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Vol. 83 No. 6: November 2021
Published: 2021-10-20
Science and Engineering
TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE BASED ANALYSIS THE SPECIFIC VARIATION OF PV MODULE
GIS-AIDED GEOGRAPHICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA OVERVIEW OF SOLAR RADIATION MAPPING FOR MALAYSIA – AN EXPLANATORY STUDY BASED ON SOLAR RADIATION PREDICTION MODELING USING NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH
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MAPPING AND POSITIONING SYSTEM ON OMNIDIRECTIONAL ROBOT USING SIMULTANEOUS LOCALIZATION AND MAPPING (SLAM) METHOD BASED ON LIDAR
Mohsin Ali Koondhar, Irfan Ali Channa, Sadullah Chandio, Muhammad Ismail Jamali, Abdul Sami Channa, Imtiaz Ali Laghari
1-17
Mohd Rizman Sultan Mohd, Fazlina Ahmat Ruslan, Juliana Johari 19-33
Noorshilawati Abdul Aziz, Nur Suraya Abdullah, Aiza Harun, Siti Aisyah Muhamad Alias 35-40
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OPTIMAL ACCURACY PERFORMANCE IN MUSIC-BASED EEG SIGNAL USING MATTHEW CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ADVANCED (MCCA)
EFFECT OF DRYING CONDITION ON DRYING RATE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES MILK POWDER
KOMPOSISI PROKSIMAT DAN PENERIMAAN SENSORI MAKANAN VEGETARIAN INDIA STERIL TERPILIH PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND SENSORY ACCEPTANCE OF SELECTED STERILISED INDIAN VEGETARIAN DISH
EXPLORATORY SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS (ESDA) ON COVID-19 CASES IN MALAYSIA
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ANALYZING WITH GABI SOFTWARE FOR FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT USING WINDROW AND HYBRID COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
WIRE-MESH CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR TREATMENT PLANNING SYSTEM OF ELECTRO-CAPACITIVE CANCER THERAPY
TERENGGANU SOIL SERIES TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON WATER CONSERVATION
Achmad Akmal Fikri, Lilik Anifah 41-52
Mahfuzah Mustafa, Zarith Liyana Zahari, Rafiuddin Abdubrani 53-61
Joko Waluyo, Dewi Rachma Widowati, Jihan Nabillah 63-71
Zalifah Mohd Kasim, Nurul Farhana Hasim, Saiful Irwan Zubairi 73-82
Syerrina Zakaria, Nur Edayu Zaini, Siti Madhihah Abdul Malik, Wan Saliha Wan Alwi 83-94
Rozieana Abu, Muhammad Arif Ab Aziz, Che Hafizan Che Hassan, Zainura Zainon Noor, Rohaya Abd Jalil 95-108
Anis Nisma Yanti, Marlin Ramadhan Baidillah, Triwikantoro Triwikantoro, Endarko Endarko, Warsito Purwo Taruno
109-115
Sunny Goh Eng Giap, Rudiyanto -, Zakiyyah Jasni, Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad 117-124
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EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE VISCOUS TUNED MASS DAMPER FOR THE ATTENUATION OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSES
IMPACT OF INTERNAL SHADING CONTROLS ON EFFICIENT DAYLIGHTING IN HOME-OFFICE WORKSPACES IN TROPICAL CLIMATES
CHEMICAL EPOXIDATION OF OLEIC ACID TO PRODUCE AB TYPE MONOMER FOR FATTY-ACID-BASED POLYESTER SYNTHESIS
AN EFFECT OF SPRAY CONFIGURATION AND ADSORBENT MATERIAL ON PERFORMANCE OF THE SPRAY SCRUBBER IN THE DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER-ENGINE SYSTEM
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF SORBENTS DERIVED FROM PLANT AND ANIMAL WASTE AS GREEN SOLUTION FOR TREATING POLLUTED AQUEOUS MEDIA
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS FOR FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN FLUORIDATED DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VIA HYDRAULIC SIMULATION
VOLTAGE REGULATION CONTROL USING BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH HIGH PV PENETRATION STRENGTH
Afham Zulhusmi Ahmad, Aminudin Abu, Lee Kee Quen, Nor’azizi Othman, Faridah Che In 125-139
Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Tareef Hayat Khan, Yaik-Wah Lim , Amin Mohammadi 141-156
Dyah Retno Sawitri, Panut Mulyono, Rochmadi -, Arief Budiman 157-166
