BUKTI KORESPONDING PENULIS DENGAN REVIEWER DAN PENGELOLA JURNAL Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management

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BUKTI KORESPONDING PENULIS DENGAN REVIEWER DAN PENGELOLA JURNAL

Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management

JURNAL INTERNASIONAL BEREPUTASI Q3 PADA SCIMAGO JR DAN Q4 PADA SCOPUS

Judul Paper : Biomass Fuel From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellet: Potential

And Challenges

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BUKTI KORESPONDENSI PROCEDIA

Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management

Judul : Biomass Fuel From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellet: Potential And Challenges

➢ SUBMIT (6 Juni 2020)

➢ REVISI 1 (11 Agustus 2020)

➢ REVISI 2 (20 September 2020)

➢ TERBIT DI PROCEDIA (Januari 2021)

Daftar Lampiran

1. Indeks scopus Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management

2. Indeks scimago Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management 3. Submit jurnal https://www.procedia-esem.eu/

4. Revisi jurnal tahap 1 5. Revisi jurnal tahap 2 6. Naskah jurnal hasil revisi

7. Jadwal dan daftar presentasi jurnal

8. Sertifikat presenter

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Judul : Biomass Fuel From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellet: Potential And Challenges

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Procedia

Environmental Science, Engineering and Management http://www.procedia-esem.eu

Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management 7 (2020) (2) xxx-xxx

2nd Environmental Innovations: Advances in Engineering, Technology and Management, EIAETM, 21st-27th September, 2020

BIOMASS FUEL FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH PELLET: POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES

^

Agus Haryanto

¹^,*

, Dewi Agustina Iryani

²

, Udin Hasanudin

³

, Mareli Telaumbanua

¹

, Sugeng Triyono

¹

, Wahyu Hidayat

⁴

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Lampung. Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro, No. 1, Bandar Lampung, INDONESIA. 35145

2Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lampung. Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro, No. 1, Bandar Lampung, INDONESIA. 35145

3Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, University of Lampung. Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro, No. 1, Bandar Lampung, INDONESIA. 35145

4Department Forestry Management, University of Lampung. Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro, No. 1, Bandar Lampung, INDONESIA. 35145

Abstract

This study aims to determine the potential and challenges of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) pellet as biomass fuel. The study was conducted by observing the process of commercial OPEFB pellets production and analysing some characteristics of the pellets. Proximate and ultimate analysis were carried out to determine the characteristics of pellets, namely mass specific, bulk density, water content, ash content, lignocellulose composition, and calorific value. In addition, XRF analysis was conducted to determine ash composition. Results showed that pressure applied during pellet production affected water content and density of the pellets. OPEFB pellets made with pressure of 90 MPa showed stronger characteristics than the pellet produced with 55 MPa. The pellets had a hexagonal cross section with diameter and mass density of 8.88 mm and 1.55 g/cm³ for pellet produced at 90 MPa, and 9.65 mm and 1.39 g/cm³ for pellet produced at 55 MPa. Calorific value of OPEFB pellet (15.82 MJ/kg) was still lower than the standard, while ash content was higher than the standard. High ash content and high mineral content are the main problems need to be addressed in order to savely use OPEFB pellet as fuel, especially for big industries or for generating electricity.

Keywords: biomass pellet, palm oil, renewable, sustainable

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the IATEM

 Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Salah Satu Draft Revisi

11 Agustus 2020

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Simion et al./Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, 1, 2014, 2, 149-153

y

1. Introduction

Palm oil has become a leading commodity for Indonesia. Crude palm oil (CPO) exports generate significant amounts of foreign exchange. Good quality fruits harvested from large plantations can produce CPO up to 24% of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). Low quality oil palm fruits from smallholder plantations produce lower CPO yield. Generally, CPO yield is 22% of milled FFB. Therefore, almost 80% of the processed raw material will end up as solid and liquid wastes. Expressed in units per ton of FFB, in general waste generated from the CPO extraction process consists of empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) of 22%, mesocarp fiber of 13%, shell of 6%, and liquid waste called palm oil mill effluent (POME) of 0.6-0.8 m

³

(Hasanudin

et al., 2015). Thus, following oil extraction processes, around 40% of the oil

palm fruit remains as solid residual material consists of the OPEFB, shells, and fibers. While oil palm shells and fibers are already used in oil palm mills to generate power and heat required for oil palm fruit processing, OPEFB is still underutilized.

OPEFB is resulted from the striping process that separates the oil palm nuts from its bunch. OPEFB is the largest solid biomass waste which is comparable to the amount of the produced CPO. This biomass is structured by very strong fibers consisting of main stalk around 20–25% and spikelets 75–80%. Therefore OPEFB biomass is difficult to decompose biologically. OPEFB has a such high moisture content up to 60% (Abdullah et al., 2011) due to the steam sterilisation process at the palm oil mill. High moisture content lowers energy value of OPEFB and reduces the combustion efficiency. OPEFB is also oily with oil content may reach 12% an average of 8.6% of dry OPEFB. Some palm oil mills are equipped with machine for tearing and pressing OPEFB to decrease water content and take the oil remnant that reduces oil content by 3.61% (Md Yunos et al., 2015). The water content, however, is still high at around 40%.

The most widely applied option in managing OPEFB is returning it to oil palm land as mulch, which is generally stacked between rows of plants. An integrated treatment for OPEFB and POME is beneficial in which POME is treated anaerobically to produce biogas, whereas OPEFB with addition of effluent from digested POME is composted to produce compost. The compost is returned to the palm oil plantation and the biogas is used as fuel to generate electricity and process steam. We recently reported that co-composting OPEFB and POME may reduce methane gas emissions by 35.92% and 53.22% for 30-day and 80-day composting period (Haryanto

et al, 2019). The high investment in modern composting

facilities makes this practice is difficult to find in the field.

In the long term, the OPEFB application to the plantation is expected to be a source of organic material for the soil and can save the use of chemical fertilizers. For palm oil mills that do not have their own plantations, however, this option is a problem. In 2006 the number of POM without plantation was 219, which is about 20% of around 1100 mills. Now, with 14.33 million ha oil palm plantations and CPO yield of 40.57 million tons, it is estimated the number of palm oil mills without plantation occupy around 2.87 million ha with OPEFB equivalent to nine million tons. Long distances and high transportation costs will become obstacles to return the OPEFB to the partnership farmers. Recently, OPEFB was reported as good growing media for cultivating rice straw mushroom (Triyono

et al., 2019). Practicing

this option, however, involves only little parts of the available OPEFB. Therefore it is necessary to find alternatives for better utilization of OPEFB. In dry conditions, OPEFB has a fairly high calorific value, so it has the potential to be developed as biomass fuel. Biomass from plants can serve as an alternative renewable and carbon-neutral raw material for the production of energy. But in the original condition, the biomass of OPEFB is difficult to handle, transport, store, and utilize.

