More Akbardin Lane1 , Emiyarti2 , Ira3
Distribution Microplastic at Sediment in the Kendari Bay MICROPLASTIC DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENTS IN KENDARI BAY WATERS
Introduction
3Surname: [email protected]
Microplastics are plastics that are less than ÿ 5 mm in size. Degraded microplastics can be found in aquatic sediments. This study aims to determine the types of microplastics and the abundance of microplastics that settle in sediments in Kendari Bay Waters. This study was conducted from January 2019 to July 2019. Observations of sediment samples were carried out at the Testing Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University. Observations were carried out in several stages, namely the drying stage, volume reduction, density separation and counting using a microscope. The results showed that there were three types of microplastics found, namely fragments, films and fibers. The most common microplastics found in sediments based on the type at each station were the film type with an abundance of 2 particles/gr of sediment, while the lowest abundance was the fiber type, namely 0.07 particles/gr of sediment. With the highest percentage of microplastic abundance types overall, namely fragments (52%), films (42%) and fibers (6%). The presence of microplastics in sediments is a concern for managing waters and fisheries and marine potential in Kendari Bay.
2Surel: [email protected]
http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/jsl Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University
Keywords: Microplastics, Sediment, Kendari Bay.
Jl. HEA Mokodompit Kampus Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu Kendari 93232 1Marine Science Student
The results showed that there were three types of microplastic types, namely fragment, film and fiber types. The microplastict we found on sediment was film with abudance 2 particles/gr sediment, while the lowest abudance was fiber with 0.07 particles/gr sediment. The highest abudance was fragmen (52%), film 42 (%) and fiber 6 (%).The presence of microplastics at sediment is a concern for managing water with fisheries and marine potential in Kendari Bay.
Keywords: Microplastics, Sediment, Kendari Bay.
Microplastic is a plastic less than mm 5 mm in size. Micoploplastics who degrading can be found in aquatic sediments. This study aimed to determine the types of microplastic and the abundance values of microplastic that settled on sediments in Kendari Bay. This research was carried out on January 2019 until July 2019. The observation of sediment samples was conducted at the Testing Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University. The observations were made in several stages, namely drying stage, volume reduction, density separation and calculation using microscope.
Abstract Abstract
Common types of microplastics that enter the water include: fragments, fibers, and films (Sari et al., 2015). In addition to the water surface, microplastics are also found on the bottom of the water or sediment. Based on research conducted by Hidalgo-Ruz (2012) from the results of the review showed that the highest concentration of microplastics was found in sediment compared to the water surface (Chubarenko et al. 2016).
The presence of microplastics at the bottom of the sediment is influenced by the force of gravity and the higher density of plastic compared to the density of water, causing the plastic to sink and accumulate in the sediment (Woodall et al. 2015).
The presence of microplastics in the aquatic environment is caused by larger pieces of plastic that are mechanically decomposed through wave action, sand grinding and other processes. Boucher (2009), also said that the mechanical action damage of plastic is further exacerbated by degradation due to sunlight (photodegradation), degradation due to water temperature (thermal degradation), and degradation due to living things
(biodegradation) this is what causes many microplastics to be found in the water.
Microplastics are small plastics ÿ 5 mm
in size. Microplastics are also one of the most
dangerous types of waste if they enter the
aquatic environment.
c. ST 3. Nusantra Port (03058'26,1”S–
environmentally friendly marine based.
122034’53,5”BT)
d. ST 4. PPS Kendari (03058'49.8”S–
Based on this, research is needed to determine the distribution of microplastics in sediments in Kendari Bay Waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and abundance of microplastics that settle in sediments in Kendari Bay Waters.
This research will be conducted in January–July 2019. The location of sediment sampling in this study was carried out in Kendari Bay Waters, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Sediment sample analysis was carried out at the Testing Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari.
Materials and Methods The entry of microplastics into waters, especially
in sediments, will greatly affect the food chain cycle of existing biota. The impact of microplastics on biota in waters has the potential to cause damage to biota. The entry of microplastics into the body of biota can damage the function of organs such as: the digestive tract, reduce growth rates, inhibit enzyme production, reduce steroid hormone levels, affect reproduction, and can cause greater exposure to toxic plastic additives (Wright et al., 2013).
