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STUDYING MEANING
- Pragmatics Distinguished from Semantics
- Utterances and Sentences
- Three Stages of Interpretation
- The Outline of Pragmatics
- Types of Meaning
- Denotation, Sense, Reference, and Diexis
- Types of Deixis
- Person Deixis
- Place Deixis
- Time Deixis
- Social Deixis
- Discourse Deixis
- Semantics
- Propositions
Semantics and pragmatics are the two main branches of the linguistic study of meaning. Semantics deals with the literal meaning of sentences. There are two branches of linguistics that deal with the study of meanings, namely semantics and pragmatics.
ADJECTIVE MEANINGS
- Using language to give the meanings of words
- Sense relations relevant to adjectives
- Synonymy
- Complementaries
- Antonym
- Converses
- Four sense relations compared
- Meaning postulates
- Constructions with adjectives
- Gradability
- Adjectives modifying nouns
- Larger sets than pairs
- Semantic Types of the Adjectives
- Value
- Physical Property
- Color
- Dimension
- Age
- Human Propensity
Maude's is not the same as yours, then (sentence #2) must be true: Maude's is different from yours. Another characteristic is that the usual question how can be used for both expressions of the pair, as in (sentence no. 1) and (sentence no. 2).
NOUN VOCABULARY
- Noun Vocabulary in Word Meaning
- The has-relation
- Pragmatic Inferences from the Has-relation
- Part can have Parts
- Spatial Parts
- Ends and Beginnings
- Some Other Parts
- Hyponymy
- Hierarchies of Hyponyms
- Hyponymy and the Has-relation
- Incompatibility
- Further Points about Incompability
- Count Nouns and Mass Nouns
An inverse relationship to the has relationship will guarantee the existence of the greater whole in question whenever a part of it is present. Part of the meaning of this word comes via the has relation: a prototypical oak tree has acorns.
VERBS AND SITUATIONS
Causative verb
- Definition
- Form of Causative Verb
The verb in the main clause of a causative sentence is a causative verb and as mentioned above, the caused situation is described by the embedded clause. For example, the person I am referring to caused the situation 'the students are reading this article' to arise. For example, the causative verb power can be thought of as causing an unwanted consequence'.
Have' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something done for him.
Situation type
- Two criteria for classifying situation types
- Situation Types
- Some tests used in distinguishing situation types
- The influence of verbal arguments and modifiers on telicity
- Agents and Goal
Complication: Tests using at time X and for time X are valid only if the period specified in the PP measures the duration of the event named by the verb. - phrases of duration with achievements and achievements lead to mixed results, depending on whether they are interpreted as indicating the length of an end state or - with achievements - the length of an activity phase. An achievement such as One week they planted a field with rye generally has two possible interpretations: “the target state of a field planted with rye lasted. one week' and then they replaced it with oats; or the field was huge and the work was slow, so 'the activity of planting rye in the field took a week' - the aim was to plant the whole field with rye, but the for-phrase sentence had the activity as its scope does not say whether the goal was achieved.
The situation type classes produce different effects when they are in the complement of the verbs stop and finish.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
- Definitions of Figurative Language
- The Nature of Figurative Language
- The Characteristics of Figurative Language
- Types of Figurative Language
Figurative language is language in which words or expressions are used with a meaning that differs from the literal interpretation. Figurative language is language that uses expressive words with a meaning different from the literal interpretation. Figurative language is therefore the way to express meaning in a different way than the literal interpretation.
Figurative language is the language in which figures of speech such as metaphors occur freely.
TENSE AND ASPECT
Time and Tense
The difference between "he ate" and "he was eating" is tense because the contrast is/was marks the difference between the two in terms of the time of speech. The difference between 'he ate bread' and he ate bread is one-sided, as the difference is in how the act of eating is viewed by the speaker, the former views his situation as a whole (external view), while the latter sees the situation as consisting of phases ( internal view) (Comrie, 1967).
The Concept of Time
Thus past represents the time before the moment of speech: future stands for the time anterior to the moment of speech; and present indicates the time simultaneously with the moment of speech. It is common to all mankind and all languages and therefore universal (Quirk et al. 1972:84) According to Comrie, time can be represented as a straight line, with the past conventionally represented to the left and the future to the right. Comire says that "time situations are placed either at the same time as the present moment, or before the present moment or after the present moment".
If the situation in question is an event, then it is definitely true, for example, that a past sentence like (1a) locates a taxi ride before the time of speaking, but make predicates of the past state as in (1b), localize the situation they donate to similar way? . 1a) I took a taxi back to the hotel 2b) The taxi driver was Latvian.
The Concept of Tense
- Present Tense
- Past Tense
- Future Tense
This is used to express an entire action that happened at no particular time in the past. This is used to express an entire action that happened at a specific time in the past. This expresses an action completed before some other action in the past (often expressed by the simple past).