The major limitation of OPEFB for energy purposes is its low bulk density. One

method to make easy transportation and decrease the costs is to reduce the volume of the

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Eco-efficient management of construction and demolition waste

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OPEFB biomass by densification into pellet form. OPEFB pelletization can be one promising alternative, which fulfill not only the electricity and steam heating needs of the COP extraction process, but the excess can be connected to the national electricity grid (Salomon

et al., 2013). The advantage of pellets, as compared to the original biomass, lies in their

higher energy density, homogeneous quality, improved handling and storage properties, and better applicability for different end uses.

2. Objectives

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy potential of biomass pellet from OPEFB and identify the technical problem of OPEFB pellet. The evaluation presented in this paper is focused only on the technical aspects regarding to the intrinsic properties of pellets.

3. Outline of the work

This work is divided in three main parts, namely:



Observation of case studies: A commercial OPEFB pellet industry located in District of Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatera Province;



Testing and evaluation of sample of OPEFB pellet product;



Discussion of results and drawing conclusion and recommendations for better future of OPEFB pellet fuel.

4. Materials and methods

OPEFB pellet production processes were observed at a commercial-scale pellet industry operating in North Sumatera, Indonesia. The factory operated three pelleting machines, namely two machines with working pressure of 55 MPa and capacity of 1.5 t/h (each) and one machine with working pressure of 90 MPa and a production capacity of 3 t/h.

OPEFB pellet was characterized to determine the important properties related to its utilization for fuel. Bulk density (g/cm

³

) was determined by weighing sample of the OPEFB pellets filled in a container of known volume and calculating the ratio of the mass to the volume. Mass specific or true density (g/cm

³

), was calculated from the ratio of mass of a single pellet to its volume. Flexural strength of pellet was measured by using a testing machine (MTS landmark 100 kN). Water content (MC) was measured gravimetrically using an oven (Memmert UM 500) operated at 105

^o

C for 24 h and was calculated as the following.

%

100

 

f d f

M M

MC M

(1)

where

Mf

and

Md

is wet and dry weight, respectively. Water absorption property of pellet was measured by leaving the pellet in an open container and measuring the water content every day until it reaches an equilibrium.

Oven-dried pellet was used to determine calorific value (MJ/kg) that was measured using a bomb calorimeter (Cal2k ECO). Ash content, was measured by burning oven-dried pellet in a furnace (Banrstead Thermolyne 1300) at 550

^o

C for 2 h. Ash content is presented in percent of dry weight of pellet. Ash composition, was determined using XRF analysis.

Lignocellulosic component (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose) was determined using modified

Chesson method as proposed by Datta (1991). One gram of ground pellet (a) was added with

150 mL of distilled water, refluxed at 100°C for 1 hour. The result was filtered and the

residue was washed with hot water and then oven dried and weighed (b). The residue was

added with 150 mL H

2

SO

4

1 N and refluxed for 1 hour at 100°C. The result is filtered and

washed with distilled water and then dried and weighed (c). Dry residue was added by 10 mL

72% H

2

SO

4

and soaked at room temperature for 4 hours. Then, 150 mL of H

2

SO

4

1 N was

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added and refluxed for 1 hour with the reverse cooling. The residue was filtered and washed with distilled water and then dried and weighed (d). The residue was finally burnt to ash and weighed (e). Lignocellulose components were calculated as the following:

%

100

  a

c ose b

Hemicellul

(2)

%

100

  a

d

Cellulose c

(3)

%

100

  a

e

Lignin d

(4)

5. Results and discussion

5.1. OPEFB pellet production process

The process of making commercial OPEFB pellets can be briefly explained through the flow diagram in Figure 1. At first the shredded OPEFB is flown into a steam dryer which has a temperature of 116℃ through a screw conveyor. The dryer utilize the residual steam from the palm oil extraction process. Exiting from the steam dryer, OPEFB is dried again in a rotary dryer that works at 90℃. Rotary dryers utilize flue gas from palm oil mills. The dried OPEFB is crushed (chopped) in a cutting mill into fine particles (passes 20 mesh sieve).

The ground OPEFB was flowed into a vertical ring die type pellet machine that working at a pressure of 55 MPa. There are 2 machines with a capacity of 1.5 t/h each. The pellets produced from this machine are called single press (1X) pellets. If the consumers want harder pellets, the single press pellet is flowed into another pellet machine working at a pressure of 90 MPa with a capacity of 3 t/h. Pellets produced from this machine are called double press (2X) pellet. If the demand for pellets is high, the 90 MPa pellet machine can be operated also with feeding directly from cutting machine to produce 1X press so that the total capacity can reach 6 t/h (1X pellet). With this capacity, all OPEFB produced from POM with a capacity of 900 tons of FFB can be handled.

Steam Dryer (116ºC) OPEFB (Pressed)

Rotary Dryer (Flue Gas, 90ºC)

Cutting Mill (Fine particles)

Press I (55 MPa, 1,5 tons/h)

OPEFB Pellet (1X)

Press I (90 Mpa, 3 tons/h)

OPEFB Pellet (1X)

OPEFB Pellet (2X)

Fig. 1. Flow chart of OPEFB pellet production process (broken line is optional route)

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x 5.2. Pellet characteristics

The characteristics of the OPEFB pellet are very important to evaluate its quality as fuel. The OPEFB pellets have a hexagonal cross section. Visually the 2X pellet has a darker color, harder texture, and greater weight. But the 2X press pellet has a smaller size (diameter). Figure 2 shows the visual differences of these two types of OPEFB pellets. The pellet is more easily damaged, especially if it is stored in an open space. It is well known that tropical regions such as Indonesia have high humidity environments. OPEFB pellet stored in a room without packaging will be damaged quickly. The pellet will become frangible and lose its consistency so that it breaks easily and eventually break down as shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 2. OPEFB pellet: 1X press (left) and 2X press (right)

Fig. 3. Rotten OPEFB pellets stored improperly in open space

The pellet has a hexagonal cross section with an average diameter of 9.65 mm and

mass density of 1.39 g/cm

³

for 1X pellets (Table 1). The diameter and mass density for 2X

pellet is 8.88 mm and 1.55, respectively. OPEFB pellets have a heavier mass density than

that wood pellets in general. For example, density of biomass pellet made of Jabon

(Anthocephalus macrophyllus) is in the range of 0.91–1.05 g/cm

³

(Sulistio et al., 2019). The

results also show that the density of pellets is influenced by the pressure applied during

production process. The pressure exerting the biomass particles during pelletizing process is

important factor influencing not only pellet density and durability, but also the energy

consumption for pellet production. High pressure in the range of 50 to 90 MPa is enough to

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produce OPEFB pellet. Increasing pressure has improved mechanical properties of pellet, such as compressive strength and durability. It can be showed that the 1X OPEFB pellet has a larger diameter (almost 1 mm difference) than the 2X pellet. But the 2X pellet has a greater mass density than the 1X pellet. From the pellet samples, the single press pellets are more fragile than the double press pellets that can be observed from the amount of pellet debris during transportation.