This indicates that microplastics have the potential to pose a more serious threat than large plastic materials.
The 4 sampling station points in this study are as follows:
122034’22,9”BT)
The tools used in this study are current kites, thermometers, sample paper, Coolbox, PVC pipes, label paper, ovens, microscopes, beakers, stirring rods, measuring pipettes, slides, analytical scales, graduated sieves and other supporting equipment. While the materials used are sediment samples and saturated NaCl solution.
a. ST 1. Wanggu River Estuary (3 058'39.4”S - 122032'01.1”E)
The amount of plastic in the waters is influenced by residential activities around rivers/waters, such as those around Kendari Bay.
.
The waters of Kendari Bay are one of the waters that are the end point of several river basins that flow into the sea.
b. ST 2. Population Settlement (03058’12,6”LS–122033’52,3”BT) Of the 13 rivers that flow into Kendari Bay, the Wanggu
River Basin (DAS) is the river flow that provides the greatest contribution to the Kendari Bay Waters compared to other rivers (Putra, 2017). Along with the increasing population in the area, many activities occur in the coastal areas and Kendari Bay Waters, such as loading and unloading ships at the port, fishing and household activities.
So it is feared that there will be disposal in residential areas and riverbanks that lead to the sea.
Besides that, the lack of initial information about microplastics is one of the obstacles to managing fisheries potential and
The upper part of the suspension solution was taken using a measuring pipette as much as 1 ml and then dropped into the glass chamber of the preparation (Sedgewick Rafter), then. microplastic samples were observed under a binocular microscope (lens magnification 4×/0.10) with a "zig-zag" pattern from left to right (Peng et al., 2017). Visible microplastics were counted based on their type, namely fiber, film, fragments, and
pellets (Lusher, 2013).
The stages of sediment sample analysis can be seen based on the following steps.
The results of microplastic research at each research station will be
analyzed descriptively and displayed in the form of tables and images. The results of observations of sediment samples in the laboratory will be distinguished based on the category of microplastic types and the amount of microplastic content in Kendari Bay Waters and processed in the Microsoft Excel application and correlation analysis through SPSS software. Correlation analysis is used to analyze the level of closeness of the relationship between variables (Susiana, 2014). For variable Y (dependent) is abundance and variable X (independent) is current and temperature.
a. Drying
b. Volume Reduction
Sediment samples were dried in the laboratory using an oven at a temperature of 70o C for 48 hours. This drying was done to reduce the water content in the sediment (sediment weight remains) (Peng et al., 2017)
The research procedure includes several stages, including: preliminary survey, determining research stations, taking sediment samples, and analyzing sediment samples in the laboratory.
The dried sediment samples will be filtered on a sieve. The sieve or sieve used has a pore size of 5 mm with a sieve diameter of 20 cm (Kyoung et al., 2015). This sieving or screening is carried out to reduce the volume of sediment and to sort macro sediment and identify micro sediment ÿ 5 mm (Reza & Hermawan, 2018).
Results and Discussion
Based on the results of the study from four stations, it shows that three of the four types of microplastics were found in the Kendari Bay Waters. The three types of microplastics found were fragments, films, fibers, and pellet types were not found. This is because the condition of the Kendari Bay Waters still has a neutral pH value. The pH value obtained from measurements at the research location was 6-7. In addition, the type of pellet microplastic has the property of always being bound to other types of metals and is only found in waters that have a high pH value. In accordance with the statement (Holems et al., 2014), that the abundance of plastic pellets is often found in waters that have a high pH value, with a high pH value, the pellets will be bound to other types of metals. Another factor is also due to the absence of a plastic factory in Kendari City as the main source of pellet-type microplastics, so that pellet-type microplastics were not found in this study. According to Kingfisher, pellets are primary microplastics that are directly produced by the factory as raw materials for making plastic products.
c. Density separation
A preliminary survey was conducted in Kendari Bay Waters, starting from the river mouth to the mouth of the bay. Determination of sampling stations was determined using the purposive sampling method , namely determining stations based on locations or areas that have activities that are suspected as potential sources of plastic waste in the area around Kendari Bay.
