Kajian Linguistik Forensik
MAHARDHIKA BEKTI PRASETYA
Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Linguistik Deskriptif
Review Jurnal Ilmiah
Linguistik Forensik (Forensic Linguistics - FL)
Definisi : Linguistik forensik didefinisikan sebagai penerapan ilmu linguistik dalam suatu ranah sosial khusus, yakni ranah hukum
Targeted articles : Forensics Linguitics – Case study – legal document Hasil : 14 International journals, 6 Indonesian journals
Theoritical review FL, Case study, Experimental study
No. Title Source 1. In evidence: Linguistic transformations of events in police interview reports
Gunilla Byrman & Ylva Byrman Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 2018,
155–181. Cambridge Core 2. Using legal language as a non-lawyer: Danish lay judges’ linguistic strategies
during criminal Trials Louise Victoria Johansen
Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 2018, 227–246. Cambridge Core
3. In the wake of hate: A mixed-method analysis of anonymous threatening communications sent during the 2016 US presidential election
I. M. Nick
Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 2018, 183–203. Cambridge Core
4. Underlying motivations for the use of linguistic disguise in written English and German threats and ransom demands in an experimental Corpus
Karoline Marko
Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 2018, 205–226. Cambridge Core
5. ‘She had it coming?’: An experimental study of text interpretation in a police classroom setting
Sofia Ask
Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 2018, 133–153. Cambridge Core
Judul - Sumber
No. Title Source 6. Forensic Linguistics: A Conceptual Frame of Bribery with Linguistic and Legal
Features (a case study in Iran) Negar Momeni
International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2011, 733-744.
7. A Forensic Linguistic Analysis of Police Reports
Maria Vinice O. Sumaljag, Phd IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social
Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 23, Issue 1, Ver.
4 PP, January 2018, 80-102. Phillipine 8. Forensic Linguistics: A Study in Criminal Speech Acts
Dr. Jihan Hassan Mohammed Ali BSU International Journal of Humanities and
Social Science, 2020. Egypt 9. Forensic Linguistics Analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Suicide Notes
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, Venessa Tan International Journal of Education Vol. 9 No.
1, August 2016, pp. 52-57. Indonesia 10. Processes in Kurt Cobain’s Suicide Note
Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, and Meita Lukitawati Sujatna IJFL (International Journal of Forensic Linguistics), 1 (1), 2020, 1–9. Indonesia
Judul - Sumber
No. Title Source 11. The Application of Forensic Linguistics
in Cybercrime Investigations Ria C. Perkins
Policing, 2018, pp. 1–11. Oxford University Press
12. Kajian Linguistik Forensik Ujaran Bau Ikan Asin oleh Galih Ginanjar terhadap Fairuz A. Rafiq
Casim, Dinda Mega Suci P., Pratomo, Leti Sundawati
Jurnal Metabasa Volume 1, Nomor 2, Desember 2019, 22-28. Indonesia
13. Pencemaran Nama Baik: Kajian Linguistik Forensik
Mintowati Ms ResearchGate, September 2019. Indonesia
14. Uji Keaslian Surat Tanah Dalam Persfektif Linguisik Forensik
Hasnawati Nasution IJFL (International Journal of Forensic
Linguistics), 1 (1) (2020), 30–39. Indonesia 15. Linguistik Forensik: Konsep dan Model Penelitian (Studi Kasus Undang-Undang
No. 21 Tahun 2011 Tentang Otsus Papua) Hugo Warami
Kibas Cenderawasih, Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2017, 1—14. Indonesia
Judul - Sumber
No. Title Source 16. Key Aspects in Relation to Forensic Linguistics
Mohammad Husam Alhumsi International Journal of Linguistics,
Literature and Translation (IJLLT), Volume: 2 Issue: 5, 2019, 83-86.
17. Forensic Linguistics: A Brief Overview of The Key Elements
Mohsen Ghasemi Ariania, Fatemeh Sajedi, Mahin Sajedi Elsevier Ltd, ScienceDirect, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 158 (2014) 222 – 225.