Table 1. Average size and densities of OPEFB pellets and wood pellet for comparison

Biomass pellets Diameter (mm)

Mass density (gr/cm³)

Bulk density

(gr/cm³) Reference

OPEFB pellet 1X 9.65 1.39 0.580 This work

OPEFB pellet 2X 8.88 1.55 0.686 This work

Jabon pellet 8.50 0.91

–

1.05 NA Sulistio et al. (2019)

Proximate analysis reveals that OPEFB pellet has lignocellulosic composition of hemicellulose (26%), cellulose (34%), and lignin (25%). The fibers (hemicellulose and cellulose) contained in the OPEFB pellet are very close to those of lignocellulosic content of pressed-shredded OPEFB reported by Md Yunos

et al. (2015). The lignin content, however

is about twice. The OPEFB pellet has calorific value of 15.82 MJ/kg. This is little lower than that of Indonesian National Standard (SNI 8675-2018) for biomass pellet which is 16.5 MJ/kg. The low energy value can be an obstacle in getting a good market for OPEFB pellet.

In addition, OPEFB pellet samples also have a high ash content, reaching 12% of the dry matter. Md Yunos et al. (2015) reported even higher ash content for OPEFB pellets, which is 18%. Although the ash content of our OPEFB pellet is not the highest value, it has far exceeded the 5% of national standard for biomass pellets, both for household and industrial applications. The high ash content also contributes in lowering the energy value (Haryanto et

al., 2019). This means that pretreatment must be made on the raw material in order to

produce better OPEFB pellets.

The bulk density of OPEFB pellet is 0.580 g/cm

³

for 1X pellet and 0.686 g/cm

³

for 2X pellet. Our pellet samples, however, is quite close to those reported by Salomon (2013) with 0.630 g/cm

³

for OPEFB pellet with 6 mm diameter and 0.580 g/cm

³

for pellet with 8 mm diameter. Bulk density is important property related to handling, packaging, and transportation.

The effect of pressure is also seen in the strength of the pellet, where the higher the pressure produces the stronger the pellet. The measurement results show that OPEFB 2X pellets have an average flexural force of 100.53 kgf, higher than 1X pellets (65.58 kgf). The applied pressure also affects the water content of the pellets. OPEFB pellet produced at compression of 55 MPa has water content of 8.6% (wb) at air-dry condition. With compression of 55 MPa, OPEFB pellet has water content of 5.6% (wb).

In order to evaluate the resistance of OPEFB pellet from ambient air, we have measured water adsorption capacity of the oven-dry pellet and presented the results in Fig.

4a. The pellets significantly gained weight as a result of water adsorption from the ambient

air. This means that OPEFB pellet is so hygroscopic that should be stored in air tight

containers, especially for Indonesia climate with very high air humidity. Although the rate of

moisture adsorption is low after the second day, this pellet property needs to be watched for

moisture adsorption by pellet can trigger other serious problems. Based on the data, a model

to predict the pellet mass was developed by using power funtion in the Excell application as

suggested by Pinchuk and Kuzmin (2019) with general form of y = A + B·(x – C)

^N

. The mass

of pellet

m

(g) as a function of storage time

τ

(days) is presented in Eq. (5) and (6),

respectively for 1X and 2X pellets.

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x

Pellets 1X

33 . 0

87 . 619 15

 

 

m

(R

²

= 0.9966) (5)

Pellets 2X

33 . 0

87 . 723 15

 

 

m

(R

²

= 0.9997) (6)

Both models provide excellent approximation with very high R

²

, namely 0.9966 for 1X pellet and 0.9997 for 2X pellet.

500 550 600 650 700 750

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Pellet mass (g)

Storage time (d) Pellets 1X Pellets 2X

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Water content (%)

Stoarage time (d) Pellets 1X Pellets 2X

(a) (b)

Fig. 4. The change of mass (a) and water content (b) of OPEFB pellets during storage in open room

The increase of pellets water content as a result of moisture adsorption is presented in Fig. 4b. Water content of the pellet increases sharply up to the second day, and then slowly sloping. Based on the collected data, we developed a model to predict water content

w

(%wb) of the pellet during open storage as a function of storage time τ (days) as following:

Pellets 1X

w0.0645⁰^.⁰⁸⁵

(R

²

= 0.9993) (7) Pellets 2X

w0.0535⁰^.¹²⁵

(R

²

= 0.9992) (8)

Again, these model give excellent prediction with very high R

²

, namely 0.9993 for 1X pellet and 0.9992 for 2X pellet.

The relative energy value of pellets is calculated by using oven dry materials. The increase in water content during storage will definitely decrease calorific value of the pellets by two reasons. At first, due to increasing in pellets mass because of water absorbing. The organic mass (flammable components) remains constant, but its content in the mass unit decreases. Since calorific value is the relative energy per one kg of the fuel, the less flammable fraction per mass unit causes the less heat generation. Second, since the increase in mass is due to water adsorption, during the combustion the heat energy is spent for the heating of the water to boiling point, and then to vaporization of that water. Thus, the part of the heat of the wet pellets combustion is spent to water heating and vaporization. This part does not produce useful heat therefore it must be subtracted from the initial calorific value.

Based on the water adsorption characteristics in Fig. 4b, we have predicted the calorific value of the pellet based on as presented in Figure 5. Equation (9) and (10) represent the decrease of pellet calorific value

q (MJ/kg) as a function of storage time τ

(days). We can predict that for nine day storage period the calorific value of the OPEFB pellets decrease to 14.61 MJ/kg for 1X pellets and 14.48 MJ/kg for 2X pellets. This means a reduction of 7.6%

and 8.5% of the initial value (15.82 MJ/kg), respectively for 1X pellets and 2X pellets.

Pellets 1X

35 . 0 49 . 43 0 .

14  

 

q

(R

²

= 0.999997) (9)

Pellets 2X

53 . 0 68 . 54 0 .

14  

 

q

(R

²

= 0.99999) (10)

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y

14,0 14,2 14,4 14,6 14,8 15,0 15,2 15,4 15,6 15,8 16,0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Calorific value (MJ/kg)

Storage time (d)

Pellets 1X Pellets 2X

Fig. 5. The decrease of pellet calorific value during storage in open room.

