THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROSPECTIVE COUNSELOR STUDENTS TOWARDS THE PROVISION OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING SERVICES IN THE UHAMKA GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING STUDY PROGRAM Nurmawati, Siti Hajar, Erina Kemalasari Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka
[email protected] Abstract
Each individual has a different culture and can form habits of character or behavior. Multicultural backgrounds often pose challenges in the field of mental health as they largely address the psychological needs of culturally diverse counselors and cultural experiences. A counselor must be able to better understand the cultural background of a counselor, especially if most of the students are students from different cultural backgrounds. With different counseling backgrounds can have an impact on the therapist being carried out, a counselor must be able to support the counselor's mental care by taking into account the counseling culture explicitly so as to present a cultural counseling process that can improve effective and inherent results in psychotherapy.
Because it can be a benchmark for the success of the multicultural counseling process in schools. In fact, there are still many counselors who have not implemented multicultural counseling and still generalize the counseling culture in providing counseling, there are still many counselors who only emphasize psychological aspects in providing the counseling process without emphasizing multicultural counseling, so that the provision of multicultural counseling can improve effective and optimal results. To find out the understanding possessed by prospective counselors in providing multicultural counseling who are the subject of this study, students of the Guidance and Counseling study program at the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR.
HAMKA. The results of the analysis were obtained with a computer-based SPSS processing program version 25. In addition, this study was analyzed by examining the items on the multicultural counseling instrument. So this research is expected to contribute to developing the understanding of prospective counselors in multicultural counseling.
Keywords : Understanding of prospective counselors, Multicultural counseling
A. Introduction
Indonesia is a country that has a lot of cultural diversity, ethnic groups, religions, races, to different faith streams. In accordance with the motto of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Bhineka Tunggal Ika, the diversity of regional cultures remains a unit. Culture is closely related to events experienced by individuals who are (long life). But in fact, Indonesia has a series of theories that present certain natural phenomena or social phenomena that are adopted as western
cultural contexts. If you look at the diversity of Indonesian culture, adjustments should be made according to the cultural context itself, for example in the implementation of counseling.
Clients with multicultural backgrounds often pose challenges in the field of Mental health because most deal with the psychological needs of culturally diverse clients, cultural experiences with the client's background that impact the therapist, it is very important to support the client's mental health care by taking into account the client's culture explicitly so that presenting a cultural counseling process can improve effective and inherent results in psychotherapy.
According to Nugraha in Elizar (2018) stated that the counseling process carried out by counselors so far has only focused on psychological aspects (intelligence, interests, talents, personality etc.) and still does not pay attention to the cultural background of counselors and counselors who contribute to shaping their behavior and determining the effectiveness of the counseling process. In line with this statement, until now the overall practice of counseling both carried out by experts and or in universities is still focused on theories and approaches resulting from the Western cultural context. It seems that counseling practitioners oversent the concept without any modifications adapted to the culture. So that the counseling process that supports the client's mental health care in taking into account the client's culture explicitly has not improved the effective and inherent outcomes in psychotherapy.
Based on the results of observations and interviews conducted randomly by researchers, it was found that there is still a lot of counselor understanding that lacks knowledge of multicultural counseling, there are still many counselors who generalize the counseling culture so that it provides a counseling process that tends to be the same in terms of culture as other counselors and the provision of the counseling process still focuses on psychological aspects only. Thus, it is explicitly felt that it is still unable to improve effective results and is inherent in psychotherapy. According to Elizar (2018). The application of multicultural counseling in schools is very important, because it will provide a sense of security for counselors, counselors will be more confident if they consult with counselors or teachers as counseling officers who understand themselves and their background.
According to Nuzliah (2016). The problem that often occurs in the multicultural counseling process is related to the counselor's lack of understanding of the cultural values and habits that clients bring in the counseling process, so that the goal of multicultural counseling is difficult to achieve.
B. Literature Review
1. Multicultural Counseling
Multicultural counseling also known as cross-cultural counseling means a counseling relationship consisting of one or more people, different in cultural background, values and lifestyle (Sue et al, in Nugraha, 2012). Multicultural counseling is a process of personal humanitarian assistance that pays attention to the work of cultural factors and how to make these cultural factors for the smooth running of the assistance process and for success in achieving their goals, namely advancing the development of individual personalities (encyclopedia Education, 2001). The definition that has been stated above can be concluded that multicultural
counseling is the provision of assistance involving two or more people, consisting of counselors as helpers and counselors as individuals receiving counseling or assistance who have different cultural backgrounds, values and lifestyles. So that counselors need to be aware and sensitive to generally accepted values so that the process of providing assistance is optimal.
