Open Access Research Article
Self-Concept, Family Roles, Knowledge and Information Resource on Dating Violence Prevention Behaviors:
A Cross-sectional Study using Smart PLS Software
Eviyati Aini Muriana, NurCahyani Ari Lestari, Nurhayani, Zulhijriani
Midwifery Program, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bakti Utama Pati, Indonesia.
*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]
DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-71979
ABSTRACT
Background: Gender aspects hold an important role in forming strategies for teenagers to get their
acceptance in the neighborhood, especially at the beginning of teenage life development. One of the negative conditions if the development cannot be well developed is violence in dating.
Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effects, as well as the amounts of
resources, role of family, knowledge, and self-concept, against the prevention of violence in dating at SMK Wijaya Kusuma in South Jakarta in 2016.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The population consisted of students in the 9th and
10th grades, and 65 students were selected as respondents. This study used a structure equation model as an analysis method using Smart PLS 2.0 and SPSS 18.0.
Results: The hypothesis testing produced findings that all independent variables have an effect on
dependent variables: resources by 16.14%, role of family by 11.38%, knowledge by 15.95%, and self- concept by 20,38%. The self-concept variable was the dominant factor in influencing the preventive behavior of violence in dating. Model analysis results can explain 95% of the diversity of this research and the ability to assess the phenomenon, while 5% are described by other components that do not exist in this study.
Conclusion: In sum, there was an influence-relationship between resources, the role of family,
knowledge, and self-concept in preventing violence in dating. We suggest that schools should provide education about violence prevention strategies so that they are well-informed about violence in dating.
Keywords: Dating violence prevention behaviors; Self-Concept; Family roles; Knowledge; Information resources.
Received: 07 December 2023, Reviewed: 12 December 2023, Revised: 06 January 2024, Accepted: 14 January 2024.
© Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand (Indonesian Scholars’ Alliance). This is an open-access following Creative Commons License Deed - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
1. Introduction
In the human life cycle, there is always social interaction with society. The family is the first place in the formation of social interaction in the child until the end of his life, but then in middle childhood to the end, but in adolescence social interaction is formed through peers, but there is an interesting change in social relationships from childhood to adolescence. Such interesting changes range from same-sex relationships and children's parental relationships to gender-related relationships and romantic relationships (Nogueira et al., 2023). Dating usually occurs when the
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individual is in the adolescent phase (Medina-Maldonado et al., 2021). Usually teenagers will show things that used to dislike the opposite sex changed to like the opposite sex (Blair et al., 2022). In adolescence, individuals feel like they want to be loved and cherished by the opposite sex and get attention from loved ones (Reynolds, 2022).
The process of courtship itself starts with acquaintance; friends know each other, then a bond occurs called dating (Sharabi, 2023). Dating is an interaction that has a flow, where there is interaction between two people of the opposite sex to carry out activities together with the desire to continue the relationship after an agreement between them. In dating, there are different habits depending on the goals of each teenager. Despite these differences, there is a structural similarity: this relationship always takes considerable time and energy. 4 Activities that spend considerable time and energy on dating include walking together, playing karaoke together, eating together, or just visiting girlfriends at their homes. 5 According to the latest data I have obtained, the number of cases of dating violence among adolescents is always increasing and increasingly alarming (Meiksin et al., 2023;
Petit et al., 2023). Some responses of young women admit to dating someone who always controls and manages them at all times (Thomas et al., 2023). Based on a survey conducted found that at least 1 in 10 senior high school students get violent dating treatment, including punches and slaps from their girlfriends and more than 8 million girls experience violence each year from their partners, who are typically teenagers (Baiden et al., 2021).