Anak Agung Susastriawan, Yuli Purwanto, Purnomo, Kade Vindo, Adi Hariyanto 167-174
Sri Martini, Sharmeen Afroze 175-191
Rosiah Rohani, Siti Aishah Basiron, Nurul Suraya Rosli, Izzati Izni Yusoff, Nadiah Khairul Zaman, Aina Izzati Abd. Rashid
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83:6 (2021) 167–174|https://journals.utm.my/jurnalteknologi|eISSN 2180–3722 |DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.16818 |
Jurnal
Teknologi Full Paper
AN EFFECT OF SPRAY CONFIGURATION AND ADSORBENT MATERIAL ON PERFORMANCE OF THE SPRAY SCRUBBER IN THE DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER-ENGINE SYSTEM
A. A. P. Susastriawan
a*, Yuli Purwanto
a, Purnomo
a, Kade Vindo
b, Adi Hariyanto
ba
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND, Indonesia
b
Undergraduate Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Sains &
Teknologi AKPRIND, Indonesia
Article history Received 3 April 2021 Received in revised form
26 August 2021 Accepted 19 September 2021
Published Online 20 October 2021
*Corresponding author [email protected]
Graphical abstract Abstract
The work aims to investigate an effect of spray configuration and adsorbent material on performance of wet scrubber in removing tar gravimetric in producer gas. The scrubber is installed at small scale downdraft gasifier-engine system and the tests are conducted in two sections. Firstly, the scrubber is tested using water adsorbent at various spray flow configurations to the producer gas flow (cross flow, counter flow, mixed flow). Secondly, the scrubber is tested using adsorbent of cooking oil and waste of engine lubricant at cross flow spray configuration. The performance of the scrubber investigated are temperature profile, log mean temperature difference, heat transfer rate, and tar removal effectiveness. For spray configuration test, the result shows that cross spray configuration (CrS) has the optimum performance. The CsS scrubber has the highest LMTD, heat transfer rate, and tar removal efficiency among others. The values are 29.8°C, 7.84 kW, and 0.43, accordingly. Meanwhile, the test using different adsorbent indicates adsorption property of the adsorbent plays an important rules in tar removal effectiveness of the scrubber. The removal effectiveness of the scrubber for using adsorbent of water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant are 0.43, 0.12, and 0.60, respectively.
Keywords: Gasifier, producer gas, spray, scrubber, tar
© 2021 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Biomass gasification is very promising technology in converting dry biomass waste into gaseous fuel
“producer gas”. The technology is considered to be one of the most effective methods for upgrading the
biomass fuel [1]. Various biomass wastes have been used as a feedstock in gasification system, such as rice husk [2, 3, 4], wood chip [5, 6, 7], corn stalk [8], oil palm fronds [9], and many others. Combustion of a producer gas from gasification is cleaner than direct combustion of the biomass [10]. Producer gas can
168 A. A. P. Susastriawanet al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 83:6 (2021) 167–174 be used as fuel of a burner or as fuel of internal
combustion (IC) engine.
Common problem in utilization of producer gas from biomass gasification as a fuel of IC engine is tar content. Tar is a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons, including aromatic compounds with up to five rings (which can be oxygenated) as well as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) [11, 12].
The tar has corrosive property, thus it is prohibited to direct use of the producer gas as fuel of IC engine [13]. In order to utilize a producer gas as a fuel of IC engine, tar content in a producer gas must be less than 100 mg/Nm3 [14]. High tar content in the producer gas may block and contaminate the fuel line and damage the engine for long term use [15]. It is very important task to remove or at least reduce tar content in the producer gas till tar content below 100 mg/Nm3.