(2011), Sediment sampling was carried out at each station
using 4 inch PVC pipes with a depth of 0-
The density separation stage is carried out by weighing 100 grams of dry sediment and suspending it with 300 ml of saturated NaCl solution in a 500 ml beaker, then stirring using a clean stirring rod for 2 minutes (Peng et al., 2017). After stirring, the type of plastic that is light in size will float on the surface, the types of microplastics are generally polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene (Sari et al., 2015).
d. Calculation Using a Microscope
10 cm. Sediment samples were then put into plastic bags and coded using label paper. All sediment samples for all location station points were stored in a coolbox. Sampling
Sedimentation was carried out with two repetitions at each station.
117 Distribution of Microplastics in Sediments (Layn et al.)
ST 2 ST 3 ST 1
1,0
ST 4 0,785
0,695 0,47
0,28
1,43
0,975 1,71
2
0,21
0,07
0,11 0,09
2,0
0,0 2,5
1,5
0,5
Fragment Fiber Film
Station 2 (Settlements), the type of microplastic found to be the most numerous was the fragment type with 78.5 particles/100 grams of dry sediment, while the type of microplastic found to be the least numerous was the fiber type, namely 11 particles/100 grams of dry sediment.
flowing in rivers and becoming microplastic waste in the form of fragments (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012).
The least microplastic found at station 1 was the fiber type with an abundance value of 21 particles/100 grams of dry sediment. This is due to the lack of sources of fiber-type waste around the river, in accordance with Nur's statement (2016) that the most fiber type is found around fishing boats as a source of fishing gear such as fishing nets and fishing rods.
The film type of microplastic is the most common type of microplastic found, the film type is mostly found at Station 4 (PPS Kendari) which is 200 particles/100 grams of dry sediment. This is because station 4 has a fast current compared to the current at other stations (0.179 m/s), causing sources of film-type microplastics such as plastic bags and food packaging, to be scattered in front of and beside PPS Kendari. Mardiansyah (2018) stated that the distribution and waste of plastic bags, soap plastic and paper are often found in fast-flowing and deep waters. According to Kingfisher (2011), film is a secondary plastic polymer that comes from the fragmentation of plastic bags, plastic
Microplastics at the station showed that the highest type was the fragment type, namely 171 particles/100 grams of dry sediment, this is because the location of sediment sampling, the Wanggu River basin is in a residential area, ponds and agricultural areas. The many activities in the area make it possible for waste disposal, especially plastic waste, to occur on the banks of the Wanggu River and flow into the sea or into the Kendari Bay Waters.
The high abundance value of fragment type microplastics is in accordance with the statement of Peng et al., (2017), urban river input is the main factor for microplastics entering the sea. The abundance of fragment types is caused by the dominant amount of waste on the riverbank, namely plastic bottles and other household plastic waste which are sources of fragment type
microplastics. Macro-sized polypropylene plastic waste will experience fragmentation and size reduction during
The least type of microplastic found in this study was the fiber type at Station 3 (Pelabuhan Nusantara), which was 7 particles/100 grams of dry sediment. This is because the location of sediment sampling at Station 3 (Pelabuhan Nusantara) is a transit point for passenger ships that predominantly use plastic bags or plastic packaging, so fiber type plastic is rarely found.
Fiber is a long plastic fiber and comes from the fragmentation of fishing net monofilaments, ropes
and synthetic fabrics (Sari et al., 2015).
Figure 2. Abundance of Microplastic Types Found
Physical and Chemical Parameters of Waters
The film type of microplastic is the most common type of microplastic found, the film type is mostly found at Station 4 (PPS Kendari) which is 200 particles/100 grams of dry sediment. This is because station 4 has a strong current (0.179 m/s) which causes the source of film type microplastics such as plastic bags and food packaging, to be scattered in front of and beside PPS Kendari.
Mardiansyah (2018) stated that the distribution and waste of plastic bags, soap plastic and paper types are often found in fast-flowing and deep waters.
Station
The large number of fragment types obtained at station 2 is because the waste or garbage thrown away by the community in residential areas is mostly household waste. Waste is a consequence of human activity, every human activity must produce waste or garbage. The amount or volume of waste is proportional to the level of
consumption of goods or materials used daily. Sari (2015) said that the type of waste or household waste material is the largest source of microplastic fragments.