Sexual abuse is an act committed by a partner without the consent of his girlfriend; these acts include forcing sexual intercourse and forcing kissing (Sikweyiya et al., 2023). Physical abuse that results in the partner being injured or causing scars caused by hitting, slapping, kicking, and so on. There are so many parents, adolescents, communities, and teachers who do not fully understand dating violence. Most parents and teachers do not understand dating violence, and adolescents also assume that in dating there will be no violence. Dating among teenagers is still considered a playful activity, monkey love, or some other assumption that states adolescence-style courtship is just a game, saying it's a game that increases motivation for learning only (King et al., 2023). The effects of dating violence are primarily physical, including minor to severe injuries brought on by their partners' violence.
The impact of psychology is feelings of anxiety, moodiness, decreased achievement, eating disorders, depression, and even doing actions that hurt themselves or commit suicide. There is also the possibility of doing negative activities; namely, teenagers can switch to using drugs or cigarettes to express the feelings they have experienced (Wong et al., 2023).
There are so many factors that cause dating violence in adolescents. Factors that cause dating violence include parenting, environment, peers, mass media, personality, gender roles, and adolescent knowledge of dating violence (Pastor-Bravo et al., 2023). Several factors cause dating violence, knowledge is closely related to dating violence prevention behavior because higher adolescent knowledge about dating violence will result in adolescents avoiding dating violence (Wong et al., 2023). Knowledge is the process of sensing certain objects that can occur through our five senses, which are sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. The understanding of adolescents in general is not so broad, and so many teenagers know this. Even among them, there are those who think that what they experience is not a form of violence but a form of affection for their partners, and this is considered natural in dating relationships (Jiménez-Picón et al., 2023).
Based on this description, the author is interested in conducting research with purpose to determine the direct and indirect influences and the magnitude of the influence of self-concept, family roles, knowledge, and information resources on the behavior of preventing violence in dating in adolescents at one of the high schools in South Jakarta in 2023.
2. Methods
Study design
This study was conducted using quantitative research methods with a cross-sectional research design. The same period of time to determine the direct and indirect influences and magnitude between information sources, family roles, knowledge, and self-concept on violence prevention behavior in dating at one of the high schools in South Jakarta in 2023.
Population and samples
The population in this study was all grade IX and X students at this high school. The sampling method uses purposive sampling with inclusion criteria. The number of samples is taken in accordance with the rules for the number of samples in the PLS (Partial Least Squares) guidelines where the sample size taken is 5 to 10 multiples of the number of indicators to be studied. So, in this case, the sample size taken is still in the range of 60 to 90.
The next evaluation is to assess the distribution of respondents' answers to the variables studied. Class division using the Sturges formula, namely:
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K = (1 + 3.3 logN) K = (1 + 3.3 log 65) K = (1 + 3.3 (1.81) = 6.98 = 7The description of the data that will be presented from the results of this study is to provide a general picture of the distribution of data obtained in the field. The data presented is in the form of raw data processed using statistical description techniques. Respondent data can also be expressed in several categories, accompanied by calculations of range values, mean, and standard deviation.
Measurement
The measurement method for both exogenous and endogenous variables used in this study uses an interval scale. The measurement method used in this study uses an interval scale, while the measurement technique uses semantic differential. which has a 5-point scale. On this scale, positive traits are given the greatest value and negative traits are given the least value, as well as the principle of combining positive-negative and negative-positive. The reason for choosing the semantic differential scale is because it contains a series of bipolar characteristics (two poles). The Chi Square Test was conducted to see the variation in the total answers of respondents per variable according to the characteristics of the study. The results of the variable Chi Square Test are as follows: (1) The information source variable is not influenced by the characteristics of respondents because the results of the Chi Square test with a significance level of 5% are all greater than 0.05. This indicates that the information source variable has no relationship with the characteristics of the respondent. (2) The family role variable was not influenced by the characteristics of the respondents because the Chi Square test results with a significance level of 5% were all greater than 0.05. This suggests the family role variable has no relationship with the characteristics of the respondents. (3) Knowledge variables are not influenced by respondents' characteristics because Chi Square test results with a significance level of 5% are all greater than 0.05. This suggests the knowledge variable has no relationship with the characteristics of the respondent. (4) Self-concept variables are not influenced by respondents' characteristics because Chi Square test results with a significance level of 5% are all greater than 0.05. This suggests the self-concept variable has no relationship with the characteristics of the respondent. (5) Dating violence prevention behavior was not influenced by respondents' characteristics because Chi Square test results with a significance level of 5% were all greater than 0.05. This showed that the behavioral variables of dating violence prevention were not related to the characteristics of the respondents.
