2022), which uses apus bamboo ( fiberglass
Review results or
fiberglass
In Widodo's (2018) research, laminated bamboo was used to build fishing boats.
Based on the discussion that has been presented, in making composite boards, particle size affects the strength of the composite board. Uniform particle size causes the materials making up the composite board to bind together and produce a much better quality composite board. Apart from that, the composition of the material, the amount of matrix also needs to be considered and additions and initiators are needed to increase the value between
the natural fiber bond or filler and the composite board adhesive so that it is hoped that the composite board will have better strength and durability properties. The composite boards that are made can be used as materials that do not require large loads such as wall insulation, partitions and . The use of composite boards as a material for making fishing vessels must take into account regulations in accordance with BKI.
Fiberglass
tool
compatibilizer
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Fishing Vessel Materials and Research Related to Fishing Vessel Composite Materials
Franco-Marquès E, Méndez JA, Pèlach MA, Vilaseca F, Bayer J, Mutjé P. 2011. Influence of coupling agents in the preparation of polypropylene composites reinforced with recycled fibers. Chemical Engineering Journal 166(3): 1170–
1178.
Bera M, Alagirusamy R, Das A. 2010. A study on Interfacial Properties Of Jute-PP Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29(20): 3155–3161. doi:10.1177/0731684410369723.
Positron
Bioproduct
01-7210-2006.
Dinh Vu N, Thi Tran H, Duy Nguyen T. 2018. Characterization of Polypropylene Green Composites Reinforced by Cellulose Fibers Extracted from Rice Straw. International Journal of Polymer Science. Hindawi Limited. Volume 2018, Article ID 1813847. Page 1-10. doi: 10.1155/2018/1813847.
Made from Rice Husk.
Integrated Laboratory of
degradation and stability
National Standards Agency. 2006. Types of Wood for Shipping Buildings. Indonesian National Standard SNI
Dedi Kurniawan A, Yulianto D. 2020. Utilization Of Palm Oil Fiber Waste And Recycled Plastic (Polypropylene) As Particle Board Composite Materials. Journal of Renewable Energy & Mechanics (REM) E-ISSN 03:2614–8315. Available from http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/. Vol 03(2): 60-70. doi: 10.25299/rem.2020.vol3(02).4884.
provide research facilities in
Polymer . 100: 79-85.
Journal of Marine Research and Technology (JRTK) 10(2): 145-156.
The author would like to thank the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) (iLAB)-BRIN.
big burden. Therefore, the author suggests carrying out further studies regarding the composition of board materials and methods for making plastic composite boards so that boards can be obtained that are expected to have better strength values. The better strength of the board can later be continued with further studies in its application to other media (fishing vessel materials).
Arao Y, Nakamura S, Tomita Y, Takakuwa K, Umemura T, & Tanaka T. 2014. Improvement on fire retardancy of wood flour/
polypropylene composites using various fire retardants.
Bochary L, Larengi F. 2012. Alternative Use of Steel Ivory in the Construction of a 30 GT Wooden Ship.
Fauziah, Wahyuni D, and Lapanporo B P. 2014. Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particle Board. 4(2):
60-63.
Haryo Bimo Setiarto R. 2013. Prospects and Potential for Utilizing Rice Straw Lignocellulose into Compost, Silage and Biogas Through Microbial Fermentation. Cellulose 3(2): 51–66. doi: 10.25269/jsel.v3i02.44.
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