Another issue for OPEFB pellet is its mineral content. Our results showed that OPEFB pellets still have high potassium in the range of 26.57 to 46.46 percent of ash. Other minerals with significant content include Fe, Ca, Si, Al, and Cl. Table 3 surmised some properties of OPEFB pellet in comparison with the national standard (SNI 8675-2018).

Physically, the pellets pass the standard, but fail in view of energy properties like energy value, ash content, and mineral content.

Table 2. Mineral components (% ash) in the ash of OPEFB pellet

MgO Al₂O₃ SiO₂ P₂O₅ SO₃ Cl K₂O CaO MnO Fe₂O₃ 1X 1.31 6.15 23.94 1.27 2.65 6.45 46.46 17.07 0.67 16.34 2X 1.34 11.55 29.35 1.49 2.42 4.53 26.57 9.14 0.465 11.770

Table 3. Characteristic of OPEFB pellets in comparison to standards.

Parameter OPEFB pellet

(this work)

SNI 8675 (2018)

Remark

Diameter (mm) 8.88–9.65 - passed

Density (g/cm³) 1.39–1.55 > 1.0 passed

Water content (%) 5.6–8.6 < 12 passed

Energy value (MJ/kg) 15.82 > 16.5 failed

Ash content (%) 4–12 < 5 failed

K2O (% ash) 26.57–46.46 < 20 failed

Chlor (% ash) 4.52–6.45 < 0.1 failed

Na₂O (% ash) NA < 5 -

Sulfur (% ash) 2.42–2.65 < 0.1 failed

5.3. Market Potential

Based on the characteristics of OPEFB pellets as discussed above, the potential use of

OPEFB pellets for fuel is still limited for small industries and households such as tofu,

brown sugar, and other home industries. This potential is quite large because of the

increasing number of small industries that move. One of the small industries that has the

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x

potential to use OPEFB fuel pellets is the tofu industry. Tofu is the main and favorite food of Indonesian people with high consumption. Tofu is a rich nutrient food at an affordable price so that huge number of micro, small and medium scale tofu industries are widely spreaded in Indonesia. Tofu industries are generally classified as a small-medium industry with high fuel consumption. For example, a tofu industry in the city of Bandar Lampung (Indonesia) with a daily capacity of 500-1000 kg of soybeans requires wood pellets of around 1 t/d. Whereas the smaller tofu industry with daily capacity of 200 kg of soybeans consumes one truck of firewood in 3 days plus 13 sacks of rice husk per day. Therefore, OPEFB pellets are very potential to be used as fuel in the tofu industry. Other potential industries include the red brick and tile industry. The use of OPEFB pellets for power generation needs to be further evaluated mainly because of the high ash content with a high mineral composition.

5.4. Challenges

OPEFB pellet contains high ash and minerals. Some of these minerals are a problem in high temperature combustion because they may melt and build a blockage for combustion air. The chemical composition of OPEFB pellet ash which is rich in minerals (Si, Ca, Mg, Cl, and K) will result in various undesirable reactions in the combustion system. It is well known that high concentrations of ash and silica and alkali metals can trigger agglomeration, fouling, slagging in boiler components which results in decreased combustion system efficiency and failure of most furnaces and boiler. Washing is able to significantly decrease minerals content. According to Abdullah

et al. (2012), washing OPEFB may reduce ash content by

81% from 5.43% (db) to 1.03% (db). However, its application in the pellet production need further studies because it makes a longer route in pellet production processes.

In addition to the intrinsic problems, another OPEFB pellet constraint is price. At the time of observation (2018), a pellet factory in Medan, North Sumatra, could receive a pellet price of 500 IDR/kg (0.036 USD/kg). This price was quite low because the pellet mill is operated near the palm oil mill, so that the operating costs of raw materials, drying, and transportation are practically free. The price of pellets purchased by the small-scale tofu industry in Bandar Lampung (south part of Sumatra) was 1,500 IDR/kg (0.107 USD/kg).

However, the transportation cost from the North to the South of Sumatera will take no less than 2,000 IDR/kg making a total price higher than that can be accepted. Nowadays, OPEFB pellets that satisfy national standard are offered in some online shops at the higher price of 1,500 IDR/kg (0.107 USD/kg). This is a good opportunity and a challenge at the same time, to produce good quality OPEFB pellets and develop market close to the palm oil mill operating areas.

6. Conclusions

Commercial biomass pellet fuel made from OPEFB is produced with pressure of 55

MPa and 90 MPa. The pressure influence pellet properties, namely water content, mass

density and bulk density. The higher the pressure, the lower the moisture content and the

higher the densities. The OPEFB pellets showed good physical characteristics and passed

standards for water content and mass density, but failed for energy value and ash content and

mineral content. The pellets easilly adsorp moisture from surrounding air within first two

days storage in open container. Excellent models to predict water content and calorific value

as a function of storage time have been developed based on power function of Excell. The

OPEFB pellet has energy value of 15.82 MJ/kg and is potentialy accepted for fuel in small

scale applications. For large industrial applications, there are some issues need to be solved

to increase energy value and to reduce ash content as well as its mineral composition.

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Acknowledgements

This work was made possible with financial support of a grant from BPDP-KS under contract number:

PRJ-85/DPKS/2018, September 24, 2018. The visitation to a commercial OPEFB pellet industry in Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatera, was made possible with permission and the help of Mr. M. Sidjabat.

The authors appreciate his help and convey million thanks. The authors also convey indefinite thanks to Prof. Andrey V. Kuzmin who provided important and impressive comments during the review process.

Views and opinions presented in this paper, however, are solely of the authors.

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14-29. DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.1.14-29

Pinchuk, V.A., Kuzmin, A.V., 2019. Method of approximating experimental data on fuel combustion, Inter J Ener Clean Env. 20:261–272. DOI: 10.1615/InterJEnerCleanEnv.2019032466

Salomon, M., Gómez, M.F., Erlich, C., Martin, A., (2013), Pelletization: An alternative for polygeneration in the palm oil industry. Biomass Conv. Bioref., 3, 213–229. DOI: 10.1007/s13399- 013-0075-5

Sulistio, Y., Febryano, I.G., Yoo, J., Kim, S., Lee, S., Hasanudin, U., Hidayat, W., (2020), Effects of torefaction with Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) reactor and electric furnace on the properties of Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) pellets (in Bahasa). Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 8(1), 65–76.

Triyono, S., Haryanto, A., Telaumbanua, M., Dermiyati, Lumbanraja, J. and To, F., (2019), Cultivation of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) on oil palm empty fruit bunch growth medium. Int. J.

Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 8(4), 381–392. DOI: 10.1007/s40093-019-0259-5.