Data collection
The data collected includes primary data. Primary data were obtained by filling out questionnaires by respondents with measurement levels using semantic differential scale types. The purpose of the measurement scale is to classify the variables to be measured so that there are no errors in determining data analysis and further research steps. The data collection technique used in this study, with the distribution of questionnaires, uses a semantic differential scale. This scale is used to measure variables such as information, family roles, knowledge, and self-concept of dating violence prevention behavior.
Instruments
The instruments used in collecting research data are observation guidelines (check lists) and questionnaire forms containing a list of statements. Validity and reliability tests are carried out to find out whether the instrument carried out really measures what needs to be measured and to what extent the instrument used can be trusted or reliable. First, before testing the validity and reliability of indicators of variables, validity and reliability tests were carried out on questionnaire items using SPSS.
Test the validity and reliability of indicators from endogenous and exogenous variables using Smart Partial Square (PLS), which is declared valid if it has a loading factor of 0.5–0.6 (still tolerable as long as the model is still in the development stage), but the recommended loading factor is above 0.7. PLS is a structural equation (SEM) model based on components or variance. PLS is an alternative approach that shifts from a convarience-based SEM approach to a variant-based one. Covariance-based SEMs generally test causality or theory, whereas PLS is a more predictive model.
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Analysis data
The use of SEM can expand the ability to explain and statistical efficiency of a model that tests with a single comprehensive method. Hypothesis testing in this study uses a structural equation model (Structural Equation Model) by using Smart PLS (Partial Least Structural) software. For the purposes of rejecting or accepting the hypothesis, a significance level of P<0.05 is used. After the raw data is collected, the next stage is to present the data in various forms: (1) Presentation presented at the beginning of the analysis results. (2) Presentation of SEM analysis. (3) Testing and research hypotheses based on the output of data processing.
3. Results
Based on the result of the study founded from 65 respondents, the majority of respondents aged >15 years were 37 people (56.92%), while respondents aged 15 years were 28 people (43.0%). Based on the majors of the study program, the majority of respondents to the accounting study program were 35 students (53.84%), while respondents to the accounting study program were 35 people (46.13%), and female respondents were 40 students (61.53%). While the female respondents amounted to 25 students (38.46%). In this study, the data analysis technique used was the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis approach. The validity of the indicator can be measured by evaluating the results of cross-loading (discriminant validity) for all variables. 17 An indicator is valid if it has the highest loading factor for the intended construct compared to the loading factor for other constructs. The loading factor value for X1-X3 is highest for the information source variable compared to other variables, so the information source variable is able to predict the loading factor value of X1-X3 higher than other variables.
Figure 1. Output PLS (Loading Factor)
Family roles Protect
Notice
Supervise
Observer Knowledge
Teacher
Self-concept
Friends
Violence in dating 0.406
0.450 0.594 0.643
Dating violence prevention behavior
0.637
0.000
Information resources 0.852
0.252 0.290
1.000
12 Outer Model Evaluation
From figure 1, it can be seen that the value of the loading factor has met the requirements, namely the value of loading factors above 0.5. A reflective indicator is valid if it has a loading factor above 0.5 on the intended construct based on its substantive content by looking at the significance of weight (t = 1.96).
