KM CAPTURE AND CODIFICATION
Refference : Kimiz Dalkir
O B JE C T IV E S
Become familiar with the basic terminology and concepts related to knowledge capture and codification.
Describe the major techniques used to elicit tacit knowledge from subject matter experts
Define the major roles and responsibilities that come into play during the knowledge capture and codification phase.
Outline the general taxonomic approaches used in classifying knowledge that has been captured.
KM cycleKM cycle begins knowledge capture and codification
tacit knowledge is captured or elicitedtacit knowledge is captured or
elicited explicit knowledge is
organized or codedexplicit knowledge is
organized or coded KNOWLEDGE
CAPTUREKNOWLEDGE CAPTURE
the capture
or identification of existing knowledge the creation of new knowledge
distinction needs to be madedistinction needs to be made Typically represents only the tip
of the icebergTypically represents only the tip of the iceberg
THE KNOWN-UNKNOWN MATRIX
TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE
Capturing is not only about technology
Capturing the knowledge in an organization is not purely about technology
IT plays only a small part in ensuring that information is available to those who need it
The approach needed depends on the kind of business, its culture, and the ways in
which people solve problems
Knowledge capture cannot therefore be a
purely mechanistic “add-on” because it has to do with the discovery, organization, and
integration of knowledge into the “fabric” of the organization.
Knowledge has to be captured and codified in such a way that it can become a part of the existing knowledge base of the organization.
Every organization has a history, which provides a backdrop to the growth and evolution of the organization
The embodiment of the organizational memory is the experience of its
employees, combined with the
tangible data and knowledge stores in the organization (Walsh and Ungson, 1991).
Knowledge represents intellectual currency which will devalued & ignored if not capture in a proper way
› It has to be spent, in order to be valued
Knowledge is the only sustainable competitive advantage
› It had to be protected, cultivated, shared
› The key is to transform the individual knowledge to organization knowledge
To compete effectively, how is your organization should be like?
Organization need to possess any
knowledge which has value to them in order to increase its agility & ability
It must possess ;
› Learning ability
› Skills to apply
TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE
Traditionally, knowledge capture has emphasized the individual’s role in
gathering information and creating new knowledge
Learning at the individual level, however, is widely accepted to be a fundamentally
social process—something that cannot occur without some form of group interaction
TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE
Individual inside the firms play critical role in acquiring firms knowledge
The firms also play significant role for individual knowledge
› New knowledge – exploration
› Existing knowledge - exploitation
TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE
Capturing technique using experts system
› Gathering know-how from experts so it can perform like one
› Using questionnaire, interview, surveys, observations, talk aloud
TACIT CAPTURE in Individual/Group
Transformation of valuable expertise from knower (expert/document) to knowledge repository
Reducing a vast volume of content from diverse domains into a precise, easily useable sets of facts & rules
› Reporter, journalist, writers, announcers, ...
knowledge-based systems/Expert system
Knowledge engineer interview the experts
Produce conceptual model of the critical knowledge
Translate the model into computer- executable
The goal is to extract & render explicit procedural knowledge that comprise know-
how
TACIT CAPTURE in Individual/Group
Procedural knowledge
› How to do things
› How the diagnose
› How to make decision
› How to prescribe
Declarative knowledge, knowing ‘what’
as opposed to knowing “how.”
The major task of knowledge engineer
Analyzing information and knowledge flow.
Working with experts to obtain information.
Designing and implementing an expert system.
The experts responsibility
Explain important knowledge and know- how.Explain important knowledge and know- how.
Be introspective and patient.Be introspective and patient.
Have effective communication skills.Have effective communication skills.
3 approaches to knowledge acquisition which have to use simultaneously (Parsave, 1998);
Interviewing
Experts Learning by
being Told Learning by
Observation
Interviewing experts
Structure interview
› Interviewer must have strong
communication & conceptual skills, and also know the subject
› Using open & close question
4 techniques
Paraphrasing, restating of the perceived meaning of the speaker’s message using own words
Clarifying, lets the expert know that the message was not immediately understandable
Summarizing, helps the interviewer compile discrete pieces of information and form a knowledge
acquisition session into a meaningful whole
Reflecting feelings, mirrors back to the speaker the feelings that seem to have been communicated
Stories
Stories are another excellent vehicle for both capturing and coding tacit knowledge.