To carry out effective multicultural counseling, a counselor must have the characteristics or characteristics possessed by a multicultural counselor: have cultural awareness, understand the characteristics of counseling as generally as possible, show cultural empathy and so on. The existence of cultural diversity is a living reality, which cannot be denied affecting the behavior of individuals and all human activities, which includes counseling activities.
Nuzliah (2016: 212) stated that the objectives of multicultural counseling are: 1) Helping clients to be able to realize their potentials to empower themselves optimally, 2) Helping multicultural clients to be able to solve problems faced, make adjustments, and feel the happiness of living according to their culture, 3) Help clients to live together in a multicultural society and 4) Introduce, learn to clients about the values of other cultures to be made a revision in making better future life decisions, choices, decisions. The statement above can be concluded that the purpose of multicultural counseling is the process of assistance provided by counselors to counselors in order to be able to develop and empower counselors optimally and help solve problems owned by counselors in order to live together in a multicultural society. So that counselors can learn about other cultural values to be used as a reference in making better life decisions.
2. The Urgency of Implementing Multicultural Counseling
Multicultural Studies is a study of the cultural diversity that exists in the world as well as the impact of these cultures on the continuity of social societies within a certain cultural sphere. The urgency in the application can be explained as follows:
1) Self-awarness
Self-awareness, the first thing the counselor has to go through understanding oneself is indispensable before understanding others.
Interpersonal and intra-personal dynamics should be considered as an important component in the projection of beliefs, attitudes, opinions and values. Testing of one's thoughts and feelings allows the counselor to understand better the cultural content carried by the client.
2) Awareness of one's own culture
Awareness of one's own culture, giving insight to the counselor is different from the client. From the naming of a client alone, it appears that cultural influences are diverse. Likewise, it is about language, specifically for the client's cultural group in both formal and informal forms. Language determines the cultural network of work in which individual participation and the contribution of specific values to the client's self-culture.
3) Awareness of race, sexism and poverty
Cultural aspects such as; race, sexism, and poverty must be understood from the perspective of how one perceives the effects both on oneself and others. When racism and sexism are rejected as part of a personal belief
system, he must recognize that there is after all a part of the larger culture.
In fact, when the suffering from poverty is not personally felt, the counselor should try with his conviction to pay attention to financially disadvantaged people
4) Awareness of individual differences
Counselors are sometimes caught up in over-generalizations. In this condition the specifics of the culture need to be studied. In counseling, counselors must handle all counselors as individuals and members of their particular cultural group. Counselors should be aware of individual differences and be more confident in the individual's uniqueness before moving on to a level of awareness about other cultures.
5) Awareness of other cultures
From the four discussions about multicultural counseling awareness above, it has provided a necessary picture for counselors in studying the various dynamics of other cultural groups. Language has a large and distinctive meaning in each cultural group, nowadays most of the multicultural emphasis goes to people with developed country backgrounds. It is necessary for a counselor to be established with words that are peculiar to a particular culture such as body language and other non-verbal behaviors.
6) Awareness of diversity
Counselors must be aware of the cultural diversity that can influence each other into fusion as acculturation of culture. This practice illustrates that people come to a different area and mix into one new culture. Thus the old customs of the place have changed, set aside, or been preserved into the context of the new culture.
7) Skills in counseling techniques
The last thing in the multicultural counseling continuum is to implement what has been learned about the work of different cultural groups and include specific techniques in the list of counseling skills. In order for the counselor to work effectively with the counselor, the counselor must know the theory of learning and how the theory relates to the development of cultural psychological factors.
C. Research Methods
This research uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. In this study, it used anon-probability sampling technique. Meanwhile, the students who were sampled in this study were BK UHAMKA students class of 2018 in sampling that researchers took as much as 10% of the total population. The sampling technique used in this study was incisiondenttal sampling.
The main types of instruments to see the level of knowledge of prospective counselor students towards multicultural counseling services are observation, interviews and questionnaires. The type of questionnaire used in this study was the Likert scale. These items of statement related to the performance dimensions of the guidance and counseling teacher are arranged using a 5-point likert scale, namely with point 1 meaning "strongly disagree" and increasing to point 5 which means
"strongly agree".