The results of the data processing analysis show that the construct used to form a research model, in the process of confirmatory factor analysis, has met the criteria of goodness of fit that have been set. The probability value in this analysis shows a value above the significance limit of 0.05. From the results of the data processing above, it can also be seen that each indicator or dimension forming the latent variable shows good results, namely a high loading factor value where each indicator is greater than 0.5. With these results, it can be said that the indicators forming latent variables of information source constructs, family roles, knowledge, and self-concept have shown well. The expected value is above 0.50. Here's the AVE table and the root results:
Table 1. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Evaluation
Variables AVE Root of AVE Criteria Uji > 0,5
Self-Concept 1.000 1.000 Valid
Knowledge 1.000 1.000 Valid
Family Roles 0.6894 0.830 Valid
Information Resources 0.6929 0.8324 Valid
Dating Violence Prevention Behavior 1.000 1.000 Valid
From Table 1, all variables are declared valid because they give AVE values above 0.5. So, it can be concluded that the evaluation of model measurements has a good or valid validity discriminant. Then it is said to have a good discriminant validity value. Based on the reliability test of the variables of information sources, family roles, knowledge, and self-concept, the evaluation of the values on the outer model shows that all variables are declared reliable because the value of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability is above 0.70, so it can be said that the construction has good reliability.
Figure 2. Output PLS (T-Statistic)
Family roles Protect
Notice
Supervise
Observer Knowledge
Teacher
Self-concept
Friends
Violence in dating
Dating violence prevention behavior
13.617
Information resources 29.637
3.184 3.712
0.000
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Inner Model Evaluation
The results of the significant evaluation of the inner model are set in the Smart PLS 2.0 output below by evaluating the reflection of the indicator T-statistic value against the variable. From figure 2, it can be seen that the value of T, the statistic reflected on the variable, was mostly > 1.96, thus showing that the block of indicators had a positive and significant effect on reflecting the variable. The inner model, also called the structural model, can be evaluated by looking at the R-Square value test, the T-Statistical hypothesis, the influence of direct and indirect variables, and predictive relevance (Q-Square). Furthermore, the inner model test is carried out, and testing of the structural model is carried out by looking at the R-square, which is the goodness-fit test of the model. The following is the result of measuring the R-Square value, which is also the Goodness-Fit Model value.
Table 2. Evaluate the value of R Square according to Research Variables
Variable R Square
Self-Concept 0.594039
Knowledge 0.449563
Family Roles 0.406066
Dating Violence Prevention Behavior 0.643208
Information Resources 0.802301
From table 2, it can be seen that the value of r square in the self-concept variable is 59.40%, and the remaining 40.6% is influenced by other factors. The r square value in knowledge is 44.96%, and the remaining 59.05% is influenced by other factors. The r square value in family role variability was 40.60%, and the remaining 59.4% was influenced by other factors. The r square value for the variability of dating violence prevention behavior was 64.32%, and the remaining 35.68% was influenced by other factors.
Table 3. The influence the variable of interest in repeat visits of pregnant women
From Table 3, it can be seen that family roles have direct and indirect influences. The results of the parameter coefficient test between family roles and dating violence prevention behavior showed a direct influence of 11.38%; information sources on dating violence prevention behavior showed a direct influence of 16.14; knowledge on dating violence prevention behavior showed a direct influence of 15.952%. Meanwhile, for the indirect influence between family roles on dating violence prevention behavior, a value of 12.67% was obtained, information sources on dating violence prevention behavior were obtained with a value of 4,792%, knowledge of dating violence prevention behavior was obtained with a value of 7,234, and self-concept of dating violence prevention behavior was obtained with a value of 0.000%. So that from each direct influence of exogenous latent variables, if together they show conformity with the R square, or in other words this states that the variables of information sources, family roles, knowledge and self-concept on dating violence prevention behavior (11.3% + 16.1% + 15.9% + 20.8%) = or,.3%. The Q-Square value serves to assess the amount of diversity or variation in research data. To the phenomenon being studied and the results are as follows:
Q2 = 1-(1-R12), (1-R22), (1-R32), (1-R42).
