Laying Hens Growth Performance in the Peak Production Phase Offered Bio-Herbal as a Feed Additive
Yuli Frita Nuningtyas1), Muhammad Halim Natsir*1), Eny Sri Widyastuti1), Osfar Sjofjan1), Agus Susilo1), Aris Sri Widiati1) and Suci Puji Lestari1)
1) Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veterans Malang 65145 East Java Indonesia
Submitted: 21 February 2023, Accepted: 3 April 2023
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of bio-herbal as a feed additive on feed consumption, hen day production, feed egg ratio and mortality of laying hens. The materials in this experiment used 200 laying hens of the Hyline strain age 28 to 36 weeks (reared for 60 days). The method used in this study was an in vivo experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatments consisting of P0 = drinking water without bio-herbals (control treatment), T1 = control treatment + bio-herbal yellow, P2 = control treatment + bio-herbal green, and T3 = control treatment + bio-herbal combination yellow and green (alternately every one week). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if there was a significant effect, then tested with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The observed variables were feed consumption, Hen Day Production (HDP), feed egg ratio and mortality. The results showed that the addition of bio-herbals had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the feed consumption, hen day production, feed egg ratio and mortality. It can be concluded bio-herbal green gives the best results in improving egg quality. Due to the bioactive compounds of bio-herbal green, they consist of probiotic and phytobiotic.
Keywords: Bio-Herbal; Laying hen; Feed additive; Performance
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Laying hen farming business in Indonesia has good prospects and continues to increase production every year. Eggs are a source of animal protein which are relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain, so some people consume eggs. According to the data from the Director General of Livestock and Animal Health (2021), egg production for laying hens has increased 9.71% from 2019 to 2020. There were three important factors to be considered in livestock business, namely breeding, feed, and management. Feed is a very influential factor in a laying hen business. Egg production will be maximized if supported with good rearing management. From these three aspects, the feed is 70% of the total production costs.
Increasing productivity of laying hens should be followed by a good quality feed.
Feed should have an optimum nutrition according to laying hens requirements.
Optimization of feed efficiency is mostly done by using feed additives such as antibiotics. The use of antibiotics aims as a growth promoter, increases immunity, increase sproduction, so that feed efficiency can increase. However, the use of antibiotics in animal feed as feed additives has been banned in accordance with Minister of Agriculture No. 14 of 2017 concerning the classification of veterinary drugs which states that the use of antibiotics in feed has
been prohibited except for treatment and using veterinary prescriptions. Recently there has been a concern in the use of antibiotics with reasons possible presence of antibiotic residues in the meat or eggs that can be harmful to human health. Antibiotics as growth promoters was banned because they have negative impacts such as residues in tissues, antimicrobial resistance and cross resistance in antimicrobial therapy (Mehdi et al., 2018).
The role of antibiotic can be changes with natural growth promoter, for example using probiotics and photobiotic. One of the product contains bioactive compound s and natural ingredients is a bio-herbal. Based on the description above, a research was conducted on the use of bio-herbal as a feed additive to evaluate the effect and the best results on production performance of laying hens in the peak production phase.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used two hundred (200) laying hens Hy-line brown strain aged 28 to 36 weeks produced by PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia. Feed additives in this experiment used bio-herbal yellow and green code. The yellow bio-herbal consists Kaempferiae rhizome, Curcuma xanthorrizha Raxb, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma domestics Val., Actinomycetes, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Photosynthetic Bacteria, yeast, and fermented mold.
Table 1. Nutrient Contents of Feed
Nutrient Content Value
Metabolizable Energy (Kkal/kg) 3155.70
Dry Matter (%) 91.53
Crude Protein (%) 17.78
Crude Fat (%) 3.83
Crude Fiber (%) 9.27
Ash (%) 18.03
*Based on the results of proximate analysis at the Nutrition and Laboratory Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University Malang.
While compositions of Bio-herbal green are Andrographis paniculata, Piper betle, Moringa oleifera, Carica papaya,
Photosynthetic Bacteria, yeast, and fermented mold. Bioherbal used in the research were products made by the Animal
Animal Science, Brawijaya University Malang, with a number of colonies for yellow and green were 1.2 x 106 CFU/ml and 2.9 x 106 CFU/ml, respectively.