The data analysis technique uses descriptive with quantitative data support analysis through qualitative data descriptions to describe the level of knowledge of guidance and counseling students at the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR HAMKA Class of 2018 who are the subject of the study. The results of the analysis of the frequency distribution were obtained with the help of a computer-based SPSS processing program version 25. In addition, this study will be analyzed using item analysis on guidance and counseling teacher performance instruments based on the findings of researchers in the field by integrating with references to the values of Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan as the basis for student character education. So that in the future this research is expected to contribute to organizations involved in helping to realize the character of the nation through education in school guidance.
D. Results Of Research And Discussion 1. Data Description
This research was conducted at the Muhammadiyah University Counseling Guidance Student Prof. DR. HAMKA who addressed at Jalan Tanah Merdeka, Kp Rambutan, Ciracas, east Jakarta. The subject of this study was the Muhammadiyah University Counseling Guidance Student Prof. DR. HAMKA.
2. Data Analysis
This research is intended to determine the understanding of students of prospective BK UHAMKA counselors in providing multicultural counseling techniques. Students' understanding in providing multicultural counseling techniques is measured by a questionnaire of 40 statements with a score range of 1- 4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 40-160. After the data is tabulated, it is deposited, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 25.0.
from the results of the analysis obtained the minimum value = 40; maximum value
= 150; average (mean) = 89.51; Standard Deviation = 22.510. The description of the results of such studies can be categorized as follows:
Table 4.1
Description of Research Results on the Level of Understanding of Prospective Counselor Students in the Provision of Multicultural
Counseling Techniques
Interval Category Frequency %
130 - 160 Very High 0 0
100 - 130 High 23 23.7
70 - 100 Low 50 51.5
40 – 70 Very Low 1 1.0
Sum 96 100
The level of understanding of Muhammadiyah University students Prof. DR.
HAMKA in providing multicultural counseling services when displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 4.1
Student Level of Understanding of prospective counselors of the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA in providing Multicultural counseling
techniques
Students' level of understanding in providing low multicultural counseling can be based on several indicators such as self-awareness, cultural awareness, awareness of sexism and poverty racism, awareness of individual differences, awareness of other cultures, awareness of diversity and skills in counseling techniques. The description of the research results of each of these factors is described as follows:
1) Self Awareness
Self-awareness is measured by a questionnaire of 6 points of statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 6-24. After the data is tabulated, deposited, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel software and SPSS 22.0, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 6; maximum value 24; average (mean) = 14.10; Standard Deviation = 3.853. The description of the results of such studies can be categorized as follows:
Table 4.2
Description of Research Results of Self-Awareness Indicators
Interval Category Frequency %
19.5 - 24 Very High 7 7.2
15 - 19.5 High 36 37.1
10.5 - 15 Low 38 39.2
6 - 10.5 Very Low 16 16.5
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the figure below :
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 2 3 4
MULTICULTURAL COUNSELOR
Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah Total
Figure 4.2
Diagram of Research Results of Self-Awareness Indicators
2) Cultural awareness
Self-awareness is measured by a questionnaire of 8 statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 8-32. After the data are tabulated, deposited, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel software and SPSS 22.0, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 8; maximum value 31; average (mean) = 18.05; Standard Deviation = 5.067. The description of the results of such studies can be categorized as follows:
Table 4.3
Description of Research Results of Cultural Awareness Indicators
Interval Category Frequency %
26 - 32 Very High 7 7.2
20 - 26 High 31 32.0
14 - 20 Low 39 40.2
18 - 20 Very Low 20 20.6
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram, it can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 4.3
Diagram of Research Results of Cultural Awareness Indicators
0 10 20 30 40
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
SELF-AWARENESS
0 10 20 30 40 50
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
CULTURAL AWARENESS
3) Awareness of racism, sexism and poverty
Awareness of racism, sexism and poverty was measured by a questionnaire of 4 statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range was obtained between 4-16. After the data were tabulated, deposited, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel software and SPSS 22.0, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 4; maximum value 16; average (mean) = 8.37; Standard Deviation = 2.789. The description of the results of such studies can be categorized as follows:
Table 4. 4th
Description of Research Results on Indicators of Racism, Sexism and Poverty
Interval Category Frequency %
13 - 16 Very High 9 9.3
10 - 13 High 25 25.8
7 - 10 Low 36 37.1
4 - 10 Very Low 27 27.8
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram, it can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 4. 4
Research Results Diagram of Indicators of Awareness of Racism, Sexism and Poverty