18. A Literature Review of Forensic Linguistics
Mirsa Umiyati IJFL (International Journal of Forensic
Linguistics), 1 (1) (2020), 23–29. Indonesia 19. Dimensi Analisis Bahasa dalam Linguistik Forensik
Susanto dan Deri Sis Nanda IJFL (International Journal of Forensic
Linguistics), 1 (1) (2020), 17–22 20. Kajian Linguistik Forensik Terhadap Gugatan Undang-Undang Informasi dan
Transaksi Elektronik Ernawati Surbakti
Disertasi Doktor (Linguistik). 2019.
Repositori Institusi USU
Judul - Sumber
No. Title Result 1. In evidence: Linguistic transformations of events in police interview reports
• To examine how police investigators reproduce interviewees’ utterances in narratives, in direct and indirect reported speech, and by enclosing words in reports in quotation marks
• Critical discourse analysis, polyvocality and reportative evidentiality
Difficult to determine whether or not words placed within quotation marks are meant to p r e s e n t v e r b a t i m q u o t e s . P o l i c e investigators are not consistent in documenting utterances from different sources, or in showing whether utterances are embedded in other utterances.
2. Using legal language as a non-lawyer: Danish lay judges’ linguistic strategies during criminal Trials
• Focused on the linguistic learning processes that lay judges in other legal systems go through when they deliberate cases together with a professional judge both in reaching a verdict and in sentencing
• Etnographics, CDA (Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of language use)
lay judges learn to use legal language in order to strengthen their arguments vis-a- vis ` the professional judges. Lay judges feel that their influence is dependent on how well they master new, legal context-specific ways of expressing themselves, a point that may run counter to their legitimation as lay voices in an otherwise formalized judiciary 3. In the wake of hate: A mixed-method analysis of anonymous threatening
communications sent during the 2016 US presidential election
• To examine the presence and prevalence of (para)linguistic features associated with verbal and physical threat.
• Ethnolinguistics, Pragmatics
The quantitative analysis of the ATCs
seemed to indicate a relatively low level of risk for imminent physical violence. This does not mean to negate or in any way diminish, however, the psychological damage these verbal acts may well have done to their primary targets.
Tujuan – Pendekatan – Hasil
No. Title Source 4. Underlying motivations for the use of linguistic disguise in written English and
German threats and ransom demands in an experimental Corpus
• To investigates the connection between (meta-)linguistic awareness and the successful implementation of disguise strategies through the use of two experimental studies
• Sociolinguistics, metalinguistics
The findings of these studies indicate that sociolinguistic and metalinguistic awareness, awa re n e s s o f o n e ’s o w n l a n g u a g e production and the ability to manipulate language in other than outer forms of words are closely connected, which has important implications for forensic authorship analyses 5. ‘She had it coming?’: An experimental study of text interpretation in a police
classroom setting
• To investigate how modifications of reporting verbs, modality, style and use of quotation marks in an authentic police report can lead to different interpretations by two groups of trainee police officers
• Register
The results show that modifications such as formal or informal choice of words and the use of scare quotes proved to be influential linguistic modifications. In contrast, variation of reporting verbs and modality appeared less significant. The two versions of the text created different impressions of both the victim and the accused, and the interpretations of the severity of the situation depicted in the text varied between the two trainee groups.
Tujuan – Pendekatan – Hasil
No. Title Source
6. Forensic Linguistics: A Conceptual Frame of Bribery with Linguistic and Legal Features (a case study in Iran)
• To provide a conceptual frame, considering constructive features of bribery.
Bribery is a special crime committed by language; therefore, it is called language crime.
• Pragmatics
The author thinks that different acts in two stages of proposal and perlocutionary act are important in formation of bribery.
However, the more important part in formation of bribery is perlocutionary act.
