Background: Development and structure of the human eye Practical knowledge: observation, experimentation and design of light: a design methodology. In addition, I provide a description of the physical phenomena and provide background and practical knowledge on the respective core topics.
NATURE
Blue Sky: Diffusion in Gas and Aerosols
The Light Ceiling: Diffuse Reflection from Matte Surfaces
The challenge of contemporary daylighting design is to explore
Stubbornness does not describe daylight in terms of human temperament, but rather in terms of dynamism, unpredictability.
Spectrum, Color Rendering
Daylight creates too much heat
Daylight is not always available, especially in the evening, at night, and on winter days
Daylight is not always available, especially in the evening, at night and on winter days. About three times as much light enters a room through horizontal skylights as through vertical windows of the same area.
Sun Positions
When architects, lighting designers and air conditioning engineers work together in the early stages of a building's design, we succeed in converting the generous global radiation, taking into account azimuth and elevation angles of the sun, into good daylight factors in the interior without overheating. Even a clear sky is not equally clear in all places: the zenith shines about three times brighter than the sky at the horizon.
Daylight Factor and Shading by Surrounding Buildings
From a distance, it looks as if the building breathes in the light; up close, the geometry of the individual segments resembles plant leaves. Reflections and shadows shift between the interior and the exterior in a logical and appropriate way.
The European Standard on Indoor Daylighting
Flexible shade systems such as pergolas, deciduous plants, or mechanical and thermomechanical systems are ideal. There is still much to discover: movable, changing shade systems react to direct sunlight and do not darken rooms even in gray weather.
Recommendations for Daylighting through Daylight Openings in Vertical and Inclined Surfaces
Criteria for the Quality of the View Outward
Criteria for the Quality of Daylight in Interior Spaces
Studies of Daylight Conditions in a Building
In the former production halls of a brewery, modern offices were created in the historic substance of the building. The ceilings on the modular office floors are relatively low compared to the floor area.
EVOLUTION
Refraction, Gleam, Light Rays in the Water Lens
Refraction in Thick-Walled Glass Spheres, Brilliance in Front of a Bright Surface
The evolution of the eye shows its complex development over time in relation to its capabilities, also compared to those of other living creatures.
The Development of the Human Eye
That's why Oliver didn't get respect from the scientific community in the beginning. Look, some people think you have to have a hypothesis in a controlled experiment to have science, and I say, OK, so what is astronomy?
Oliver did is sort of like the Hub
It’s astronomy of the mind.” 4 — Mary Temple Grandin, 2020
Today there are much more reliable ready-made sun filters that protect the eyes from the concentrated rays of the sun.
Candle in a Dark Room
Transformation of Space Due to Varying Position and Direction of Light
The Pleasure of Looking and Taking It In
Gehring, „Wie sich das Auge entwickelte“, unter: unibas.ch/de/Aktuell/Uni-Nova/Uni-Nova-111/. Uni-Nova-111-Auge.html (abgerufen im Februar UNI NOVA 111/2009, Darwin und Evolution UNI NOVA, wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Basel.
PERCEPTION
Opacity and Multiple Reflections
Diffuse Reflection
The soul is dyed with the color of one’s impressions.” 1 —
The knowledge of this working method of the eye-brain complex enables us to plan lighting better. The human eye and the areas of the brain responsible for vision have long functioned together in their development.
Interaction of Eye and Brain
The previous chapter focused on the eye and its sensor function (see p. 28); this chapter is about its integration into the complex system of the body. In humans, the processing and monitoring of visual stimuli occupies 60 percent of the cerebral cortex compared to areas responsible for other senses.
Evaluation of Brightness
Optical Illusions
Perception of Time and Reflection in Dark and Bright Spaces
Is the bright room inviting or just a light at the end of the tunnel. Whether the battle-bright light pillars frighten event guests or the dazzling light points intrigue and attract people.
Museum Lighting: Light or Dark?
I will demonstrate the usefulness of knowledge of perception for lighting design in two different types of buildings: museums and offices.
Office Lighting: Soft or Hard Light-Dark Gradients?
The sun blinds, the shadows on the steps of the waterfront in the morning sun are rich in contrast. At the waterfront in the fog, the sunlight is subdued: there are hardly any shadows (opposite, below).
Perception of Space
In ground plan, the sculpture forms the letters of the Hebrew word for "in memory". The two levels of the entrance sculpture are slightly offset. The picture shows that the light of the individual floor lamps of the Dutch memorial to the names of the Holocaust shines like candles.
CULTURE
The Halo
Ring-Shaped Reflection
Closeness to nature is highly
Selfsufficiency is an important part of the Finnish mentality. We
The beauty of the landscape–
Daylight is an essential part of nature that actually surrounds us as location-specific light. All life was dependent on these four elements and adapted to the quantities available in a given situation.