Many tar removal methods have been reported and successfully used to remove tar content in the producer gas. Tar removal can be performed inside the gasifier or at downdstream of the gasifier. The first method is called a primary method and the second one is named a secondary method [11, 16]. The secondary method can be performed by hot and cold gas treatment, such as spray and wash towers, venturi scrubbers, wet electrostatic precipitators or cyclones. Due to simplicity in construction and operation, low pressure drop, and low cost investment, the scrubber is widely used in gasifier- engine system. Depending on scrubbing material used, scrubber can be categorized as wet and dry scrubber. In wet scrubber, liquid is used as scrubbing material. On the other hand, solid is used as scrubbing material in dry scrubber. Further, wet scrubber can be approached with impingement, spray, and venturi scrubber as shown in Figure 1. A producer gas is impinged to the adsorbent in the vessel of impingement scrubber. Tar condenses when contact with the adsorbent and dissolves to the adsorbent. In spray scrubber, a producer gas flows upward and an adsorbent is spread in opposite direction. Meanwhile, a producer gas is injected into the adsorbent flow in venturi scrubber. Various adsorbents, such as water [17, 18], waste palm oil [19], vegetable oil [18, 20], diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel, and engine oil [20] have been used.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of different type of wet scrubber: (a) Impingement, b) Spray, and c) Venturi
Differ from impingement scrubber, spray scrubber is less common being used in gasification system.
Typically, the spray scrubber has counter flow configuration, i.e. the producer gas flows upward and the adsorbent spreads in opposite direction. This type of scrubber requires a pump to circulate the adsorbent from a reservoir to a scrubber vessel. In principle, the spray scrubber is a cooling tower where heat transfer between producer gas and adsorbent occurs. Cooling tower is widely used due to its characteristics, i.e. high efficiency of heat exchange, small size and less energy consumption [21]. It was observed that spray cooling efficiency was affected by spray coverage area, gas stream velocity, and droplet size. At the same droplet size, the lower the air velocity is, the more cooling is achieved. Lower air velocity means larger coverage area because the time for droplets to lose momentum and follow the air stream is longer, which results in a better coverage area [22]. The radial spray pattern of individual nozzle of counter flow cooling tower generated the best possible thermal performance [23]. The effective cooling tower requires the careful arrangement of the spray nozzle, since the performance of the cooling tower highly depends on the direction injection of the nozzle [24].
In order to analyze heat transfer between the producer gas and the adsorbent, the scrubber is assumed as counter flow double pipe heat exchanger. According to Cengel & Turner [25], cold fluid (adsorbent) adsorbs heat from hot fluid (producer gas), thus the temperature of cold fluid increases and vice versa. Heat adsorbs by cold fluid can be calculated using Eq. (1). Meanwhile, the temperature different between hot fluid and cold fluid entering and leaving the heat exchanger is defined as log mean temperature different (LMTD) and calculated using Eq. (2).
(1)
(2)
where is the mass flow rate of the adsorbent (m3/s), cp is the specific heat of the adsorbent (J/kg.°K), ho and hi are the exit and inlet temperature of the cold fluid, ΔT1 = Th,,i – Tc,o and ΔT2 = Th,o –Tc,i.
Meanwhile, effectiveness of the scrubber is defined as an ability of the scrubber in reducing tar content of producer gas. Higher the effectiveness of the scrubber, better the performance of the scrubber.
Tar removal effectiveness of the scrubber is obtained using Eq. (3).
(3) where ηs is the tar removal effectiveness of the scrubber, TCin and TCout are the tar content at inlet and outlet of the scrubber, respectively.
169 A. A. P. Susastriawanet al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 83:6 (2021) 167–174 In biomass gasification, the use of spray scrubber is
still limited and only the counter flow spray scrubber has been applied so far. Neither cross flow nor mixed flow spray scrubber have been used as tar removal component in gasifier system so far. Thus, the present work aims to investigate an effect of spray configuration (cross spray, counter spray, and mixed spray) and adsorbent material on thermal characteristics and tar removal effectiveness of the spray scrubber installed at the small-scale air-stage downdraft gasifier system.
2.0 METHODOLOGY
Figure 2 shows a photograph and schematic diagram of an experimental setup in the present work. The setup consisted of an air-stage downdraft gasifier, blower, water spray scrubber, suction fan, flare, and measurement devices (K-Type Thermocouples, Data Logger Graphtec GL 240, Rotameter, and Impinging Bottle).
Figure 2 Photograph and schematic diagram of the experimental setup
In the present work, the adsorbent flow rate was maintained at 5 lpm. The gasifier was run on the feedstock of rice husk at equivalence ratio of 0.30.
