Supplementary Table 1. Codes for comorbidities.
Diabetes mellitus250 250.01 250.02 250.03 250.1 250.11 250.12 250.13 250.2 250.21 250.22 250.23 250.3 250.31 250.32 250.33 250.4 250.41 250.42 250.43 250.5 250.51 250.52 250.53 250.6 250.61 250.62 250.63 250.7 250.71 250.72 250.73 250.8 250.81 250.82 250.83 250.9 250.91 250.92 250.93
Hypertension 401 401.1 401.9 402 402.01 402.1 402.11 402.9 402.91 403 403.01 403.1 403.11 403.9 403.91 404 404.01 404.02 404.03 404.1 404.11 404.12 404.13 404.9 404.91 404.92 404.93 405 405.01 405.09 405.1 405.11 405.19 405.9 405.91 405.99 437.2
Heart failure 428 428 428.1 428.2 428.2 428.21 428.22 428.23 428.3 428.3 428.31 428.32 428.33 428.4 428.4 428.41 428.42 428.43 428.9 398.91 402.01 402.11 402.91 404.01 404.03 404.11 404.13 404.91 404.93
Chronic renal failure 582 583 583.1 583.2 583.4 583.6 583.7 585 586 588
Liver diseases 456 456.1 456.2 572.2 572.3 572.4 572.8 571.4 571.5 571.6 Heart block 426 426.12 426.13 426.51 426.52 426.54 427.1 427.4 427.41 427.42 427.5
Dementia and Alzheimer 331.82 290 290.1 290.11 290.12 290.13 290.2 290.21 290.3 290.4 290.41 290.42 290.43 290.8 290.9 294.2 294.1 294.11 294.21 332 46.1 333.4 340 42331 331.19 294.29
AMIAcute myocardial infarction 410 410.01 410.02 410.1 410.11 410.12 410.2 410.21 410.22 410.3 410.31 410.32 410.4 410.41 410.42 410.5 410.51 410.52 410.6 410.61 410.62 410.7 410.71 410.72 410.8 410.81 410.82 410.9 410.91 410.92
COPDChronic obstructive pulmonary disease 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 491.1 491.2 491.21 491.22 491.8 491.9 492.8 493.01 493.02 493.1 493.11 493.12 493.2 493.21 493.22 493.8 493.81 493.82 493.9 493.91 493.92 494.1 495.1 495.2 495.3 495.4 495.5 495.6 495.7 495.8 495.9
PVDPeripheral vascular disease 250.7 443.9 443 443.1 443.2 443.21 443.22 443.23 443.24 443.29 443.8 443.81 443.82 443.89 441 443.9 785.4 V43.4
Stroke/TIAtransient ischemic attack 435 435.1 435.2 435.3 435.8 435.9 433.81 433.91 434 436 437 437.1 433.31 433.01 434.01 434.1 434.11 434.9 434.91 437.2 437.3 437.4 437.5 437.6 437.7 437.8 437.9
Gastrointestinal bleeding 531 531.2 531.4 531.6 532 532.2 532.4 532.6 533 533.2 533.4 533.6 534 534.2 534.4 534.6 535.01 535.11 535.21 535.31 535.41 535.51 535.61 535.71 562.02 562.03 562.12 562.13 569.3 569.85 569.86 578 578.1 578.9
Obesity 278.01 278 278
Cancer 140-239
Supplementary Table 2. Characteristic comparisons of COVID-19 positive and negative patients who were prescribed with only ACEI or ARB.