Preferences for and Aversions to Warm or Cold Light
The photos below show materiality and light moods with the constants of a test setup: the white room and the light sources in the color temperature of 2,700 Kelvin, always in the same position. An impartial view and the constant observation of the enlightened world will build up a library of light in the memory.
Orientation – Disorientation in Space and Time
The impact on the space is visible on all surfaces, including the sloping ceiling and the dark gray floor. The direct influence of daylight is self-evident: “A friend had warned me about summer time and the time change, but I couldn't understand it.
Location-Specific Light
Why don't you just stand up at the light?'In Somalia, nobody tells the sun what to do. There are so many lights in western cities that it doesn't make much difference whether it's night or day and it's so cloudy and polluted that you can't see the sun most of the time.
In the times that lie ahead of us—
In the Grande Galerie of the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, architects and lighting. We call Hamburg's cloudy sky when a group of fixtures-on the ceiling of the plaza-as clouds of light appear in the sky.
SUSTAINABILITY The Art of Choosing
In the gas plasma of the neon tube, electrons, excited by an electric current, jump from one orbit around the atomic nucleus to another and release energy in the form of light. Like the tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp, lava emits light rays because the material glows due to heat generation.
Lava as a Thermal Radiator
The Gas Discharge in Neon Light
I [...] observe how difficult we find it to even understand that
Sustainable light under ecological, economic, and social aspects
The Ecology of Light
Economy: The Consequences of the LED on the Lighting Market
Focusing on energy efficiency, designers first developed cool white LEDs of 6,000 Kelvin and above, because LEDs with a higher color temperature have a 1 to 2 percent higher luminous efficiency than LEDs with a higher color temperature. low color. The important quality of light was lost due to energy efficiency, which eclipsed all other properties of light sources.
Life Cycle Management
But the quality issue now puts other disadvantages of LEDs, such as their expensive production and disposal, on the agenda. Luminaire manufacturers are slowly starting to move their production and recycling systems closer to a circular economy.
Hi-Tech – Low-Tech
Certificates for Sustainability in Building
Assessment Criteria for Illuminants and Luminaires
There are several certificates relating to energy efficiency in buildings, of which lighting is only one aspect among many.
The Sustainability Aspect of Health and Well-Being
The Light Source of the Sun is Unequalled
Recycling of Electric Illuminants: Comparison Incandescent Lamp – LED Retrofit
Aesthetics and light quality make light sources sustainable: comparison neon light – linear LED.
Aesthetics and Quality of Light Make Sources of Light Sustainable: Comparison Neon Light – Linear LED
Durability of Lighting Concepts
Durability of Luminaires
Transparency of Production and Logistics
A Lighting Technology Geared to Perceptual Physiology Does Not Overexpose and Is Economical
Bioluminescence
Recognizing Greenwashing
Certificates of the Lighting Industry
At the State Theater Oldenburg, we created a 16-meter-long red neon sign with the theatergoers' shared enthusiasm for neon signs. The theater does not advertise itself with strong illumination of its facade from the outside, but with atmospheric light from within.
HEALTH
Diffused Reflection and Transmission on Leaves
Regular (Mirrored) Reflections in the Sun Protection Louver
A polkadot has the form of the sun, which is a symbol of the
Visual and Nonvisual Effects of Light
In addition, retinal ganglion cells control pupil dilation, alertness, and mood through their sensitivity to light. This realization is increasingly gaining ground in the lighting design of retirement homes and nursing homes.
The Indoor Generation, Light Exposure, and Sleep-Wake Rhythm
It is bright enough during the day and dark enough at night to improve our circadian rhythm and not disrupt it (invisible). The psychological effects of light are especially clear during the change of seasons.
Significant Visual Aspects: Required Minimum Light Intensity, Uniformity, and Glare Limitation
Significant Nonvisual Aspects: Human-Centered Light and Lighting Atmosphere
Just as a forest filters light during the day, the sophisticated anti-glare geometry of the Elmshorn Cooperative Regional Control Center skylights filters light. The facade of the Dutch Westfield Mall in Leidschendam looks like a scarf billowing in the wind.
DARKNESS
Fluorescent Aurora Borealis
Opacity and Shadow from Various Directions of Light
Stand in the evening light until you become transparent or until
Stratimirovic, 2017
The flickering fire in the caves of early humans cast dramatic flickering shadows on the walls. The playful handling of shadow and darkness creates impressive atmospheres and touching works of art.
The Right to Shade
Darkness: Protection and Fear
The neurological and psychological side of darkness was already mentioned in the chapter "Perception" under "Perception of time and reflections in dark and bright spaces". The bright environment deals with the rational and dark environment, the emotional and imaginative areas of our brain. In the novel American Dirt by Jeanine Cummins, which takes place in our contemporary world, refugees from Mexico experience both sides of darkness, namely fear and protection: “The sun sinks before them […] and the colors slow down. slowly to slip into the darkness, but when they are finally gone, the darkness is deeper and bigger than anything Luca has ever seen.