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15:20 – 15:40 Kelemesh et. al (Local Time: Poland 15:20 - 15:40) Waste usage as secondary resources

Oleksandr Gorbenko, Serhii Lyashenko, Anton Kelemesh, Viacheslav Padaka, Antonina Kalinichenko

Poltava State Agrarian Academy, Poltava, Ukraine

Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland

The current state of waste management in Poltava region is summarized in this article. In this article were determined places of accumulation and the influence of population size on the volumes of domestic solid wastes formation. Here also was analyzed dynamics of changes in the production of domestic solid wastes in rural areas and in cities. The morphological composition of domestic solid wastes was determined due to researches during 2017-2019. In the article was conducted comparative analysis of the data of changes in the percentage of components, which are part of domestic solid wastes depending on the time of year. It is determined that about 55% of the waste is the organic part of domestic solid wastes. Using certain technologies organic part of domestic solid wastes can be processed into valuable products. The technology of processing the organic component of domestic solid wastes into compost adapted to conditions of private farm households is offered in this article. Here are justified the design parameters of small-sized household chopper for compost production and are given technical conditions of machine usage the in conditions of private farm households. Here also was calculated economic feasibility of machine usage for three farm households for the purpose of processing the organic component of domestic solid wastes into compost. The costs for equipment, materials and inventory were about 2,835 thousand EUR. Costs for electricity, water, wages, etc. were 4,379 thousand EUR. The cost of production of one kilogram of compost was 0.093 EUR/kg. The payback period of the project is 9 months. The use of new developed equipment for the processing of organic component of domestic solid wastes makes it possible to reduce the ecological environmental impact to a considerable extent. In addition, the use of wastes as secondary resources makes it possible to obtain funds for private farm households.

15:40 – 16:00 Haryanto et al. (Local Time Indonesia 19:40 - 20:00) Biomass fuel from oil palm empty fruit bunch pellet: potential and challenges

Agus Haryanto, Dewi Agustina Iryani, Udin Hasanudin, Mareli Telaumbanua, Sugeng Triyono, Wahyu Hidayat

University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the potential and challenges of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) pellet as biomass fuel. The study was conducted by observing the process of commercial OPEFB pellets production and analysing some characteristics of the pellets. Proximate and ultimate analysis were carried out to determine the characteristics of pellets, namely mass specific, bulk density, water content, ash content, lignocellulose composition, and calorific value. In addition, XRF analysis was conducted to determine ash composition. Results showed that pressure applied during pellet production affected water content and density of the pellets. OPEFB pellets made with pressure of 90 MPa showed stronger characteristics than the pellet produced with 55 MPa. The pellets had a hexagonal cross section with diameter and mass density of 8.88 mm and 1.55 g/cm3 for pellet produced at 90 MPa, and 9.65 mm and 1.39 g/cm3 for pellet produced at 55 MPa. Calorific value of OPEFB pellet (15.82 MJ/kg) was still lower than the standard, while ash content was higher than the standard. High ash content and high mineral content are the main problems need to be addressed in order to savely use OPEFB pellet as fuel, especially for big industries or for generating electricity.

16:00 – 16:20 González-Arias et al. (Local Time Spain 15:00 - 15:20) Assessing thermodynamic parameters of hydrochar of off-specification compost

and olive tree pruning for improving combustion performance

Judith González-Arias, Elia Judith Martínez, Marta Elena Sánchez, Jorge Cara-Jiménez

Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of León, León, Spain

Hydrothermal carbonization of different residues allows to homogenize the products since hydrochar shows similar properties. Olive tree pruning and off-specification compost, two abundant wastes in Spain, were selected and treated by hydrothermal carbonization. Hydrochars were blended in different proportions to assess their behavior during combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis was the tool used for obtaining necessary parameters such as maximum peak temperature or apparent activation energy, from which the desired thermodynamic parameters can be calculated.

Experimental results of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the blends during combustion were compared with those calculated with the results of the individual materials. Therefore, co-hydrothermal carbonization and co- combustion were evaluated and compared in terms of combustion performance. Experimental and calculated thermodynamic parameters were obtained, described and exposed in the text with the final aim of selecting the optimal blend for its use as solid biofuel.

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16:20 – 16:40 Sa et al. (Local Time: Russia 16:20 - 16:40) Flow simulation of MCNT blended diesel fuel in the nozzle of a diesel injector

Bowen Sa, Vladimir Markov, Ying Liu, Vyacheslav Kamaltdinov Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia

South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are regarded as promising diesel fuel additives to improve engine performance and emission characteristics. The density and viscosity of multi-walled carbon nanotube blended diesel fuel were analyzed. Flow simulations in the nozzle of an injector Spray A of Engine Combustion Network were performed by using the CFD program Fluent to investigate the effect of introducing multi-walled carbon nanotube to diesel fuel on the characteristics of the internal nozzle flow. The addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes increases the averaged turbulent kinetic energy of diesel fuel at the orifice outlet in the stabilized injection stage. The presence of multi- walled carbon nanotubes has an insignificant influence on the rate of injection and velocity distribution in the nozzle.

16:40 – 17:00 Kharytonov et al. (Local Time Ukraine 16:40 - 17:00) Thermal analyses of differences for woody species depending on soil conditions

Mykola Kharytonov, Viktoriia Kalyna, Nadiia Martynova, Margaryta Sbytna

Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Dnipro, Ukraine, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine Institute of Energy Crops and Sugar Beet of NAASU, Kiev Ukraine

Specific characteristics of soil substrates and different climatic conditions indirectly affect the thermal behavior of wood mass. Differences in the wood thermal characteristics of the different trees grown under different soil conditions most likely depend on changes in the composition of the extracted substances, which are most susceptible to environmental influences. The substrata properties affect the thermal characteristics of the wood. Changes are manifested in the speed of reactions, the content of volatile components and changes in the ash content of wood. In turn, extractive substances contribute to reducing or increasing the proportion of carbon in wood, changing the rate of mass loss, shifting the temperature intervals of thermal degradation.

17:00 – 17:20 Granda-Rodriguez et al. (Local Time Colombia 09:00 - 09:20) GIS in Colombian post-conflict land use planning

Hernán Granda-Rodriguez, Jenny Patricia-Vanegas, Daniel Robledo-Buitrago, John Jairo Castañeda, Edier Fernando Ávila-Vélez, Miguel A. De Luque-Villa,

Universidad de Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá ,Colombia Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia

This research collected and interpreted geographic and temporal data on changes in land use coverage in order to improve sustainable development and land use planning in Silvania, Colombia. This study was carried out in the municipality of Silvania, Colombia where a spatio-temporal land cover change analysis was carried out for the years 1994 to 2018. Photointerpretation of satellite images was done with ArcGIS 10.5, following the Corine Land Cover methodology. In the last 20 years in the municipality of Silvania, land use changed from Forest and semi-nature areas; only 6% was lost. These changes were not significant when compared to other areas in Colombia where deforestation has increased after armed conflict ended. Armed conflict in Silvania may have, to some extent, prevented an accelerated rate of deforestation. Strategic planning is urgently needed in this municipality with the help of different technological tools, such as GIS, that are important for land use planning because they facilitate the understanding and analysis of information related to the territory.