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; ACEI=Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB=Angiotensin Receptor Blockers; IQR = Interquartile range; AMI= acute myocardial infarction; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD= ischemic heart disease; PVD= peripheral vascular disease; TIA= transient ischemic attack; APTT= applied partial thromboplastin time; * for p≤ 0.05, ** for p ≤ 0.01, *** for p ≤ 0.001
Characteristics Overall (N=12329)
Median (IQR);Max;N or Count(%)
COVID positive (N=295)
Median (IQR);Max;N or Count(%)
COVID negative (N=12034) Median (IQR);Max;N or Count(%)
P value
Male gender 6656(53.98%) 164(55.59%) 6492(53.94%) 0.7985
Age, years 73.52(62.21-84.57);108.8;n=12329 66.58(58.06-73.79);94.5;n=295 73.67(62.32-84.84);108.8;n=12034 <0.0001***
Charlson score 3.0(2.0-4.0);15.0;n=12329 2.0(1.0-4.0);12.0;n=295 3.0(2.0-4.0);15.0;n=12034 <0.0001***
Diabetes mellitus 792(6.42%) 30(10.16%) 762(6.33%) 0.0198*
Hypertension 3653(29.62%) 199(67.45%) 3454(28.70%) <0.0001***
Heart failure 194(1.57%) 2(0.67%) 192(1.59%) 0.3178
Liver diseases 70(0.56%) 1(0.33%) 69(0.57%) 0.8931
Heart block 203(1.64%) 2(0.67%) 201(1.67%) 0.2823
Dementia and
Alzheimer 134(1.08%) 2(0.67%) 132(1.09%) 0.693
AMI 552(4.47%) 12(4.06%) 540(4.48%) 0.8515
COPD 192(1.55%) 5(1.69%) 187(1.55%) 0.962
IHD 1385(11.23%) 42(14.23%) 1343(11.16%) 0.1718
PVD 142(1.15%) 4(1.35%) 138(1.14%) 0.958
Stroke/TIA 422(3.42%) 19(6.44%) 403(3.34%) 0.0096**
Gastrointestinal
bleeding 268(2.17%) 14(4.74%) 254(2.11%) 0.0057**
Cancer 879(7.12%) 12(4.06%) 867(7.20%) 0.0661
Obesity 33(0.26%) 3(1.01%) 30(0.24%) 0.0527
ACEI v.s. ARB 6407(51.96%) 150(50.84%) 6257(51.99%) 0.8656
Steroid 51(0.41%) 44(14.91%) 7(0.05%) <0.0001***
Lopinavir/ritonavir 163(1.32%) 162(54.91%) 1(0.00%) <0.0001***
Ribavirin 94(0.76%) 88(29.83%) 6(0.04%) <0.0001***
Interferon beta-1B 220(1.78%) 212(71.86%) 8(0.06%) <0.0001***
Hydroxychloroquine 13(0.10%) 13(4.40%) 0(0.00%) <0.0001***
Calcium channel
blockers 7596(61.61%) 198(67.11%) 7398(61.47%) 0.3697
Beta blockers 4587(37.20%) 106(35.93%) 4481(37.23%) 0.7993
Diuretics for
hypertension 474(3.84%) 25(8.47%) 449(3.73%) 0.0001***
Nitrates 2332(18.91%) 37(12.54%) 2295(19.07%) 0.0201*
Antihypertensive drugs 48(0.38%) 43(14.57%) 5(0.04%) <0.0001***
Antidiabetic drugs 148(1.20%) 143(48.47%) 5(0.04%) <0.0001***
Statins and fibrates 193(1.56%) 186(63.05%) 7(0.05%) <0.0001***
Lipid-lowering drugs 191(1.54%) 184(62.37%) 7(0.05%) <0.0001***
Anticoagulants 80(0.64%) 75(25.42%) 5(0.04%) <0.0001***
Antiplatelets 126(1.02%) 92(31.18%) 34(0.28%) <0.0001***
Mean corpuscular