= 1-(1-0,594) -(1-0,449) -(1-0,406) (1-0,643)
= 0,9522 or 95,24%
Galat Model = 100% - 95,24 = 0,0473%
This demonstrates that the analysis model can explain 95.24% of the variety of data and can examine the phenomena used in the study, while other factors that are not a part of this study can explain the remaining 5%.
Source LV Correlation Direct Rho Indirect Rho Total Direct % Indirect % Total %
Family Roles 0.6697 0.1700 0.2304 0.4004 11.387 0.3535 11.7404
Knowledge 0.6613 0.2412 0.0732 0.3144 15.952 0.1171 16.0695
Information Resources
0.6777 0.2382 0.4378 0.6760 16.144 0.4792 16.6231
Self-Concept 0.7178 0.2903 0.0000 0.2903 20.838 0.0000 20.8377
Total 64.321 0.9499 65.2707
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4. Discussion
The test results on the parameter coefficient between information sources on dating violence prevention behavior showed the direct influence and size of information sources on dating violence prevention behavior was 16.14% and indirect influence was 17.92%. The t-statistic value of 2.67 > 1.96. The value of the T-Statistic is far above the critical value (1.96). The results of the study had a positive influence on the behavior of preventing dating violence in adolescents. Therefore, adolescents must multiply in finding positive information about dating violence. Vice versa if adolescents get negative sources of information, adolescents are likely to be more often and more susceptible to dating violence.
Information resources can increase the knowledge of adolescents, if adolescents get positive sources of information, they will do good deeds, otherwise, if adolescents get negative sources of information in everyday life they will behave negatively (Martin-Kerry et al., 2017). The information resource from friends is the main source for adolescents in obtaining information about their self-concept because most teenagers spend their time confiding in their friends about themselves so that teenagers will know about themselves from their friends (Fernández-Zabala et al., 2020). Therefore, peers are quite influential in the formation of self-concept.
Adolescent violent activities and behaviors are influenced by technological advances, such as print and electronic media. Teens easily get the latest information about violence from magazines, television, VCDs, and the internet (Chassiakos & Stager, 2020). The author analyzes this study considering that information sources contribute to knowledge and the role of families in dating violence prevention behavior in adolescents, so efforts should be increased to increase true and clear sources of information about dating violence and parents need to increase knowledge about dating violence from printed and electronic information sources so that parents can provide information to adolescents to prevent the occurrence of dating violence in adolescents.
The test results on the parameter coefficient between family roles on dating violence prevention behavior showed a direct influence and the magnitude of family roles on dating violence prevention behavior. There was a direct influence of 11.38% and an indirect influence of 11.43%. The t-statistic value of 1.989031 > 1.96. The results showed that there was a positive influence of the role of family on the behavior of preventing violence in dating. Therefore, the role of the family towards adolescents needs to be increased because the role of the family is needed for adolescents in preventing dating violence (Moulds et al., 2023). If the role of parents towards children is very low, it is feared that children will fall into negative things that can cause adolescents to be exposed to dating violence (Gabriel et al., 2018). Of the three measuring indicators owned by family role variables, all indicators can explain family role variables that exist in students, this is also by the theory that states that the three dimensions of family roles that must be considered in dating violence in adolescents are supervising, protecting, and giving attention (Jankowiak et al., 2020).
Supervision indicators have the highest significance level compared to other indicators in the role of family because if supervision by parents is done well, children will avoid negative actions. After all, every movement of children gets supervision from parents and guidance from parents (Kamar et al., 2022). Conversely, if parental attention and protection are lower than expected, then violence in pacing will easily occur in adolescents (Rachel et al., 2022). The results of this research are also reinforced by the theory that the role of parents in preventing or avoiding adolescents from dating is very large. This is proven by parents or teachers at school always provide effective ways to avoid violent behavior in dating. Such as limiting the opportunity for adolescents to meet with their partners, monitoring or supervising adolescents every time they walk with their partners. The author analyzes that in this study information sources contribute to the role of families in providing knowledge about dating violence prevention behavior in adolescents, so that efforts should be increased to multiply various sources of true and clear information about dating violence so as not to be wrong in conveying it to children (Brodeur et al., 2023). Parents do not know that awareness in understanding children is important because basically communication systems, the influence of mass media, freedom of association and modernization in various fields quickly affect children.
