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KM CAPTURE AND CODIFICATION

Refference : Kimiz Dalkir

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O B JE C T IV E S

Become familiar with the basic terminology and concepts related to knowledge capture and codification.

Describe the major techniques used to elicit tacit knowledge from subject matter experts

Define the major roles and responsibilities that come into play during the knowledge capture and codification phase.

Outline the general taxonomic approaches used in classifying knowledge that has been captured.

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KM cycleKM cycle begins knowledge capture and codification

tacit knowledge is captured or elicitedtacit knowledge is captured or

elicited explicit knowledge is

organized or codedexplicit knowledge is

organized or coded KNOWLEDGE

CAPTUREKNOWLEDGE CAPTURE

the capture

or identification of existing knowledge the creation of new knowledge

distinction needs to be madedistinction needs to be made Typically represents only the tip

of the icebergTypically represents only the tip of the iceberg

(5)

THE KNOWN-UNKNOWN MATRIX

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TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE

(7)

Capturing is not only about technology

Capturing the knowledge in an organization is not purely about technology

IT plays only a small part in ensuring that information is available to those who need it

The approach needed depends on the kind of business, its culture, and the ways in

which people solve problems

(8)

Knowledge capture cannot therefore be a

purely mechanistic “add-on” because it has to do with the discovery, organization, and

integration of knowledge into the “fabric” of the organization.

Knowledge has to be captured and codified in such a way that it can become a part of the existing knowledge base of the organization.

Every organization has a history, which provides a backdrop to the growth and evolution of the organization

(9)

The embodiment of the organizational memory is the experience of its

employees, combined with the

tangible data and knowledge stores in the organization (Walsh and Ungson, 1991).

Knowledge represents intellectual currency which will devalued & ignored if not capture in a proper way

It has to be spent, in order to be valued

(10)

Knowledge is the only sustainable competitive advantage

It had to be protected, cultivated, shared

The key is to transform the individual knowledge to organization knowledge

To compete effectively, how is your organization should be like?

(11)
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Organization need to possess any

knowledge which has value to them in order to increase its agility & ability

It must possess ;

Learning ability

Skills to apply

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TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE

Traditionally, knowledge capture has emphasized the individual’s role in

gathering information and creating new knowledge

Learning at the individual level, however, is widely accepted to be a fundamentally

social process—something that cannot occur without some form of group interaction

(14)

TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE

Individual inside the firms play critical role in acquiring firms knowledge

The firms also play significant role for individual knowledge

New knowledge – exploration

Existing knowledge - exploitation

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TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE

Capturing technique using experts system

Gathering know-how from experts so it can perform like one

Using questionnaire, interview, surveys, observations, talk aloud

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TACIT CAPTURE in Individual/Group

Transformation of valuable expertise from knower (expert/document) to knowledge repository

Reducing a vast volume of content from diverse domains into a precise, easily useable sets of facts & rules

Reporter, journalist, writers, announcers, ...

(18)

knowledge-based systems/Expert system

Knowledge engineer interview the experts

Produce conceptual model of the critical knowledge

Translate the model into computer- executable

The goal is to extract & render explicit procedural knowledge that comprise know-

how

(19)

TACIT CAPTURE in Individual/Group

Procedural knowledge

How to do things

How the diagnose

How to make decision

How to prescribe

Declarative knowledge, knowing ‘what’

as opposed to knowing “how.”

(20)

The major task of knowledge engineer

Analyzing information and knowledge flow.

Working with experts to obtain information.

Designing and implementing an expert system.

(21)

The experts responsibility

Explain important knowledge and know- how.Explain important knowledge and know- how.

Be introspective and patient.Be introspective and patient.

Have effective communication skills.Have effective communication skills.

(22)

3 approaches to knowledge acquisition which have to use simultaneously (Parsave, 1998);

Interviewing

Experts Learning by

being Told Learning by

Observation

(23)

Interviewing experts

Structure interview

Interviewer must have strong

communication & conceptual skills, and also know the subject

Using open & close question

(24)

4 techniques

Paraphrasing, restating of the perceived meaning of the speaker’s message using own words

Clarifying, lets the expert know that the message was not immediately understandable

Summarizing, helps the interviewer compile discrete pieces of information and form a knowledge

acquisition session into a meaningful whole

Reflecting feelings, mirrors back to the speaker the feelings that seem to have been communicated

(25)

Stories

Stories are another excellent vehicle for both capturing and coding tacit knowledge.