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17:20 – 17:40 Acuña-Mendez et al. (Local Time: Colombia 09:20 - 09:40) Airport noise impact assessment using noise maps and Pittsburgh sleep quality

index: a case study in Bogotá, Colombia

Andrés Camilo Acuña-Mendez, Juan Diego Virguez, Camila Alejandra Canchon-Triana, Miguel De Luque-Villa,

Universidad de Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, Colombia SERUANS ENVIRONMENT SAS, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia

A study was carried out in the Fontibón District in order to assess the impact of the El Dorado Airport on the environmental noise component in this community. The environmental noise levels were characterized at 32 points within the town using the methodology indicated in Resolution 627 of 2006 from the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible - MADS (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Develop) with a type II sound level meter, observing the environmental noise distribution with noise maps designed with Arc-GIS 10.5 and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Colombia version. In order to quantify the impact of the environmental noise from the activities of the El Dorado Airport, the methodology proposed by Conesa-Fernández was applied, which was adapted to the characteristics of the project to define and weigh the evaluation criteria and determine the importance of the effects.

The results from the monitoring points were compared with Article 17 of Resolution 627 of 2006 for each sector, showing 16% noncompliance for the daytime hours and 66% noncompliance for the night-time hours. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index showed that more than 90% of the surveyed residents present a disturbance in sleep quality, which led to the evaluation of the importance of the environmental impacts, that is modifications in the sound pressure levels and modifications in the sleep quality, on the environmental noise component, which were deemed severe for the Fontibón District of Bogotá DC.

17:40 – 18:00 Chernysh et al. (Local Time Slovakia 17:40 - 18:00) Polymer materials: bibliographic data analysis and trend detection

Yelizaveta Chernysh, Magdalena Balintova, Igor Roy, Stefan Demcak Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine

Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia

Alternatives to waste management methods include the reorganization, recycling, and creation of environmentally friendly biodegradable polymer materials based on renewable resources, plant, and textile waste. The goal of this study is to analyze bibliographic data and identify trends in research on polymer materials of different genesis, with particular attention to research on the production and use of biopolymers. VOSviewer v.1.6.15 is used to present the analysis results. Environmental impact areas in the life cycle of traditional polymers have been analyzed. The network of main bioplastics clusters is visualized within the framework of modeling the dependencies on the main keywords in the analysis of the dynamics of publication activity, the main trends in the development of new biodegradable materials are revealed. A comparative review of the environmental impact of different types of bioplastics is made by the life cycle assessment method.

18:00 – 18:20 Valencia-Arias et al. (Local Time Colombia 10:00 - 10:20) Research trends in household energy management systems: a bibliometric analysis

Alejandro Valencia-Arias, David Alberto García Arango, Jovany Sepúlveda-Aguirre, Cristina Ocampo-Osorio

Corporación Universitaria Americana, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia Institución Universitaria ESCOLME, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

World energy demand is constantly growing and inevitably entails the need to optimize processes for their best use. It is therefore necessary to identify the set of solutions that the scientific literature proposes on this topic, that’s the reason why this article shows the results obtained from the application of a bibliometric analysis in the identification of research trends in relation to energy management systems in homes. Through the application of search equations in the Scopus database, the most published topics, the most cited articles and the authors' networks are found in order to identify emerging perspectives on the subject. As conclusion, the emerging themes with the greatest impact in the academic field and their practical implications in society and energy management are developed.

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18:20 – 18:40 Rojas (Local Time: Colombia 10:20 - 10:40) Identification of the offer for MOOC-type courses in the field of sustainable development: comparative analysis between social media and documentary results

Oscar Andrés Cuéllar Rojas

Corporación Universitaria Americana, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia

MOOC-type courses (and their variants) have managed to spread throughout the world, becoming the new promoters of changes in human relations, with the aim of establishing the starting point for the creation of courses under this approach in the field of s

18:40 – 19:00 Estrada et al. (Local Time Colombia 10:40 - 11:00) Consumption decision of economic agents: cost vs. environmental awareness

Uvenny Quirama Estrada, Andrés Felipe Puerta Molina, Jovany Sepúlveda-Aguirre, Luis Fernando Garcés Giraldo, David Alberto García Arango

Corporación Universitaria Americana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

Research aimed at the search for the sustainability of the planet through the development of environmentally friendly goods (green goods), has generally shown, in its marketing process, a cost higher than the sale price of a substitute good. conventional that does not equally satisfy the reduction of climate change. From the recognition of the average income per individual of a developing country and attending to the rational consumer microeconomic theory, where it seeks to maximize profit with the acquisition of goods at an optimal price and where satiety does not exist, This document, using a mixed exploratory type methodology, seeks to identify from behavioral economics, how willing is the existing demand in the market to the acquisition of a green good with a value higher than its substitute goods, and what are the characteristics of the individual that reflects within its consumption conditions the environmental benefit; at the end of the investigation, the data evidenced by the primary information acquired from surveys is concluded, which reflects conditions of the consumption decision based on age, income, educational level, among other aspects.

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October 21, 2020

12:00 – 12:20 Deganello et al. (Local Time Italy 11:00 - 11:20) Keynote Lecture

^*

Aluminum foil as a direct precursor for the solution combustion synthesis of α-alumina

Francesca Deganello, Giacomo Messina,

Giuseppe Marcì, Maria Luisa Testa, and Valeria La Parola

Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), (Italian) National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy

Department of Engineering (DI), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

For the first time, α-alumina powder was prepared by Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS), using sucrose as a fuel and aluminum foil (“silver paper”), as aluminum source directly in the combustion mixture without any extractive pretreatment. Alumina, as α-alumina, is a very important material from a technological and industrial point of view and it is used, in form of sintered bodies as ceramic support for circuits and membranes. Various synthesis methods have been adopted in the literature for the synthesis of alumina, including SCS. The most commonly used inorganic precursors for the synthesis of alumina are aluminum nitrate and aluminum chloride, although waste metallic aluminum from different origin was also used as a precursor, after dissolution by an extraction treatment, usually acidic. Our results show that a mild acidic treatment in the presence of sodium chloride was the key for promoting the interaction between aluminum and sucrose, whereas addition of a minimum amount of copper nitrate helps in the enhancement of the combustion process. Sodium chloride can be washed away before calcination or enter the alumina network during sintering at high temperatures. The procedure used in this work may also be applied to waste aluminum.