1
According to Kingfisher (2011), film is a secondary plastic polymer that comes from the fragmentation of plastic bags, plastic packaging and has a low density so it is easier to transport.
Another environmental parameter that affects the plastic degradation process is water temperature. The water temperature values obtained from measurements at stations 1,2,3 and 4 were 27 0C, 300C, 300C and 310C.
The water temperature values at each research location showed that the higher the water temperature, the higher the abundance of microplastics in a body of water.
At station 3 (Pelabuhan Nusantara), the type of microplastic found most frequently was the film type, namely 97.5 particles/100 grams of dry sediment, while the type of microplastic found least frequently was
Based on its type, the percentage of microplastic abundance that was most commonly found in Kendari Bay Waters was the fragment type with a percentage of 52%, the second highest percentage of abundance was the film type with a percentage of 42% and the
packaging and has a low density so it is easier to transport.
This is in accordance with the statement by Barnes (2009) that the mechanical damage to plastic is further exacerbated by degradation due to sunlight (photo degradation), degradation due to water temperature (thermal degradation) and degradation due to living things (biodegradation), this is what causes the discovery of many microplastics.
Current (m/sec) 0.083 0.027 0.131 0.179
Temperature (oC)
The environmental parameter values taken in this study are two parameters, namely current and temperature values. Where current and temperature are the
environmental factors that most influence the presence of microplastics in sediment.
is a type of fiber with a number of 7 particles/100 gr of dry sediment (Figure 3).
27 30 30
The high type of film found at station 3 was caused by the increasing number of passengers and visitors at the Kendari Nusantara Port, which had an impact on increasing waste from consumption.
Table 1. Aquatic Environmental Parameters Kendari Bay
The most common waste found in the port area is plastic waste such as food packaging plastic and other types of bag packaging. Food packaging and plastic bags are sources of film-type microplastics. According to Sari (2015), the most common waste found on beaches and ports is plastic packaging waste and other wrapping bags which are practical containers for coastal mountaineers or sea transportation users. Film is a secondary plastic polymer that comes from the fragmentation of plastic bags or packaging plastic (Kingfisher (2011)
31 2
3 4
The most common type of microplastic found at station 4 (Kendari Ocean Fisheries Port) was the film type with 200 particles/100 grams of dry sediment (Figure 3).
Meanwhile, the least common type of microplastic found was the fiber type with 9 particles/100 grams of dry sediment sample (Figure 3).
119 Distribution of Microplastics in Sediments (Layn et al.)
Other types of plastic waste that are often found in Kendari Bay Waters are plastic bags or instant plastic packaging which are sources of film-type microplastics.
According to Kingfisher (2011), film is a secondary plastic polymer that comes from the fragmentation of plastic bags, packaging plastic and has a low density so it is easier to transport.
4
0.925
4
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
N
Abundance 1 The results of the abundance percentage values
show that the abundance of fragment type microplastics is not much different from the abundance of film type microplastics.
N
Table 3. Correlation of Temperature Parameters and Microplastic Abundance The last is a type of fiber with an abundance percentage
of 6%.
Table 2. Correlation of Current Parameters and Microplastic Abundance
Current
a) Correlation between Current and Microplastic Abundance.
Abundance
Sig. (2-tailed)
4
0.727
found at station 4 with an abundance percentage of 40%, the second highest abundance was at station 1 with an abundance percentage value of 25%, the third highest abundance was at station 3 with an abundance percentage value of 20% and the last highest abundance was at station 2 with an abundance percentage value of 15%.
4
0.075
0.273 0.075 Based on four sediment sampling station points,
the percentage of microplastic abundance was the highest
N
0.925
Temperature
4
Sig. (2-tailed)
4
Pearson Correlation In contrast to fiber-type microplastics, which have a much higher percentage abundance value when compared to other types. This is because the most plastic waste found in Kendari Bay Waters is plastic bottles and household
plastic waste which are sources of fragment-type microplastics. Macro-sized polypropylene plastic waste will experience fragmentation and size reduction while flowing in the river and become fragment-type microplastic waste (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012).