Firstly, the scrubber was tested under three different spray configurations, i.e. cross spray, counter spray,
and mixed spray using adsorbent of tap water. The schematic diagrams of spray direction relative to the producer gas flow were presented in Figure 3. The adsorbent sprays perpendicular to producer gas flow in cross spray configuration, parallel but in opposite direction to producer gas flow in counter spray configuration, and combination of cross and counter spray in mixed spray configuration. Secondly, the scrubber was evaluated by changing the water with waste of cooking oil follows by waste of engine lubricant. The selection of water, waste of cooling oil and engine lubricant was based on the availability and accessibility. Those adsorbents can be obtained freely. The selection was also based on the density and specific heat of those adsorbents as shown in Table 1. The density and specific heat of water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant were not very much differ. In this second part, the tests were performed under cross spray configuration with adsorbent flow rate of 5 lpm.
Figure 3 Spray configuration of the scrubber
Table 1 Density and specific heat of the adsorbent [26, 27]
Adsorbent Specific heat
(kJ/kg.K) Density (kg/m3)
Water 4.18 1000
Cooking oil 1.67 840
Engine lubricant 2.05 872.5
The scrubber is evaluated its thermal performance and tar removal efficiency. Thermal performances evaluated are temperature profile of producer gas and adsorbent, log mean temperature different (LMTD), and heat transfer rate (Q) from the producer gas to the adsorbent. Meanwhile, gravimetric tar is sampled before and after the scrubber by impinging bottle method. Producer gas is by-passed to the impinging bottles containing an isopropanol. The producer gas condenses in the bottles and mixes with the isopropanol. The gravimetric tar (mass of the tar in producer gas) is obtained by condensing the isopropanol collected from the impinging bottle in electric oven at a temperature of 50°C for 2 hours.
The isopropanol evaporates but the tar remains. This remaining tar is weighted to obtain its mass. Once the mass of tar before and after the scrubber are
170 A. A. P. Susastriawanet al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 83:6 (2021) 167–174 obtained, tar removal effectiveness is calculated
using Equation (3).
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. An Effect of Spray Configuration on Performance of the Spray Scrubber
Figure 4 shows temperature profiles of the producer gas and the water at the inlet and outlet of the scrubber during the test. The temperature of the producer gas at inlet and outlet are indicated by Tgi, and Tgo, respectively. Meanwhile, temperature of water at inlet and outlet are indicated using Twi and Two, accordingly. Hot fluid, producer gas, is cooled by the cold fluid, the water. Generally for all flow configurations, temperatures of the producer gas at inlet and outlet of the scrubber rise as increasing time. This is because the temperature at the exit of the gasifier steps up as gasification proceeds. In the scrubber, the gas is cooled and scrubbed by the spray of the water. Heat of the producer gas is absorbed by the water, causes temperature of the gas deceases when leaving the scrubber. Since water absorbs heat from producer gas, the exit temperature of the water is higher than its inlet temperature. Because temperature of the producer gas decreases during the scrubbing, tar in the producer gas condenses and dilutes in the water.
Thus, the process leads to remove tar in the producer gas.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 5 10 15 20
Cross spray Tg,i Tg,o
Gas Temperature (oC)
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 5 10 15 20
Cross spray Tw,i Tw,o
Water Temperature (oC)
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 5 10 15 20
Counter spray Tg,i Tg,o
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 5 10 15 20
Counter spray Tw,i Tw,o
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 5 10 15 20
Mixed spray Tg,i Tg,o
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 5 10 15 20
Mixed spray Tw,i Tw,o
Time (minute)
Figure 4 Temperature profile of producer gas and water
Average inlet and outlet temperatures of the producer gas and the water are given in Figure 5.
Label 1 in horizontal axis indicates inlet of the producer gas and outlet of the water and vice versa for label 2 (counter flow). For all flow configurations, average temperatures of producer gas reduce after scrubbing and in contrast average temperatures of the water step up after scrubbing. Heat of the producer gas is absorbed by the water during the scrubbing. The different between inlet gas temperature and outlet water temperature and the different between gas exit temperature and water inlet temperature is defined as log mean temperature different (LMTD).