volume, fL 88.55(85.05-91.25);105.9;n=244 88.5(85.1-91.2);105.8;n=233 88.7(84.55-91.1);105.9;n=11 0.7729 Basophil, x10^9/L 0.01(0.0-0.03);0.1;n=291 0.01(0.0-0.03);0.1;n=280 0.02(0.0-0.04);0.1;n=11 0.5505 Eosinophil, x10^9/L 0.03(0.0-0.11);4.5;n=301 0.03(0.0-0.11);4.5;n=290 0.0(0.0-0.12);0.17;n=11 0.4532 Lymphocyte, x10^9/L 1.3(0.95-1.7);58.38;n=301 1.31(0.98-1.7);58.38;n=290 0.96(0.7-1.29);2.76;n=11 0.0943
Metamyelocyte, 0.19(0.12-0.21);0.23;n=3 0.19(0.12-0.21);0.23;n=3 - -
x10^9/L
Monocyte, x10^9/L 0.53(0.4-0.67);1.5;n=301 0.53(0.4-0.67);1.5;n=290 0.44(0.41-0.73);1.5;n=11 0.8848 Neutrophil, x10^9/L 3.86(2.93-5.2);16.1;n=301 3.88(2.95-5.12);15.82;n=290 3.6(2.16-7.01);16.1;n=11 0.7057 White blood cell count,
x10^9/L 6.0(4.71-7.61);67.1;n=303 6.0(4.72-7.57);67.1;n=292 5.2(3.74-9.44);18.2;n=11 0.5547 Mean cell corpuscular
haemoglobin, pg 31.3(29.6-33.35);36.3;n=303 31.45(29.6-33.4);36.3;n=292 30.6(29.45-31.8);35.6;n=11 0.3367
Myelocyte, x10^9/L 0.28(0.13-0.38);1.29;n=12 0.28(0.13-0.38);1.29;n=12 - -
Platelet, x10^9/L 205.0(166.5-261.5);567.0;n=303 205.0(166.0-261.5);567.0;n=292 209.0(182.5-278.5);429.0;n=11 0.5594 Reticulocyte, x10^9/L 55.05(35.64-90.39);123.5;n=8 53.1(35.64-90.39);123.5;n=7 57.0(57.0-57.0);57.0;n=1 1 Red blood cell count,
x10^12/L 4.52(4.11-4.93);6.74;n=303 4.52(4.12-4.96);6.74;n=292 4.25(3.5-4.66);5.66;n=11 0.1038 Hematocrit, L/L 0.39(0.36-0.42);0.504;n=81 0.39(0.36-0.42);0.504;n=78 0.41(0.4-0.42);0.429;n=3 0.3613 K/Potassium, mmol/L 4.0(3.68-4.3);6.3;n=299 4.0(3.7-4.3);6.3;n=289 4.0(3.5-4.45);5.47;n=10 0.9436 Urate, mmol/L 0.34(0.27-0.44);0.62;n=26 0.32(0.26-0.45);0.62;n=25 0.44(0.44-0.44);0.436;n=1 0.5048 Albumin, g/L 38.95(34.0-42.0);378.0;n=298 39.0(34.0-42.0);378.0;n=288 35.9(32.7-39.2);50.0;n=10 0.2772 Na/Sodium, mmol/L 140.0(137.0-141.18);152.0;n=300 140.0(137.5-141.2);152.0;n=290 136.0(135.0-139.5);141.0;n=10 0.0187*
Urea, mmol/L 5.3(4.1-6.8);42.7;n=300 5.24(4.1-6.65);42.7;n=290 9.59(6.65-9.89);35.9;n=10 0.0129*
Protein, g/L 73.7(70.0-77.0);91.6;n=263 73.7(70.0-77.0);91.6;n=255 72.65(65.6-76.0);80.7;n=8 0.5823 Creatinine, umol/L 78.75(64.9-97.95);1216.2;n=300 78.0(64.05-95.5);1106.0;n=290 127.0(95.5-209.25);1216.2;n=10 0.0017**
Alkaline phosphatase,
U/L 69.0(57.0-83.0);354.3;n=299 69.0(57.0-83.0);354.3;n=289 69.0(58.5-85.25);207.0;n=10 0.889 Aspartate transaminase,
U/L 29.0(22.65-46.5);1713.0;n=132 30.0(22.85-47.0);1713.0;n=127 27.0(22.0-29.0);30.0;n=5 0.2063 Alanine transaminase,
U/L 25.0(19.0-40.0);166.0;n=241 25.0(19.0-41.0);166.0;n=233 22.5(21.5-30.5);75.2;n=8 0.9712 Bilirubin, umol/L 8.0(6.0-11.35);33.0;n=299 8.0(6.0-11.5);33.0;n=289 6.3(5.3-9.15);12.0;n=10 0.142
Triglyceride, mmol/L 1.37(1.03-1.91);10.58;n=165 1.38(1.03-1.91);10.58;n=161 1.28(0.89-2.16);2.95;n=4 0.7993 Low-density
lipoprotein, mmol/L 2.04(1.55-2.74);5.17;n=157 2.05(1.53-2.75);5.17;n=154 1.85(1.82-1.99);2.1285;n=3 0.6582 High-density