Current
N
Abundance Abundance
1
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
1
4
Temperature
Based on the results of the correlation analysis conducted on environmental parameters (current) with microplastic abundance, the information obtained is, first, showing the relationship between the abundance and current variables with a Pearson correlation coefficient of .925 (0.925). This number is close to 1, which means that the correlation between current and microplastic abundance is very strong.
1
Correlation is one of the analytical techniques in statistics used to find the relationship between two quantitative variables. The relationship between the two variables can occur because of a causal relationship or can also occur by chance. Two variables are said to be correlated if changes in one variable will be followed by changes in the other variable regularly in the same direction (positive correlation) or opposite (negative correlation).
4
0.727
0.273
Adhyastri (2017) said that soft sediment has high potential for absorbing plastic waste.
b). Correlation between Temperature and Microplastic Abundance
Based on the results of the correlation analysis conducted on environmental parameters (temperature) and microplastic abundance (Table 6), the information obtained shows a relationship between temperature and abundance variables with a Pearson correlation coefficient of .273 (0.273).
This figure is almost close to 0, which means that the correlation between temperature and microplastic abundance is weak.
Based on the research results, the following conclusions were drawn regarding the abundance of microplastics in sediments in Kendari Bay Waters:
based on the temperature values obtained at each station. The high abundance value at station 1 is due to the sediment sampling location (Muara Sungai Wanggu) being a river basin affected by anthropogenic activities, because it is located close to settlements and has high activity that has the potential to produce free waste discharge into the environment. In addition, the influence of differences in the type and size of substrates on the presence of microplastics can affect the amount of microplastic abundance in sediment.
Temperature is one of the parameters that greatly affects the amount of microplastic abundance in waters, as stated by Barnes et al., (2009) that the mechanical action damage of plastic is further exacerbated by degradation due to sunlight (photodegradation) and degradation due to water temperature (thermal degradation), this is what causes the large number of microplastics found in waters. This is also inseparable from the source of external plastic waste which is the main cause of the large amount of plastic waste in waters. As Hidalgo-Ruz et al., (2012) stated that there are 2 types of microplastics, namely primary microplastics and secondary microplastics, where secondary microplastics are microplastics that come from fragmentation and reduction of large plastic sizes into small sizes.
This shows that current parameters are one of the factors that greatly affect the mechanical process and decomposition of large plastic into small plastic pieces (ÿ 5 mm). In accordance with the statement of Anthony et al., (2018) that the main factor in the natural transport of microplastic particles is water currents, where microplastics will accumulate more in water sediments.
Second, the significance of both variables is .075 (0.075) as shown in the Sig. (2-tailed) description (Table 5). The relationship between the two variables is 0.075
> 0.05, which means that the relationship between the two variables is significant. The relationship between the two variables is two-way (2-tailed), which means that it can be unidirectional and non-unidirectional. Third, the correlation results between current parameters and microplastic abundance have a positive coefficient number (0.925), which means that the two variables are correlated in the same direction. This means that if the current parameter value increases, the microplastic abundance value also increases.
1. There are three types of microplastics found in sediments in Kendari Bay waters, namely fragments, films and fibers.
This is in accordance with the standard guidelines for correlation relationships between variables that coefficient figures in the range of 0.21-0.40 are in the weak correlation category (Tri, 2014).
The correlation results between temperature parameters and microplastic abundance have a positive coefficient number (0.273) which means that both variables are correlated in the same direction. This means that the values of temperature and abundance parameters are in the same direction but with a weak correlation category.
2. The most abundant microplastics found in sediments based on the type at each station are film types with an abundance of 2 particles/gr of sediment, while the lowest abundance is fiber type, which is 0.07 particles/gr of sediment. With the highest percentage of microplastic abundance types overall, namely fragments (52%), films
(42%) and fibers (6%).
The factor that influences the weak correlation between temperature and microplastic abundance is caused by the value of the abundance of microplastic fragments obtained at station 1 (Figure 3) which is the
highest compared to the abundance of fragments at other stations, namely with an abundance of 1.71/gr of sediment.
This provides a non-linear distribution pattern of microplastic abundance.
Conclusion
121 Distribution of Microplastics in Sediments (Layn et al.)
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