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 Cross spray 100
Temperature (oC)
Scrubber's inlet & outlet Gas
Water Tg,i
Tg,o
Tw,o Tw,i
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 Counter spray
Scrubber's inlet & outlet Gas
Water Tg,i
Tg,o
Tw,o Tw,i
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 Mixed spray 100
1 2
Temperature (oC)
Scrubber's inlet & outlet Gas
Water Tg,i
Tg,o
Tw,o
Tw,i
Figure 5 Average temperature of producer gas and water temperature
The LMTDs of the scrubber, heat absorbed by the water, and overall heat transfer coefficient are displayed in Figure 6. The LMTD of the scrubber are 29.8°C, 28.1°C, and 26.2°C for cross flow configuration (CrS), counter flow configuration (CcS), and mixed flow configuration (MxS), correspondingly.
The CrS scrubber has the highest LMTD. This is due to the reduction in average gas temperature is the highest in Crs scrubber as can be seen in Figure 5.
The LMTD of the water scrubber is the highest among others. The highest LMTD of the CrS scrubber give the
171 A. A. P. Susastriawanet al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 83:6 (2021) 167–174 highest heat transfer from the producer gas to the
water. Heat transferred from the producer gas to the water for the CrS is 7.84 kW. Meanwhile for CcS and MxS, the values are 6.86 kW and 6.19 kW, respectively. Increasing heat transferred causes faster cooling process of the producer gas. This means that the producer gas temperature reaches condensation temperature of the tar faster, thus increasing effectiveness of the scrubbing process.
0 10 20 30 40 50
LMTD (°C) Q (kW)
LMTD (°C); Q (kW)
Spray configuration
CrS CcS MxS
Figure 6 LMTD and heat transfer (Q)
Figure 7 displays tar content before and after scrubber and tar removal efficiency of the scrubber.
After scrubbing, tar content of producer gas reduces as the objective of the present work, such that reducing tar content in the producer gas. Cooling and scrubbing of the producer gas by water causes tar in the producer gas condenses and form tar condensate and dilutes in the water. The most effective tar removal is observed for CsS configuration. The effectiveness of the CsS configuration is 0.43. The highest LMTD and heat transfer in the CsS scrubber results in better cooling and scrubbing process in CsS than in CcS as well as MxS.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Before After
Tar Content (mg/NM3)
CrS CcS MxS
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Effectiveness
CrS CcS MxS
Figure 7 Gravimetric tar and effectiveness of the scrubber
3.2. An Effect of Adsorbent Material on Performance of the Spray Scrubber
Figure 8 presents temperature profiles of the producer gas and the adsorbent at the inlet and outlet of the scrubber within 20 minute. Producer gas as hot fluid is cooled by the adsorbent as the cold fluid. In general, producer gas temperatures at inlet and outlet of the scrubber increase as increasing time for all adsorbents. This is because the producer gas temperature at the exit of the gasifier steps up as gasification proceeds. In the scrubber, the gas is cooled and scrubbed by the spray of the adsorbent.
Heat of the producer gas is absorbed by the adsorbent, this causes temperature of the gas decreases when leaving the scrubber. Since adsorbent absorbs heat from producer gas, the exit temperature of the adsorbent is higher than its inlet temperature. Due to temperature decreasing in the scrubber, tar in the producer gas condenses and dilutes in the adsorbent. Thus, the process leads to the removal tar in the producer gas.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
5 10 15 20
Water adsorbent Tg,in Tg,out
Gas Temperature (oC)
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100
5 10 15 20
Water adsorbent Tw,in Tw,out
Adsorbent Temperature (oC)
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
5 10 15 20
Cooking oil adsorbent Tg,in Tg,out
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100
5 10 15 20
Cooking oil adsorbent Tco,in Tco,out
Time (minute)
172 A. A. P. Susastriawanet al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 83:6 (2021) 167–174
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
5 10 15 20
Engine lubricant adsorbent Tg,in
Tg,out
Time (minute)
0 20 40 60 80 100
5 10 15 20
Engine lubricant adsorbent Tel,in
Tel,out
Time (minute)
Figure 8 Temperature of producer gas and adsorbent
Meanwhile, average inlet and outlet temperatures of the producer gas and the adsorbent are given in Figure 9. For all adsorbent, average temperatures of producer gas reduce after scrubbing and in contrast average temperatures of the adsorbent increase after scrubbing. Heat of the producer gas is absorbed by the adsorbent during the scrubbing.