Telling of a happening or a connected series of
happenings, whether true or fictitious (Denning, 2001)
An organizational story can be defined as a detailed narrative of past management actions, employee
interactions, or other key events that have occurred and that have been communicated informally
knowledge-sharing stories need to be authentic, believable, and compelling
Learning by being Told
Interviewees express & refine their knowledge
Knowledge engineer clarify & validate
Tools ;
› Task analysis (job specifications & descriptions)
› Process & protocol analysis (the way knower apply their knowledge)
› Simulation (model, software, maps, practices)
Learning by observations
Two expertise
› Motor-based (operating, conducting)
› Cognitive expertise (conceptual, analysis)
Present the problem, scenario, case to solved by the experts
› Knowledge can’t be observed, behaviours &
expertise can
Using tools such audio & video could
increase the successfulness of the process
Other Methods of Tacit Knowledge Capture
Ad hoc sessions.
Road maps.
Learning histories.
Action learning.
E-learning.
Learning from others through business guest speakers and benchmarking against best
practices.
the key steps involved in knowledge acquisition at the individual and group level
Key aspect
Key concept
& relationship Validate
content into more readily disseminate
Tacit Knowledge Capture at the Organizational Level
Organizational knowledge acquisition is a
qualitatively different process from that which occurs at individual and group levels
Whereas at the group level we are primarily
concerned with identifying and coding valuable knowledge,
which is mostly tacit in nature, organizational knowledge capture takes place on a more
macro level.
4 Major organizational knowledge acquisition (Malhotra, 2000)
Grafting
› Migrations of knowledge between firms (merger, acquisition, alliances)
Vicarious learning
› One firm observing other firm’s demo of techniques & procedures
4 Major organizational knowledge acquisition (Malhotra, 2000)
Experiential learning
› Knowledge acquisition within the firm by doing & practicing it, based on repetition of experiences
› Refinement & improvement the process (single loop)
Inferential process
› Learning within the firm thru interpretation of event, states, changes, outcomes
› Deductive & experimental learning, establish causal links between actions & outcomes
› Double loop - changing assumptions & frameworks
EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CODIFICATION
CODIFICATION
Converting knowledge into a tangible, explicit form (documents) so it can be communicated widely & less cost
The issue of codification quality ;
› Accuracy
› Understandability
› Accessibility
› Currency
› Credibility
Why codification?
Easily understood,
maintained,
improved
CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES
1. Cognitive maps
2. Decision tree
3. Knowledge taxonomies
4. Task analysis
CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Cognitive maps
› Representation of the ‘mental model’ of a person knowledge
› Provide good form of codified knowledge
› Process of human mind to make sense of their complex environment
› Allow expert to construct knowledge model
CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Decision tree
› Ussualy in the form of flowchart, compact & efficient
Support with alternate paths indicating the impact of different decision
Knowledge taxonomies
Concept viewed as building block of knowledge
& expertise
Identify key concept
Graphically presented that it reflect
organization concept in particular field
Explain the dependency of hierarchical concept
The higher the concept, the more general
The construction of a taxonomy
identifying,
defining,
comparing, and
grouping elements
Knowledge taxonomies
Sorting techniques ;
› Manual, automated
› Sorting card, cluster analysis (method of producing classification from data that initially unclassified
When creating a knowledge taxonomy of the organization, it is vitally
important to identify content owners.
This helps ensure that content will always be kept up to date.
The organization will also have a clear idea of which staff members are
holders of specialized knowledge.
Information about information
knowledge taxonomy (sometimes called a knowledge map) should also make use of metadata, tagging on
“information about information”
for example, tagging content with content owners,
“best before” dates,
classification information such as key words,
business-specific information such as intended audience, and
vertical industry addressed
Thank’s
Midterm Exam Hint
1 – Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom 2 – Scope of KM
3 – KM Cycle 4 – KM Model
5 – Knowledge capture an codification