lipoprotein, mmol/L 1.19(0.96-1.41);2.437;n=161 1.19(0.96-1.42);2.437;n=158 1.01(0.97-1.12);1.24;n=3 0.4057 Cholesterol, mmol/L 3.87(3.36-4.65);7.12;n=162 3.87(3.36-4.72);7.12;n=159 3.67(3.49-3.94);4.2;n=3 0.5635 HbA1c, g/dL 13.6(12.3-15.0);89.0;n=303 13.6(12.3-15.0);89.0;n=292 13.3(9.25-14.2);37.0;n=11 0.1339 Glucose, mmol/L 6.54(5.6-8.25);29.29;n=270 6.53(5.6-8.27);29.29;n=265 7.5(5.55-7.98);11.3;n=5 0.9954 D-dimer, ng/mL 508.0(317.74-887.5);5166.88;n=64 519.0(317.74-887.5);5166.88;n=63 321.79(321.79-321.79);321.79;n=1 0.4816 High sensitive troponin-
I, ng/L 8.95(3.62-20.25);3876.3;n=147 8.66(3.44-17.83);3876.3;n=139 20.25(11.25-127.7);428.0;n=8 0.0091**
Lactate dehydrogenase,
U/L 241.0(188.5-314.0);1096.0;n=227 241.0(188.5-307.0);1096.0;n=220 195.0(182.0-353.0);423.7;n=7 0.8219 APTT, second 30.3(27.1-34.5);66.4;n=209 30.3(27.15-34.4);66.4;n=198 30.5(27.05-35.7);41.0;n=11 0.8678 Prothrombin time/INR,
second 11.9(11.4-12.5);18.0;n=136 11.9(11.4-12.5);18.0;n=129 12.0(11.8-12.3);14.9;n=7 0.5979 C-reactive protein,
mg/dL 1.1(0.35-4.02);34.0;n=299 1.08(0.34-3.98);34.0;n=292 2.56(0.59-4.61);28.9;n=7 0.3293
Supplementary Table 3. Characteristic comparisons of patients undergoing tests for COVID-19 with only ACEI or only ARB use. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; ACEI=Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB=Angiotensin Receptor Blockers; IQR = Interquartile range; AMI=
acute myocardial infarction; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD= ischemic heart disease; PVD= peripheral vascular disease; TIA=
transient ischemic attack; APTT= applied partial thromboplastin time; * for p≤ 0.05, ** for p ≤ 0.01, *** for p ≤ 0.001 Characteristics ACEI (N=6407)
Median (IQR);Max;N or Count(%)
ARB (N=5922)
Median (IQR);Max;N or Count(%) P value
Male gender 3841(59.95%) 2815(47.53%) <0.0001***
Age, years 74.57(62.76-85.68);107.6;n=6407 72.44(61.76-83.51);108.8;n=5922 <0.0001***
Charlson score 4.0(2.0-4.0);14.0;n=6407 3.0(2.0-4.0);15.0;n=5922 <0.0001***
Diabetes mellitus 459(7.16%) 333(5.62%) 0.0012**
Hypertension 2022(31.55%) 1631(27.54%) 0.0003***
Heart failure 112(1.74%) 82(1.38%) 0.1279
Liver diseases 40(0.62%) 30(0.50%) 0.4566
Heart block 132(2.06%) 71(1.19%) 0.0003***
Dementia and Alzheimer 93(1.45%) 41(0.69%) <0.0001***
AMI 375(5.85%) 177(2.98%) <0.0001***
COPD 89(1.38%) 103(1.73%) 0.1411
IHD 849(13.25%) 536(9.05%) <0.0001***
PVD 95(1.48%) 47(0.79%) 0.0005***
Stroke/TIA 255(3.98%) 167(2.81%) 0.0007***
Gastrointestinal bleeding 174(2.71%) 94(1.58%) <0.0001***
Cancer 444(6.92%) 435(7.34%) 0.4242
Obesity 20(0.31%) 13(0.21%) 0.4136
Steroid 26(0.40%) 25(0.42%) 0.9998
Lopinavir/ritonavir 78(1.21%) 85(1.43%) 0.3343
Ribavirin 46(0.71%) 48(0.81%) 0.6296
Interferon beta-1B 116(1.81%) 104(1.75%) 0.8763
Hydroxychloroquine 5(0.07%) 8(0.13%) 0.4862
Calcium channel blockers 3886(60.65%) 3710(62.64%) 0.2738