4) Awareness of individual differences
Self-awareness is measured by a questionnaire of 4 points of statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 4-16. After the data is tabulated, terrorized, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel software and SPSS 22.0, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 4;
maximum value 16; average (mean) = 8.52; Standard Deviation = 2.923. The description of the results of such studies can be categorized as follows:
Table 4. 5
Description of Research Results Indicators of Awareness of Individual Differences
0 10 20 30 40
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
AWARENESS OF ACCISM, SEXISM AND POVERTY
Interval Category Frequency %
13 - 16 Very High 10 10.3
10 - 13 High 24 24.7
7 - 10 Low 33 34.0
4 - 10 Very Low 30 30.9
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram, it can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 4. 5th
Research Results Diagram of Indicators of Awareness of Individual Differences
5) Awareness of other cultures
Self-awareness is measured by a questionnaire of 8 statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 8-32. After the data were tabulated, terrorized, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 22.0 software, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 8; maximum value 32; average (mean) = 17.69; Standard Deviation = 4.978. The description of the results of the study can be categorized as follows :
Tabel 4.6
Description of Research Results Indicators of Awareness of Other Cultures
Interval Category Frequency %
26 - 32 Very High 7 7.2
20 - 26 High 23 23.7
14 - 20 Low 48 49.5
18 - 20 Very Low 19 19.6
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram, it can be seen in the figure below:
0 10 20 30 40
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
AWARENESS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Figure 4. 6th
Research Results Diagram Indicators of Awareness of Other Cultures 6) Awareness of diversity
Self-awareness is measured by a questionnaire of 4 points of statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 4-16. After the data is tabulated, drilled, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel software and SPSS 22.0, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 4; maximum value 16; average (mean) = 8.04; Standard Deviation = 3.034. The description of the results of the study can be categorized as follows:
Table 4.7
Description of Research Results Indicators of Awareness of Diversity
Interval Category Frequency %
13 - 16 Very High 8 8.2
10 - 13 High 23 23.7
7 - 10 Low 29 29.9
4 - 10 Very Low 37 38.1
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram, it can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 4.7
Diagram of Research Results indicators of Awareness of Diversity 7) The inability of counseling techniques
Self-awareness is measured by a questionnaire of 6 points of statements with a score range of 1-4, so that an ideal score range is obtained between 6-24. After
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
AWARENESS OF OTHER CULTURES
0 10 20 30 40
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
DIVERSITY AWARENESS
the data is tabulated, deposited, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 22.0 software, from the results of the study obtained a minimum value = 6;
maximum value 24; average (mean) = 14.73; Standard Deviation = 3.718. The description of the results of such studies can be categorized as follows:
Table 4.8
Description of The Results of The Ketera Indicators Research, a selection of Counseling Techniques
Interval Category Frequency %
19.5 - 16 Very High 10 10.3
15 - 13 High 40 41.2
10.5 - 10 Low 38 39.2
6 - 10.5 Very Low 9 9.3
Sum 97 100
When displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the figure below :
Gambar 4.8
Diagram of Research Results indicators of Awareness of Diversity
E. Conclusions And Suggestions Conclusion
Based on the research that has been carried out in measuring the level of understanding of prospective counselor students in providing multicultural counseling techniques for the Guidance and Counseling Study Program at the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, it is in the low category of 51.5%. The knowledge of prospective counselor students in providing multicultural counseling techniques can be seen based on several indicators, self-awareness indicators are in the low category of 39.2%, cultural awareness indicators are in the low category of 40.2%, indicators of awareness of racism, sexism and poverty are in the low category of 37.1%, indicators of awareness of individual differences are in the low category of 34.0%, indicators of awareness of other cultures are in the
0 10 20 30 40 50
Sangat Tinggi Tinggi Rendah Sangat Rendah
AWARENESS OF COUNSELING TECHNIQUES
low category of 37.1%, indicators of awareness of individual differences are in the low category of 34.0%, indicators of awareness of other cultures are low category of 49.5%, indicator of awareness of diversity is in the very low category of 38.1%, indicator of skills in counseling techniques is in the high category of 41.2%.
Suggestion
1. For the Counseling Guidance Study Program at the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, this research is expected to help lecturers to provide special assistance for students who are identified as having a low understanding of multicultural counseling techniques.
2. For students, it is hoped that they can better prepare themselves as prospective counselors to better understand the various cultures that exist in Indonesia, so that in providing counseling, they no longer only race to one culture but in accordance with the beliefs owned by their clients so that students can be more optimal in providing counseling.
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