Berbagai perspektif yang diuraikan di atas merupakan reinterpretasi terhadap istilah 'jihad', yang tidak sepenuhnya benar. Berdasarkan cerita masyarakat setempat, pada suatu hari datanglah seorang kakak beradik yaitu Nur Rajah dan Nur Siah yang berasal dari Surakarta, Solo. Nur Rajah dan Nur Siah datang ke Kedungwringin karena terjadi keributan di Surakarta antara Mangku Bumi, Mangku Negara dan Belanda.
Setelah dewasa, Nur Rajah dan Nur Siah mempunyai keinginan untuk berbakti kepada negara dan melancong. Di sana, beliau singgah untuk menambah ilmu sambil bertanya kepada kyai Sampang sama ada beliau mengetahui keberadaan Nur Siah. Memandangkan masuk waktu solat, Kyai Sampang dan Nur Rajah meminta air untuk berwuduk begitu juga Kyai Kajoran dan Nur Siah.
Saat mencari air untuk mandi, Nur Rajah dan Nur Siah akhirnya bertemu. Hasil wawancara dan observasi menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas kehidupan beragama di Desa Kedungwringin diwakili oleh umat Islam yang menjalankan syariat Islam. Adapun mad'u, meskipun desa Kedungwringin berada di daerah terpencil, masyarakat mulai terpengaruh dengan budaya urban karena ada sebagian kecil yang merantau dan akhirnya mempengaruhinya, sehingga sangat sulit untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan dakwah. .
Desa Kedungwringin merupakan contoh di era modern dan globalisasi, bahwa masih terdapat kehidupan masyarakat yang kuat dalam pelaksanaan tradisi.
A New Perspective on Middle-East Democracy
The chronology of The Arab Spring goes back to Tunisia, when a young 26-year-old, Mohammed Bouazizi, protested against local government atrocities under Ben Ali's authoritarian regime. Bouazizi performed an act of self-immolation on December 17, 2010 that caught the attention of the entire country, even the world. The average per capita income in the Middle East is $2 a day.
The Arab Spring unrest, which was the beginning to end the authoritarian regime and increase public expectations for democratic life in the Arab countries, cannot be separated from the social, economic and political conditions facing the three countries (Yasmine, 2015). In the first plot of this book, he examines the background of the Arab Spring, the debate on democracy in the Arab world, the importance of the book, the position of the book, the theoretical basis used in the preparation of the book, the methods used, the techniques in data collection and analytical methods used to discuss research topics. The discussion starts from the political conditions in Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, indicators of the governance of the Arab countries, the domino effect of the Arab Spring and ends with a summary of the factors that triggered the Arab Spring.
The discussion elaborated on the democratic initiatives before the Arab Spring and the challenges after the Arab Spring, looking at the social and cultural conditions of the Arab community, which allegedly hindered democratization. This chapter also explains the suspicion of the democratization initiative which then intervened from foreign parties trying to prevent democratization as a revival of Islamic politics. This book's explanation continues on foreign intervention and influence in the political upheavals of the Arab Spring.
Besides aid, foreign parties also intervened through the role of the media by recognizing that their intervention was based on humanity, using the "Rule of Law" as the basis of their existence. However, the presence of foreign parties spawned a crisis in the legitimacy of the political alliance Tunisia, Egypt and Syria. The discussion is so in-depth that the reader can understand the flow of the content without losing a part in democratization before and after the Arab Spring.
Readers are presented with a map of the problems encountered in the debate in the implementation of the democratic system in the countries of the Middle East, especially in Syria, Tunisia and Egypt. Overall, the work of one of the lecturers of Master of International Relations at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta is very important to be read by all groups, especially International Relations academics. The denormalization of the global order during the Covid 19 pandemic and its impact on the industrial age 4.0.
Denormalization of the Global Order during the Covid 19 Pandemic and Its Impact on the Industrial Era 4.0
One of the biggest things in industrial revolution 4.0 is the Internet of Things (Farzayee, 2020). During the Covid-19 pandemic, there was an oversupply of some agricultural products in the villages and prices fell. Santri's disobedience to the kiai as a leader in the pesantren is caused by various factors, one of which is the santri's perception of the kiai's leadership.
Dhofier (1998) reveals that the persuasive behavior of the santri towards the kiai is a manifestation of the attitude of reverence (praise) towards the kiai. The perception of kiai leadership is related to attitude and obedient behavior through the understanding and interpretation of the leadership applied by kiai. 46 encourages students to obey both the kiai and the rules of the pesantren.
Students who perceive the stimulus of kiai servant leadership will have a good and accurate understanding of kiai servant leadership. If the santri gives a positive impression of the kiai, the santri will interpret that the kiai is fully committed to the pesantren. Santri does not give the impression and appreciation of Kia's altruistic appeal.
Santri will interpret that the kiai has no emotional healing dimension, which is the ability of the kiai to motivate, inspire and enthuse the students. If the students receive the stimulus correctly, the students give a positive impression on the persuasive mapping dimension of the kiai. In addition, obedience to the kiai in pesantren culture is a form of imitating the attitude and behavior of the kiai.
The santri's obedience in the pesantren is basically a reflection of the santri's respect for glorifying the kiai (cult). They believe that the blessing of the kiai is a form of reward that is only earned by students who are obedient to their kiai. Therefore, santri submit to the demands of the kiai and are willing to take any action that is ordered.
Meanwhile, learning activities for the role of the kiai are carried out by teaching staff of Islamic boarding schools. The kiai builds a strong personality and character within itself so that it influences the students' assessment of the kiai.