Telling of a happening or a connected series of

happenings, whether true or fictitious (Denning, 2001)

An organizational story can be defined as a detailed narrative of past management actions, employee

interactions, or other key events that have occurred and that have been communicated informally

knowledge-sharing stories need to be authentic, believable, and compelling

(26)

Learning by being Told

Interviewees express & refine their knowledge

Knowledge engineer clarify & validate

Tools ;

Task analysis (job specifications & descriptions)

Process & protocol analysis (the way knower apply their knowledge)

Simulation (model, software, maps, practices)

(27)

Learning by observations

Two expertise

Motor-based (operating, conducting)

Cognitive expertise (conceptual, analysis)

Present the problem, scenario, case to solved by the experts

Knowledge can’t be observed, behaviours &

expertise can

Using tools such audio & video could

increase the successfulness of the process

(28)

Other Methods of Tacit Knowledge Capture

Ad hoc sessions.

Road maps.

Learning histories.

Action learning.

E-learning.

Learning from others through business guest speakers and benchmarking against best

practices.

(29)

the key steps involved in knowledge acquisition at the individual and group level

Key aspect

Key concept

& relationship Validate

content into more readily disseminate

(30)

Tacit Knowledge Capture at the Organizational Level

Organizational knowledge acquisition is a

qualitatively different process from that which occurs at individual and group levels

Whereas at the group level we are primarily

concerned with identifying and coding valuable knowledge,

which is mostly tacit in nature, organizational knowledge capture takes place on a more

macro level.

(31)

4 Major organizational knowledge acquisition (Malhotra, 2000)

Grafting

Migrations of knowledge between firms (merger, acquisition, alliances)

Vicarious learning

One firm observing other firm’s demo of techniques & procedures

(32)

4 Major organizational knowledge acquisition (Malhotra, 2000)

Experiential learning

Knowledge acquisition within the firm by doing & practicing it, based on repetition of experiences

Refinement & improvement the process (single loop)

Inferential process

Learning within the firm thru interpretation of event, states, changes, outcomes

Deductive & experimental learning, establish causal links between actions & outcomes

Double loop - changing assumptions & frameworks

(33)

EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CODIFICATION

(34)

CODIFICATION

Converting knowledge into a tangible, explicit form (documents) so it can be communicated widely & less cost

The issue of codification quality ;

Accuracy

Understandability

Accessibility

Currency

Credibility

(35)

Why codification?

Easily understood,

maintained,

improved

(36)

CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES

1. Cognitive maps

2. Decision tree

3. Knowledge taxonomies

4. Task analysis

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CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Cognitive maps

Representation of the ‘mental model’ of a person knowledge

Provide good form of codified knowledge

Process of human mind to make sense of their complex environment

Allow expert to construct knowledge model

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CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Decision tree

Ussualy in the form of flowchart, compact & efficient

Support with alternate paths indicating the impact of different decision

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Knowledge taxonomies

Concept viewed as building block of knowledge

& expertise

Identify key concept

Graphically presented that it reflect

organization concept in particular field

Explain the dependency of hierarchical concept

The higher the concept, the more general

(43)

The construction of a taxonomy

identifying,

defining,

comparing, and

grouping elements

(44)
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Knowledge taxonomies

Sorting techniques ;

Manual, automated

Sorting card, cluster analysis (method of producing classification from data that initially unclassified

(46)

When creating a knowledge taxonomy of the organization, it is vitally

important to identify content owners.

This helps ensure that content will always be kept up to date.

The organization will also have a clear idea of which staff members are

holders of specialized knowledge.

(47)

Information about information

knowledge taxonomy (sometimes called a knowledge map) should also make use of metadata, tagging on

“information about information”

for example, tagging content with content owners,

“best before” dates,

classification information such as key words,

business-specific information such as intended audience, and

vertical industry addressed

(48)

Thank’s

(49)

Midterm Exam Hint

1 – Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom 2 – Scope of KM

3 – KM Cycle 4 – KM Model

5 – Knowledge capture an codification

Referensi

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Wolever’s work draws from the earlier histories of Walter Wilson and Joseph Ivimey, who wrote during the first half of the nineteenth century, and who provide a great amount of detail