The basal feed formulation used was a mixture of 50% corn, 15% rice bran, and 35% concentrate for laying hens. The composition as in table 1 below:
Experimental animals
The research method used was an in vivo experimental method. The study consisted of 4 treatments and 5 replications, where each experimental unit consisted of 10 chickens. The treatment given as follows:
P0 : Basal feed without the addition of bio- herbal (control)
P1 : Basal feed + bio-herbal yellow 2 ml into 1000 ml water
P2 : Basal feed + bio-herbal green 2 ml into 1000 ml water
P3 : Basal feed + combination of bio-herbal yellow and green (alternately every one Week)
Consumption of drinking water/bird/day The provision of drinking water treatment was carried out ad libitum. The treatment for drinking water will be given once a day, in the morning. Drinking water treatment was given as much as 3 litres.
Data analysis
Data collection was carried out every week. Data obtained from field were tabulated with the Microsoft Excel program.
Then statistically analysed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) from Completely Randomized Design (CRD). If significant different (P<0.05) or very significantly different (P<0.01) obtained, then followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Information:
Yij = observation on treatment i and repetition j
µ = general average
Ti = the effect of the i-th treatment level εij = random effect on treatment i and repetition j
Variable measurement
Parameters measured in this experiment were feed consumption, hen day production, feed egg ratio and mortality.
1. Feed consumption
Feed consumption (g/bird) was obtained by calculating the difference between the remaining feed and the total amount of feed during the treatment.
Feed consumption (g/bird) = (Amiruddin et al., 2020)
2. Hen Day Production (HDP)
Calculation number of eggs divided by the current number of chickens multiplied by 100% (Marzuki dan Rozi., 2018)
3. Feed egg ratio (FCR)
Feed egg ratio is the result of the comparison between rations consumed with the number of eggs.
4. Mortality
Calculating the initial total chickens minus the final total chickens divided by
the initial total chickens multiplied by 100%
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Research data on the effect of adding bio-herbal in drinking water on the performance of laying hens consisting of feed consumption, Hen Day Production (HDP), feed conversion, mortality can be seen in Table 2.
Yij = µ + Pi + εij
Table 2. Effect of Adding Bio-Herbal on the Production Performance of Peak Production Phase of Laying Hens
Variable Treatment
P0 P1 P2 P3
Feed consumption
(g/bird/day) 134,04 ± 0,40 133,39 ± 1,29 133,99 ± 3,53 130,53 ± 4,97
HDP (%) 86,50 ± 4,12 83,68 ± 5,55 88,04 ± 3,87 84,46 ± 5,13
Feed egg ratio 2,54 ± 0,15 2,57 ± 0,13 2,45 ± 0,05 2,48 ± 0,09
Mortality 0,00 ± 0,00 0,00 ± 0,00 1,25 ± 0,56 1,25 ± 0,56
Feed Consumption
Based on the research data in table 2, it can be seen that the average value of feed consumption for laying hens from lowest to highest is P3 (130.53 ± 4.97), P1 (133.39 ± 1.29), P2 (133.99 ± 3.53), then P0 (134.04 ±
0.40) g/bird/day. The results of the statistical analysis of the feed consumption data obtained showed that the administration of bio-herbal had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the feed consumption of the peak production phase of laying hens.
P0 P1 P2 P3 120
125 130 135 140
Feed Consumption
Figure 1. The results of the statistical analysis of the feed consumption data obtained showed that the administration of bio-herbal in drinking water had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the feed consumption
Actually, the dominant components of bio-herbal phytochemical compounds contained in plants have a very important role for health, including their function in preventing degenerative diseases. Some of the phytochemical compounds known to have physiological functions are carotenoids, phytosterols, saponins, glucosinolates, polyphenols, protease inhibitors, monoterpenes, phytoestrogens, sulfides, and phytic acid (Nurdyansyah and Widyastuti, 2022). These compounds are found in many vegetables and legumes, including herbs and medicinal plants. In addition, probiotics have a role in the digestive tract to improve the digestibility of the feed consumed with the help of
beneficial bacteria which results in a faster rate of movement of digesta in the digestive tract, so that more nutrients are absorbed and the efficiency of using feed and the production rate increase (Suherman , Natsir, and Sjofjan, 2015).
Thus the use of probiotics in laying hens can reduce feed consumption but improve feed efficiency.