The author believes it is the most important part because in any communication, misinterpretation might happen when there is not compatibility between illocutionary act (addressor intends to convey) and perlocutionary act (addressee perceives) 7. A Forensic Linguistic Analysis of Police Reports
• To examined the linguistic features and the organizational structure of 30 police reports from the different investigation sections in Davao Region, Philippines.
• Discourse Analysis, Cohesion
The findings revealed that there are three linguistic features: lexical, syntactical and cohesive devices. Moreover, this legal document is composed of different moves and steps that make up the overall structure of the police reports.
8. Forensic Linguistics: A Study in Criminal Speech Acts
• To raise awareness of the field of Forensic Linguistics (FL) and its significant applications
• Pragmatics
Forensic linguistics offers a wide range of techniques of analysis of plagiarism, disputed speaker's voice, asylum analysis, especially when there is doubt surrounding an asylum applicant's claimed origin, and authorship identification dokument.
Tujuan – Pendekatan – Hasil
No. Title Source
9. Forensic Linguistics Analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Suicide Notes
• To prove the genuineness of Virginia Woolf’s suicide notes, to reveal the intention behind her suicide notes, and to investigate the real motive of her suicide with Linguistics Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program and semantic forensic analysis in forensic linguistics perspective
• Semantics, lexical choice
In conclusion, Virginia Woolf’s suicide notes are considered genuine and have positive emotional tone. The result of this analysis supports the statement of another psychologist that her suicide was triggered by Bipolar disorder.
10. Processes in Kurt Cobain’s Suicide Note
• To identify and describe both of processes and verbs expressed in each process in Kurt Cobain’s suicide note.
• SFL
Firstly, it was found that the mental processes in thirty-two clauses with four subtypes process (sixteen clauses of cognitive, nine clauses of emotive, five clauses of perceptive, and two clauses of desiderative). Secondly, it was reported that the relational processes in twenty-nine clauses with three subtypes process (twenty one clauses in intensive, seven clauses in possessive, and one clause in circumstantial).
Thirdly, it was informed that the material processes in sixteen clauses with two subtypes process (twelve clauses of doing and four clauses of happening). The last, it was discovered that there was only one verbal process in one clause of report.
Tujuan – Pendekatan – Hasil
No. Title Result 11. The Application of Forensic Linguistics in Cybercrime Investigations
• This article sets out some of the ways the forensic linguists can and do contribute to cybercrime investigations, as well as indicating how a basic knowledge of linguistics can be of use to investigators
• Native language influence detection (NLID), Sociolinguistics
The study above indicates that native language influence detection is possible. It can be used by forensic linguists to indicate influences from other languages on an anonymous author’s second language. It can distinguish between languages that are closely related (especially linguistically, geographically, or culturally). It can be useful with very short texts (such as one might find in forensic contexts)
12. Kajian Linguistik Forensik Ujaran Bau Ikan Asin oleh Galih Ginanjar terhadap Fairuz A. Rafiq
• Mengkaji ujaran Bau Ikan Asin yang diucapkan oleh Galih Ginanjar untuk Fairuz Arafiq dari sisi semantic dan pragmatic; dan mengkaji berdasarkan UU ITE pasal 45 ayat 1, UU Pencemaran nama baik pasal 310 dan 311 KUHP
• Semantic, dan pragmatic
Dari segi semantis menunjukan bahwa ujaran Bau Ikan Asin memiliki konotasi yang kurang baik; dari segi pragmatik Bau Ikan A s i n a ka n m e n j a d i t i d a k b a i k j i ka disandingkan dengan objeknya mahluk berupa perempuan; Bau Ikan Asin termasuk dalam beberapa pelanggaran UU ITE
13. Pencemaran Nama Baik: Kajian Linguistik Forensik
• membahas data lingual kasus pencemaran nama baik berdasarkan analisissemantik leksikal, semantik gramatikal, dan pramatik yang merupakan sebagian dari kajian linguistik forensik
• Semantik leksikal, Semantik gramatikal, dan pragmatic
Berdasarkan analisis semantik leksikal ditemukan makna leksikal/makna denotasi kata; Berdasarkan analisis semantik gramatikal, diperoleh makna frasa, kalimat, d a n w a c a n a s e s u a i d e n g a n y a n g dimaksudkan oleh penutur; Terdapat tindak tutur ilokusi dan perlokusi ekpresif, baik dari penutur maupun mitra tutur.