This is used to express an ongoing action that would occur in the future in the past, after another event.
Tense and Aspect
- I will go there tomorrow
- We have played cricket before
- We have been playing for hours when she arrived
- Classification of Aspects
- Morphology of Aspects and Tense in English
- Variations of Aspects Markers
Aspect, on the other hand, is a non-deictic category; it does not relate the times of the situation to any other time - period, but rather deals with the external temporal phases of the situation. The progressive marker remains stable regardless of the forms of the lexical verb to which it is always attached. Although the –ing form itself remains unchanged, it sometimes affects the spelling of the base to which it is affixed.
The –en form is a cover form used to indicate all kinds of realizations of the past participle of both regular and irregular verbs.
Morphology of Tense in English
- Variations of Tenses Markers
- Perfect
- Future perfect
They are phonologically conditioned; i.e. [-id] occurs with after alveolar steps /t/ and /d, /t/ after voiceless consonants which are not; t; and /-d/. after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/. The statement can be formulated as follows: The future tense is not inflected like the past and present tense of the 3rd singular. The basic meaning of the present is often described as referring to the past with present relevance, the retrospective present, or "the continued relevance of a previous situation".
It is used to indicate a situation that begins in the past, continues into the present, and may extend into the future.
MODALITY, SCOPE, AND QUANTIFICATION
Modality
- Deontic and Epistemic Modality
- Core Modal Meaning
Modality is a marker for the meanings indicated by the italicized expressions in the first sentence. A proposition is considered possibly true if some information that is currently relevant to the communicator's attention and is believed to be true and relevant is compatible with the proposition. To help you focus on the semantic similarities and differences between the markers, consider each of them in the same sentence frame and consider only epistemic interpretations, as in the table below.
The meaning intended in the table makes must, shall and shall synonymous, likewise must and ought to and may and might.
Relative Scope
For deontic interpretations, the third column of the table would have presuppositions regarding preferences and requirements rather than factual claims. The issue of relative scope arises when there are two operators (elements that have scope in the same expression. A conventional notation that is useful is used in the sentences above, and is immediately explained in the example.
This is in conjunction with the central modal meaning table above, use all, at least one and no.
Quantification
- Existential vs. Universal Quantifiers
- Propositional vs. Cardinal Quantifiers
- Cardinal
- Propositional
- Universal
- Existential
- Distributive and Collective Quantifier
- Propositional Quantifier
From the image above, the corgis in the part of the oval that bulges out to the left of the image are not in the set of meat eaters. Another way of saying this is to say that more than half of the members of the corgi set are meat eaters. Consider the corgiovalen moving to the right in Figure 7.2 until the C – M residue, labeled M in the figure, has disappeared.
Looking back to the set-theoretic formulation in 7.32a, this is: 'the entire set of books in question is a subset of the inaccessible ones'.
PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics and Semantics
Pragmatics is the study of how context affects meaning, such as how sentences are interpreted in particular situations (or the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context). As an empirical study of the meaning of words in an existing language, semantics is a branch of linguistics” (American Encyclopedia: 536). Meaning is about the relationship between words and objects to which they refer, this statement makes us presuppose it.
So different between Pragmatics is the study of words and their meaning in a language, taking into account their context, and Semantics is the study of words and their meanings in a language.
Type of Pragmatic
- Pragmalinguistics
- Sociopragmatics
- Conversational Implicatures
- Conversational Implicatures From Manner
- Examples and Explanation of Standard Conversational
- Presuppositions and Presupposition Trigger
- Speech Acts
- Types of speech Acts
- Classification of Speech Acts
Existential presupposition is the assumption of the existence of the entities mentioned by the speaker. In linguistics, speech act is an utterance defined in terms of the intention of the speaker and its effect on the listener. Representations are speech acts whose utterances commit the speaker to the truth of the proposition expressed.
A speech act is thus an utterance defined in terms of the speaker's intention and its effect on the listener.
INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN PRAGMATICS AND
PRAGMATICS
The community of people who share knowledge of the cultural background context can be many. greater than that in the hill walk extract. The reference to 'us' and 'we', on the other hand, is not exophoric because the pronouns refer to elements within the same text; it is endospheric reference. When a referent term links to another referent term in the co-text, we say that it is connected to the previous mention of the referent in the text.
Regarding intention, pragmatics assumes that success in the overall interpretation of an utterance involves a recognition of the speaker's intention.
EXPLORATION DATA FOR INVESTIGATION
Exploration data for investigation
- Exploring the context of writing
- Investigating Co-text
- Exploring Speech acts
- The analysis of conversation
- Following the cooperative principle
Reading and researching
Co- text repetition and reference
Repetition and writing
Speech acts and power
Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence
Conversation analysis and discourse analysis
Conversation and race
Interethnic communication
- Indirectness
Compliment responses
Lesson Plan
Compiler’s Resume Summary