12:20 – 12:40 Tsybulskaya et al. (Local Time: Russia 19:20 - 19:40) Instrumentation and features of producing the oleophilic sorbent on the perlite

basis

Aleksandr A. Yudakov, Tatyana V. Ksenik, Oxana N. Tsybulskaya, Aleksey A. Kisel Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

Far Eastern Federal University”, Vladivostok, Russia

The results of selection and justification for rational instrumentation of the technological process of producing the oleophilic sorbent on the perlite basis are presented. The description of the laboratory and experimental industrial plants is given. The temperature-time modes of the perlite modification process at all its stages are experimentally substantiated. The properties of the natural and modified perlite were investigated. The representativity of the established modes was proved by testing the pilot batches of the oleophilic sorbent in the course of sorption of oil products under laboratory and real conditions.

12:40 – 13:00 Yudakov et al. (Local Time Russia 19:40 - 20:00)

Eco-friendly technology of commercial components (titanium, gold) recovering

Vladimir Molchanov, Aleksandr Yudakov, Mikhail Medkov

Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

The main features of the mineralogy and geochemistry as well as the mining potential of the titanium placers spatially and genetically connected with the Ariadnensky intrusion of ultrabasites (Primorye) were determined. The composition of the ilmenite, gold and platinum was investigated and assemblage of the associated strategic metals was revealed. The possibilities of the commercial exploitation of ilmenite placers with the use of the environmentally acceptable methods of pyro-hydrometallurgy were assessed. The proposed technical solutions will allow us to expand the prospects of the raw-material base of the southern Far East of Russia in compliance with the principles of the sustainable nature management and environment protection.

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Duration of the Keynote Presentations can be increased

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13:00 – 13:20 Baena-Moreno (Local Time Spain 12:00 - 12:20) Keynote Lecture

^*

Opportunities for CO2 utilisation via carbonation Francisco M. Baena-Moreno

Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain

This study focuses on describing the most important aspects of CO2 carbonation processes. Furthermore, a novel proposal for classifying CO2 carbonation alternatives is presented. The technologies are classified into two main categories: mineral CO2 carbonation; and hydroxides, salts and waste carbonation.

13:20 – 13:40 Martinus et al. (Local Time: Indonesia 17:20 - 17:40) Development of Teak Leaf Plate Molding Machine for Producing Plastic

Alternative Products

Martinus, Agus Haryanto, Sugeng Triono, Mareli Telaumbanua

Single use plastic is one of the biggest problem in the world right now, it is the main source of non-degradable material in the world. The usage of plastic and plastic derivatives in Indonesia most times cannot be avoided as long as no alternatives products are available. Only a small portion of the plastic is recycled, the rest end up in the land and in the ocean. Plastic need hundreds of year to decompose and some even can’t decompose like expanded polystyrene.

A new machine is in need for in producing an alternative product for plastic. This machine is designed, develop and fabricated in Indonesia. PID control system is used to control both upper and lower die. Set points for both die can be set individually. The temperature of upper and lower die varies by different leaves and how many layer of leaves. The leaf plates made by the machine then tested along with plastic plates, expanded polystyrene plates and plastic laminated paper plates. The result of this test will conclude how good the leaf plates as an alternative for other disposable plates. Teak leaf plate molding machine is built and performing quite well. The temperature from upper and lower die can be controlled precisely. The plates that produce by the machine in tensile strength test also perform quite well. Teak leaf plates tensile break average at 29.3 N, slightly lower than plastic one and higher than expanded polystyrene one.

13:40 – 14:00 Telaumbanua et al. (Local Time Indonesia 17:40 - 18:00) Design of insect trap automatic control system for Cacao plants

Mareli Telaumbanua, Agus Haryanto, Febryan Kusuma Wisnu, Budianto Lanya, Wahyu Wiratama

Insect pests attacks on Cacao (Theobroma cacao L) plantations are generally controlled using chemical (non-organic) pesticides. Pesticides that are applied continuously can cause pest resistance, pest resurgence, and environmental pollution. Environmental pollution can disrupt the ecosystem due to increased toxic residues in plant tissue or the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to design a pest trap with charm and an automatic actuator based on a microcontroller on the Arduino board. This automatic insect trap is called the Teptrap v1. Five units of the infrared sensor type E18- D50NK are used to detect insect pests. The attractants used were TL lamps, yellow lights and attractants attached to the trap system. Teptrap v1 shows excellent performance during 33 days of research. As evidenced by the fan actuator system that works stably with a catching accuracy of 82.74%, insect drop time is 6 minutes 33 seconds, and the actuator response speed turns on the light, yellow LED and pumps <1 second (± 10 mS). This insect pest control trap can reduce the use of spray pesticides by 20-50%, thereby saving the cost of purchasing pesticides up to IDR 74,468 per hectare of Cacao.

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Duration of the Keynote Presentations can be increased

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14:00 – 14:20 Morais et al. (Local Time Portugal 12:00 - 12:20) Development of a monitoring device for fruit products transportation in the cold

chain

Diogo Morais, Martim L. Aguiar, Pedro D. Gaspar, Pedro D. Silva,

University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

C-MAST - Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, Covilhã, Portugal

During food transport, products are often subject to conditions which do not benefit the conservation of their biological properties. This condition can lead to food quality and safety issues and ultimately to food waste. Globally, there was been an effort to develop techniques, procedures and technologies that can contribute to reduce food waste of perishable products such as horticultural ones. In this sense, remote monitoring systems, whose fundamental requirements relate to range and autonomy, make use of communications technologies to map characteristic crop parameters to reduce unnecessary application of resources or materials. This paper proposes a monitoring system to record the conservation conditions inside refrigeration plants and vehicles, transmitting them via the internet of Things (IoT). This device is composed of an ARDUINO UNO Rev3 microcontroller that acquires the environment temperature and relative humidity every 5 minutes by means of a DHT 11 sensor, and uses the SIM800L module that provides real time communication data via GSM. It also incorporates a 3.7 V – 2600 mAh battery that provides an approximate 60 hours power range.

14:20 – 14:40 Aguiar et al. (Local Time: Portugal 12:20 - 12:40) Testing of a resistive sensor with fabric medium for monitoring frost formation in

refrigeration systems

Martim L. Aguiar, Pedro D. Gaspar, Pedro D. Silva,

University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

Refrigeration is one of the key elements for food preservation. With global temperatures increasing due to global warming, the efficiency in refrigerated storage systems must be improved. One of the problems that is yet to be solved in these systems is the efficient and accurate removal of the frost formed on the heat exchanger surface. In previous works, a low-cost resistive sensor has been developed to detect frost formation for accurate removal. This paper shows the results of an experimental study carried out to increase the accuracy, by placing different configurations of a fabric medium in between the sensor electrodes.