The test results on the parameter coefficient between knowledge of dating violence prevention behavior showed a direct influence and the amount of knowledge on dating violence prevention behavior at this school
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showed a direct influence of 15.95% and an indirect influence of 8.465%. Knowledge variables had a significant positive influence on dating violence prevention behavior with t-statistic values of 3.617073 > 1.96 and a magnitude of 0.241235. The results showed that there was a positive influence of knowledge on dating violence prevention behavior. Therefore, knowledge needs to be increased to be able to increase adolescent knowledge about dating violence both directly and indirectly through good sources of information and family roles so that adolescents prevent dating violence(Claussen et al., 2022). If the source of information provided by parents is very good and accurate, it will be able to prevent the occurrence of dating violence in adolescents, because the knowledge obtained by adolescents is correct, adolescents can distinguish and avoid the causes of dating violence (Emanuels et al., 2022; Piolanti & Foran, 2022). Adolescents need to have a positive self-concept and increase knowledge of dating violence, both from the impact, various types of dating violence so that adolescents do not commit and do not experience dating violence because adolescents who have a positive self- concept will appreciate others more and are not easily dependent on others (Jennings et al., 2017).
The test results on the parameter coefficient between self-concept on dating violence prevention behavior showed a direct influence and the amount of self-concept on dating violence prevention behavior at this school showed a direct influence of 20,838% and an indirect influence of 0,000%. Self-concept variables had a significant positive influence on dating violence prevention behavior with t-statistic values of 3.711571 > 1.96 and a magnitude of 0.290314. The results showed that there was a positive influence of self-concept on dating violence prevention behavior. Therefore, self-concept needs to be done to prevent dating violence, because positive self-concept becomes a real form of adolescence to respect themselves and others so as to prevent dating violence (Turner et al., 2017).
In the variable self-concept has no indicator because self-concept in pregnant women here is Self-concept is defined as the entirety of the individual's mindset in determining his feelings in other words. Self-concept is a component derived from the individual's attitude towards the self that the individual has (Lucia et al., 2022). A person's assessment can be through the self-concept possessed by the teenager, because adolescents who have a good self-concept will appreciate themselves well and the teenager is very useful for others, and adolescents who have a positive self-concept in their daily lives will carry out positive activities that can benefit themselves and society and look forward to their future with confidence (Galán-Arroyo et al., 2023). A good positive self- concept, teenagers will hold themselves well and will always appreciate others well (Bolívar-Suárez et al., 2022).
The self-concept can be decisive in dating behavior. Because teenagers who have a good self-concept will respect themselves and respect others well so they will not commit violence against their partners.
5. Conclusion
From this research, it can be concluded that there is a direct influence between the role of family on dating violence prevention behavior, information sources on dating violence prevention behavior, knowledge on dating violence prevention behavior, and self-concept on dating violence prevention behavior at senior high school, South Jakarta, in 2023. The value of Q square (predictive relevance) is 95%, while the value of R square between high variables is only a low family role variable; therefore, parents need to increase family roles, which include paying attention, supervising, and protecting, so that adolescents avoid dating violence.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest for the results.
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Cite this article as:
Muriana, E.A., Lestari, N.C.A., Nurhayani, N., Zulhijriani, Z. (2024). Self-Concept, Family Roles, Knowledge and Information Resource on Dating Violence Prevention Behaviors: A Cross-sectional Study using Smart PLS Software.
GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal), 6(2), 08–17. https://doi.org/10.35898/ghmj-71979