Hen day production (%)
Based on the research data in table 2, it can be seen that the average value of Hen Day Production (HDP) for laying hens from smallest to largest is P1 (83.68 ± 5.55), P3 (83.68 ± 5.55), P0 (86.50 ± 4.12), and P2 (88.04 ± 3.87)%. The results of statistical analysis of HDP data showed that the administration of bio-herbal had no
significant effect (P>0.05) on HDP of laying hens. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference among the treatments and that feed consumption
was also not significantly different. As a result, metabolism of the nutrients needed for daily egg production were also relatively the same.
P0 P1 P2 P3 75
80 85 90 95
H e n D a y P ro d u c ti o n
Figure 2. The results of the analysis showed that the addition of bio-herbal had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the daily egg production.
HDP is generally an expression of the provision of feed to meet the basic needs of life and production. Numerically, there was an increase in egg production between treatments due to the role of bio-herbal containing bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, antioxidants and anthocyanins which have antibacterial activity enabling reduced pathogenic bacteria. Hartono and Kurtini (2017) stated that microbes in the digestive tract can stimulate goblet cells to produce mucus, with increased mucus can increase nutrient absorption, so that in turn can maximize HDP.
An increase in antioxidants, flavonoids and antibacterial in the feed due to the addition of bio-herbal can maintain the condition of the microflora in the digestive tract of chickens. Effective absorption of nutrients in a healthy digestive tract will affect the increase in the digestibility of crude protein from feed so that it can indirectly affect egg production.
This is in line with the opinion of Sukrayana, Atmomarsono, Yunianto, et al., (2016) stated that digestibility can be affected by the level of feeding, type of feed,
livestock species, method of processing feed and digestive tract health.
Feed egg ratio
Based on the research data in table 2, it can be seen that the addition of bio-herbal to drinking water shows the averages feed egg ratio (FCR) from the smallest to the largest sequentially are P2 (2.45 ± 0.05), P3 (2.48 ± 0.09) , P0 (2.54 ± 0.15), and P1 (2.57
± 0.13). The results of statistical analysis of data obtained that the administration of bio- herbal to drinking water had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the FCR of laying hens.
The FCR value is used as a reference to determine the efficiency level of the feed given during rearing. The higher the FCR, meaning that the use of the feed is less economical, conversely, the smaller the amount of feed needed to produce a good product in the form of body weight gain for chickens and eggs, it means that the feed is more efficient (Lacin, Yildiz, Esembuga, et al., 2008).
Feed conversion for laying hens ranges from between 2.1-2.3. Factors that can influence Feed conversion includes feed physical form, weight of chicken body,
nutritional content in rations, environment maintenance, stress, and gender. Conversion calculation feed is intended to determine the ability of chickens in converting the feed consumed into eggs and see the response of
the chickens to the quality of the feed given (Setiawati, et al., 2016). The value of FCR is strongly influenced by consumption ration and body weight gain (Marzuki and Rozi., 2018).
P0 P1 P2 P3 2.3
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
F ee d C o n ve rs io n R at io
Figure 3. The results of statistical analysis of the feed conversion data obtained that the administration of bio-herbs to drinking water had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the FCR
Mortality
Based on the research data in table 2 shows that the lowest deaths were for P0 and P1with mortality percentages of 0% and the highest deaths were in the P2 and P3
treatments with percentages being 1.25%.
The results of statistical analysis showed that the addition of bio-herbal s to drinking water had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the mortality.
P0 P1 P2 P3 0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Mortality
Figure 4. The results of statistical analysis showed that the addition of bio-herbs to drinking water had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the mortality
Deaths that occurred during the study period were due to prolapse. Prolapse is a condition where the reproductive tract of the chicken is pushed outside the body of the chicken, this prolapse can occur because the chicken is too fat. The age at which eggs are laid too soon is not good because they are
young and their reproduction is not yet fully developed, so the chance of uterine prolapse is quite high and the quality of the eggs is low (Zurahmah, 2011).
Mortality is influenced by rearing systems, especially hygiene and health.
High mortality occurs due to chicken health
problems caused by disease (Haryuni, et al, 2017). general mortality caused by management errors such as density of chickens in cages, poor sanitation, unequal rations, and low resistance to disease.
Mortality is determined by many factors such as maintenance management errors and germ infections, to prevent high mortality rates, steps are needed to minimize the causes of mortality.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this research showed that green bio-herbal give the best results on performance of laying egg in peak production phase.
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