14:40 – 15:00 Kumar et al. (Local Time Portugal 12:40 - 13:00)

Experimental tests of the thermal behaviour of new sustainable bio-packaging food boxes

Sasi Kumar, Fábio Leitão, Pedro D. Gaspar, Pedro D. Silva, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

This experimental task was performed using 8 sustainable Bio-Boxes in the thermal chamber in the laboratory. The air is forced from the refrigerator, and it is used to control the temperature inside the thermal chamber. The goal of the performed task is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the bio Boxes made from different material, such as sugarcane bagasse and PLA material with respect to time. The test was performed to lower the temperature inside the chamber to its minimum air temperature inside the cold chamber. The results show that the SCB 4 has noticed changes in its mechanical properties (Tensile Strength) and it also shown some moisture absorbing when compared to other Bio boxes. Furthermore, this kind of Bio packaging materials needs more research to improve their mechanical and barrier properties and minimise the use of plastic containers for food packaging industry.

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15:00 – 15:20 Kryvenko (Local Time Ukraine 15:00 - 15:20) Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air by stationary sources

Galyna Kryvenko

Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine

Oil and gas companies are one of the main sources of man-made hazards associated with the emission of extremely harmful substances and extreme situations. Emissions of harmful substances during the operation of oil and gas facilities complicate the environmental situation. Environmental issues are always actual. The purpose of this work is to analyze the dispersion of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by stationary sources. The research was addressing the issues of analysis of ground-level concentrations of pollutants within a sanitary protection zone. The object of the study is the enterprises of the oil and gas complex, the subject of the study is the estimation of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere by stationary sources. Emissions of pollutants were calculated using a Gaussian statistical model. Mathematical models for the determination of lateral and vertical diffusion coefficients were constructed. The analysis of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air by stationary sources of different altitudes was performed. It is established that the concentration of the pollutant from the source decreases monotonically. The bulk of impurities is concentrated in a relatively narrow jet. The lower the source, the closer to it the maximum concentration of air pollutants is, resulting in a negative impact on the health of service personnel.

15:20 – 15:40 Belokon et al. (Local Time: Ukraine 15:20 - 15:40) Optimal composition of intermetallic catalyst for neutralization of carbon-

containing components of gas emissions

Karina Belokon, Volodymyr Pohrebennyk, Artem Sybir, Yevheniia Manidina, Andrii Banakh

Zaporizhzhia National University, Engineering Educational and Research Institute, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine

The paper presents the results of the optimization of intermetallic compounds used for catalytic neutralization of carbon-containing exhaust gases. The statistical method of designing active experiments was used to analyze the effect of cobalt, manganese and copper on the catalytic, physical and chemical properties of the catalyst. The catalytic activity, specific surface area, and porosity of the catalyst were taken as the response function. The experimental data were mathematically processed using regression analysis. The work used a symmetric composition second-order design. As a result of mathematical programming, regression equations were obtained that describe the effect of the cobalt, manganese and copper content on the catalytic properties and porosity of the catalyst, and the response surfaces. The optimal combination of catalytic, physical and mechanical properties ensures that the compound contains 30% of nickel, 10% of cobalt, 11% of manganese and 2% of copper. When using such intermetallic compound, the conversion of carbon monoxide is 100%, and that of propane is 95 %, the specific surface area of the obtained catalyst is 110 m2/g, and the porosity is 64 %. The error of the regression equations did not exceed 2%.

15:40 – 16:00 Mosiyevych et.al (Local Time Ukraine 15:40 - 16:00) The physical and mechanical properties of intermetallic catalysts for the

neutralization of carbon-containing components of emission gases

Karina Belokon, Yevheniia Manidina, Aleksandr Fedchenok, Andrii Banakh, Larysa Mosiyevych

Zaporizhzhia National University, Engineering Educational and Research Institute, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

The analysis of the study results of the physical and mechanical properties of intermetallic catalysts showed that they differ depending on their composition and processing method. The difference in the physical and mechanical properties of the catalysts is explained by differences in their structure, phase composition, porosity and pore size.

When manganese is added, the porosity of the catalyst increases as a result of an increase in the volume of large pores while the structure of small capillaries does not change due to the localization of manganese oxide in the catalyst's pores. Yet, the mechanical strength decreases and can be increased if the copper alloy is added in the Ni-Co-Mn catalyst. A major benefit of thermal self-ignition is that the catalyst's strength is 50% higher than that of sintered materials with the same porosity. High temperatures of the process and low impurity content at the grain boundaries (due to self-cleaning) lead to the formation of strong bonds between grains in the crystallite. The average specific surface area for all investigated catalyst samples is 112 m2/g.

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16:00 – 16:20 Manidina et al. (Local Time Ukraine 16:00 - 16:20) Using plasma catalysis for oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide

Yevheniia Manidina, Karina Belokon, Nataliia Berenda, Olena Troitska

Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

The paper researches the influence of the main properties of streamer discharge on the conversion of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide and the effect of gas exposure to a streamer discharge for the oxidation of sulphur dioxide. It has been defined that the change of peak to peak voltage has the most impact on the efficiency of sulphur dioxide capture.

It has been found out that delivery of voltage pulses with a period of 1ms allows having the conversion rate of sulphur dioxide at about 96.7%. It has been detected that with the pulse duration of 350 ns the conversion rate of sulphur dioxide is 98.6%.

16:20 – 16:40 Zhang (Local Time: USA 09:20 - 09:40)

Keynote Lecture

^*

Membrane technologies for CO2 capture Zhien Zhang

The Ohio State University

CO2, as a major greenhouse gas emission, has attracted the global attention. In order to achieve the CO2 reduction target by 2050, carbon capture technologies have been widely investigated all over the world. Membrane technology as an emerging approach is used to capture CO2. Compared with the conventional amine method, membrane technology provides modularity, flexibility and no flooding, foaming or entrainment. In this work, membrane gas absorption (MGA) technology is proved to capture more than 95% CO2 from the power plant flue gas. This technology shows great potentials to remove CO2 and other acidic gases from biogas, syngas, natural gas, and coalbed methane.

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October 22, 2020

14:00 – 14:20 Zhelnovach et al. (Local Time Ukraine 14:00 - 14:20) Researching the degradation of roadside plant communities

Ganna Zhelnovach, Karina Belokon, Yevheniia Manidina, InnaTkalich Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University, Kharkiv, Ukraine

Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

Biodiversity loss is one of the global problems of mankind. The article studies the impact of the road use on biodiversity loss and, as a result, the degradation of plant communities which occupy large areas and are the basis of ecosystem development. It is defined that they degrade due to man-made soil salinisation, physical vegetation destruction, dust and chemical pollution. The paper assesses the level of such degradation