No. Title Result 14. Uji Keaslian Surat Tanah Dalam Persfektif Linguisik Forensik
• Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah keaslian surat perjanjian kepemilikan tanah
• Padan intralingual dan ektralingual
Akhirnya dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa surat tersebut tidak dibuat pada tahun 1938.
Bukti-buti yang diperoleh dari analisis dan perbandingan dengan data-data yang ada menguatkan kesimpulan bahwa surat tersebut palsu karena tidak mungkin penulis surat perjanjian mengetahui huruf atau kata yang pada saat itu belum ada.
15. Linguistik Forensik: Konsep dan Model Penelitian (Studi Kasus Undang-Undang No. 21 Tahun 2011 Tentang Otsus Papua)
• Bertujuan untuk mengungkap sifat sains yang berasal dari linguistik forensik, yaitu ranah ilmu interdisipliner bahasa, kejahatan, dan hukum
• Analisis wacana, pragmatic
Linguistik forensik sebagai cabang ilmu l i n g u i st i k d a p a t m e m b a n t u u p ay a mengungkap kejahatan manusia (kasus- kasus hukum) mulai korupsi, terorisme, dan perkaraperkara h u ku m lain h in g ga mendapat kepastian kebenaran motif kejahatan kriminal tersebut
16. Key Aspects in Relation to Forensic Linguistics
• To explore some key aspects in connection with forensic linguistics covering its discipline
• Literature review
In conclusion, the present study proposes that judges, lawyers and legal translators and interpreters, and specialized linguists should work together to have better understanding of law issues
Tujuan – Pendekatan – Hasil
No. Title Result 17. Forensic Linguistics: A Brief Overview of The Key Elements
• To scrutinize a framework and brief overview of the key elements of forensic linguistics covering the discipline, the history and development of it, and the use of linguistic evidence in legal proceedings
Areas related to forensic linguistics:
Document examination, Software forensic, Semiotics, Plagiarism detection, Linguists and lawyers interaction
18. A Literature Review of Forensic Linguistics
• The law issues that occurred by language in speech is possible to use forensic linguistics to investigate the language used in speech.
The law issues that occurred by language in speech is possible to use forensic linguistics to investigate the language used in speech.
Several areas of forensic linguistics that can be investigated in law issues are auditory p h o n e t i c s , a c o u s t i c p h o n e t i c s , interpretation of expressed meaning (semantics), interpretation of inferred meaning (discourse and pragmatics), stylistics and questioned authorship, language of the law, language of the courtroom, interpretation and translation.
Tujuan – Pendekatan – Hasil
No. Title Result 19. Dimensi Analisis Bahasa dalam Linguistik Forensik
• Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas aspek-aspek dalam dimensi analisis bahasa yang digunakan untuk linguistik forensik dengan dua ragam utama yaitu ragam lisan dan ragam tulis
Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan diskusi di atas dari penelitian ini, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan berkembangnya linguistik forensik sebagai sebuah disiplin ilmu, tentu sangat diperlukan kajian-kajian linguistik baik untuk data ragam lisan maupun data ragam tulis yang berhubungan dengan bahasa dalam proses hukum, bahasa dalam produk hukum dan bahasa dalam alat bukti hukum.
20. Kajian Linguistik Forensik Terhadap Gugatan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik
• Menganalisis pola bahasa dan aspek linguistik forensik dalam gugatan Undang- Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik perspektif apraisal;
• Menganalisis makna semiotik forensik dalam gugatan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik;
• Mendeskripsikan faktor penyebab terbentuknya pola bahasa dan makna semiotik forensik dalam gugatan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
• SFL, Apraisal, semantic