The LMTDs of the scrubber and heat absorbed by the adsorbent using adsorbent of water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant at flow rate of 5 lpm are displayed in Figure 10. The LMTD of the scrubber are 25.7°C, 14.0°C, and 9.8°C for water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant, respectively. The LMTD of the water scrubber is the highest among others. The graph in Figure 5 also shows the trend of heat transfer to the adsorbent is similar with the LMTD. Heat transfer rate to the adsorbent decreases as LMTD reduces. The heat transfer rate to the water is the highest among other. This indicates that cooling process of the producer gas is more effective in water scrubber. The reduction in temperature of producer gas is the highest when using water scrubber as can be seen in Figure 9. The heat transfer rates to the adsorbent are 1750 W, 1022 W, and 961 W, correspondingly.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 2
Water adsorbent
Temperature (oC)
Scrubber's inlet & outlet Producer gas
Water
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 2
Cooking oil adsorbent
Scrubber's inlet & outlet Producer gas
Cooking oil
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 2
Engine lubricant adsorbent
Temperature (oC)
Scrubber's inlet & outlet Producer gas
Engine lubricant
Figure 9 Average temperature of producer gas and adsorbent
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 500 1000 1500 2000
LMTD (o C) Heat transfer rate (W)
Adsorbent
Water Cooking oil Engine lub.
Figure 10 LMTD and heat transfer rate
Figure 11 displays tar content before and after scrubber and tar removal effectiveness of the scrubber using adsorbent of water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant at flow rate 5 lpm. After scrubbing, tar content of producer gas reduces at all adsorbent observed. This is due to cooling and scrubbing of the producer gas by adsorbent causes tar in the producer gas condenses and form tar condensate and dilutes in the adsorbent. The most effective tar removal is observed during the use of engine lubricant. The scrubber effectiveness are 0.43, 0.12, and 0.60 for water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant, respectively. Besides cooling effect, the tar removal process is affected by adsorption property of the adsorbent. Although cooling is more effective in water scrubber, hence condensing process also more effective, but the highest scrubber effectiveness is observed in engine oil scrubber. This seems to be due to better adsorption property of engine lubricant than that of water and cooking oil.
173 A. A. P. Susastriawanet al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 83:6 (2021) 167–174
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Before After
Tar content (mg/Nm3)
Adsorbent
Water Cooking oil Engine lub.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 2 3
Scrubber effectiveness
Adsorbent
Water Cooking oil Engine lub.
Figure 11 Gravimetric tar and effectiveness of the scrubber
4.0 CONCLUSION
Performance of spray scrubber for removing gravimetric tar in producer gas from rice husk gasification is evaluated under three different spray configuration of the adsorbent and by using adsorbent water, waste of cooking oil, and waste of engine lubricant. It can be concluded that the cross spray scrubber (CrS) is the optimum scrubber for tar removal of the producer gas. The CsS scrubber has the highest LMTD, heat transfer, and tar removal efficiency among others. The values are 29.8°C, 7.84 kW, and 0.60, accordingly. Adsorption property of the adsorbent plays an important rules in tar removal effectiveness of the scrubber. The removal effectiveness of the scrubber for using adsorbent of water, cooking oil, and engine lubricant are 0.43, 0.12, and 0.60, respectively.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank DRPM-RISTEK/BRIN, Ministry of Research and Technology/Board of National Research and Innovation of Republic of Indonesia for the financial support through the scheme of Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) year of 2021 with reference number of SP DIPA-023.17.1.690439/2021.
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Cites per document Year Value Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2006 0.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2007 0.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2010 1.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2011 0.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.236 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2013 0.276 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.298 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.430 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.351 Cites Year Value
S lf Ci 2006 0
External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self- citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
% International Collaboration
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
Year International Collaboration 2006 0.00
2007 0 00
Citable documents Non-citable documents
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents Year Value
N i bl d 2006 0
Cited documents Uncited documents
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
Documents Year Value
Uncited documents 2006 0 Uncited documents 2007 2 Uncited documents 2010 1 Uncited documents 2011 24
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