Health: Light Nuisance and and Nighttime Disturbance
Demons and scenarios of fear can develop unhindered in our imagination, rational control is reduced.
Species Protection
Dark Sky
More information is published by the following organizations:. https://cie.co.at/publications/guide-lighting-urban-areas) and. Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations (CIE https://cie.co.at/ . publications/guide-limitation-effects-obtrusive-light-outdoor-light-ing-installations-2nd-edition ) provide additional recommendations for protection against light pollution.
Stellar Parks
Laws and Regulations to Protect against Light Pollution
The port of Hamburg as an outdoor workplace as well as the public lighting of transport routes contribute to this. Good workplace lighting and good public lighting must find a balance between environmentally friendly, sensitive light and sufficient lighting that provides a sense of safety.
Lighting Master Plans for Cities
Lighting Councils and Committees
Safety
Signals of social disorder, lack of perspective of social control, pollution and neglect, opacity and solitude of certain locations affect the subjective sense of security more than their illumination.
Participation, Equality
Guidelines for Master Plans
The Mall of the Netherlands was redeveloped from an existing shopping center with an open-air shopping street. The ceilings of the ICE 4 quote the sky light during the day.
DYNAMICS Controlling and
The Rayleigh Scattering in the Sky
Accent Lighting on the ICE 4: Controlled RGB-W LED Light Up the Ceiling
At times I think of the way the sun would set on the farmland
One of the reasons for applying lighting control systems is that the acceptance for color temperatures and brightness of electric light changes during the day. In 1994, we realized the first lighting control system in architecture that runs through a daily routine of lighting scenes at the Grande Galerie des Musée d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
Sequences and Light Scenes
Operation must be tailored to the users and their working environment; the control system must operate smoothly and consistently. Once these parameters are clear, lighting designers can create lighting scenes, integrated circuits, and control system diagrams.
Dimming and Changing of Color Temperatures
Systems for Lighting Control Systems and Light Management
Dali scheme
Bluetooth control schemeDALI control scheme
Bluetooth control scheme
Deutsche Bahn passengers move day and night. Inside the train, artificial light simulates the changes in the light of the sky.
COMPOSITION It’s All in the Mix
Absorption, Reflection, Transmission on the Ground and in the Clouds
Absorption, Reflection, Transmission
Let me tell you now, child That morning sun is here
With a loving light, so warm That morning sun is here
She ain’t gonna quit
The knowledge of the psychological effect of light on people helps us to plan light adequately and to actively support certain uses and groups of users. We know that darker lighting situations appeal to the imaginative, emotional side of the brain, while brighter spaces instead appeal to the rational, reason-driven side.
Psychological Basic Needs of People in Relation to Their Living Environment
Islands of light also define functional areas: a seating area, a work table, an entrance hall or an illuminated sculpture. With these, we create moods of light that send specific signals, evoking a feeling of comfort.
Characteristics of Light, Optics, and Applications of Luminaires
The train door gives a view into the canopy-shaped entrance hall that leads to the city. The architects and I received an incredible compliment from a passerby who approached me while I was photographing: "The station is beautiful, isn't it.
ATMOSPHERE, MAGIC Making the Immaterial Tangible
Instead of a chandelier, an expansive star-studded sky shines at the Susie Sainsbury Theater at the Royal Academy of Music, London.
Speed of Light
Total Reflection
Under the magnifying glass you can see the total reflection in an optical fiber that guides the light to the crystals. With the naked eye we can see as far as the Andromeda Galaxy, but now we see it as it was 2.5 million years ago.
When elders passed in our village, the community would
These beautiful moving patterns decorated the festivities held
Festivals of Light
Light in Movement and Superimpositions, Illusions
The light point height, the color temperature of the white light and the light distribution of luminaires have a decisive influence on the feeling of safety or space in an indoor or outdoor space. The opposite is the case with the low evening sun and the campfire, which already radiated a sense of security and shared identity in the time of the cavemen.
A Sense of Security and Festivity at Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam
The Magic of Slowness
The Play of the Sun, Reflections, Superimpositions
The Royal Academy of Music displays two opposing poles of light: bright and soft in the Ela Burgess Recital Hall; dark and sparkling at the Susie Sainsbury Theatre. The Angela Burgess Recital Hall looks bright; daylight shines in from above and from the side.
Acknowledgement
Glossary
It depends on the luminous flux, the placement of the lamp in the housing, reflectors and optics. Daytime vision occurs through adaptation to luminance levels above 3 cd/m2 via the cones of the retina.
Ulrike Brandi
Ulrike Brandi und Christoph Geissmar-Brandi, Licht für Städte – Ein Leitfaden zur Lichtplanung im urbanen Raum (Basel, 2006).
Ulrike Brandi Catalogue Raisonné, Extract from more than 1,300 Projects
Further Reading
Picture credits