Beta blockers 2469(38.53%) 2118(35.76%) 0.0327*
Diuretics for hypertension 206(3.21%) 268(4.52%) 0.0003***
Nitrates 1289(20.11%) 1043(17.61%) 0.0036**
Antihypertensive drugs 26(0.40%) 22(0.37%) 0.8731
Antidiabetic drugs 83(1.29%) 65(1.09%) 0.3612
Statins and fibrates 103(1.60%) 90(1.51%) 0.7536
Lipid-lowering drugs 101(1.57%) 90(1.51%) 0.8591
Anticoagulants 43(0.67%) 37(0.62%) 0.8368
Antiplatelets 71(1.10%) 55(0.92%) 0.3735
Mean corpuscular volume, fL 88.2(84.35-91.65);105.9;n=132 88.9(85.2-90.85);101.9;n=112 0.5652
Basophil, x10^9/L 0.01(0.0-0.04);0.1;n=150 0.01(0.0-0.02);0.1;n=141 0.0636
Eosinophil, x10^9/L 0.03(0.0-0.13);1.3;n=153 0.02(0.0-0.1);4.5;n=148 0.3358
Lymphocyte, x10^9/L 1.31(0.98-1.7);3.68;n=153 1.3(0.9-1.71);58.38;n=148 0.8182
Metamyelocyte, x10^9/L 0.21(0.21-0.21);0.23;n=2 0.06(0.06-0.06);0.06;n=1 0.5403
Monocyte, x10^9/L 0.54(0.4-0.7);1.5;n=153 0.5(0.4-0.64);1.1;n=148 0.3441
Neutrophil, x10^9/L 4.21(3.2-5.5);16.1;n=153 3.6(2.64-4.66);11.21;n=148 0.0011**
White blood cell count,
x10^9/L 6.6(5.1-7.87);18.65;n=154 5.79(4.5-7.0);67.1;n=149 0.0021**
Mean cell corpuscular
haemoglobin, pg 31.6(29.5-33.4);36.2;n=154 31.3(29.7-33.0);36.3;n=149 0.7809
Myelocyte, x10^9/L 0.24(0.19-0.31);0.35;n=5 0.38(0.12-0.5);1.29;n=7 0.6261
Platelet, x10^9/L 208.0(170.5-273.0);567.0;n=154 203.0(164.0-243.0);448.0;n=149 0.1343
Reticulocyte, x10^9/L 55.05(35.64-90.39);123.5;n=8 - -
Red blood cell count,
x10^12/L 4.52(4.09-4.93);6.49;n=154 4.5(4.14-4.99);6.74;n=149 0.9853
Hematocrit, L/L 0.39(0.35-0.42);0.504;n=44 0.39(0.36-0.42);0.475;n=37 0.9019
K/Potassium, mmol/L 4.0(3.69-4.4);6.3;n=152 4.0(3.62-4.3);5.75;n=147 0.9365
Urate, mmol/L 0.32(0.3-0.49);0.605;n=11 0.37(0.26-0.42);0.62;n=15 0.7952
Albumin, g/L 38.5(33.0-41.95);50.0;n=152 39.0(35.9-42.4);378.0;n=146 0.1368
Na/Sodium, mmol/L 139.04(137.0-141.07);146.0;n=152 140.0(138.0-141.5);152.0;n=148 0.1618
Urea, mmol/L 5.65(4.39-7.24);42.7;n=152 4.9(3.9-6.35);15.77;n=148 0.0057**
Protein, g/L 73.0(68.85-76.25);88.9;n=131 74.0(70.6-78.0);91.6;n=132 0.0446*
Creatinine, umol/L 83.5(68.6-100.8);1216.2;n=152 76.0(61.35-94.0);264.0;n=148 0.0088**
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L 68.5(56.5-82.5);354.3;n=152 69.0(57.5-84.0);143.0;n=147 0.8289
Aspartate transaminase, U/L 32.0(23.2-53.3);1713.0;n=71 26.0(22.0-41.0);616.0;n=61 0.046*
Alanine transaminase, U/L 26.0(19.0-38.5);166.0;n=123 24.0(18.1-42.0);102.6;n=118 0.5772
Bilirubin, umol/L 8.0(6.0-11.0);33.0;n=152 8.3(6.1-11.65);23.6;n=147 0.3655
Triglyceride, mmol/L 1.44(1.09-1.9);5.6;n=80 1.3(1.02-1.98);10.58;n=85 0.5281
Low-density lipoprotein,
mmol/L 2.04(1.59-2.71);5.17;n=78 2.1(1.53-2.76);5.04;n=79 0.8236
High-density lipoprotein,
mmol/L 1.14(0.96-1.4);2.3;n=78 1.21(0.96-1.42);2.437;n=83 0.7275
Cholesterol, mmol/L 3.82(3.42-4.86);6.7;n=78 3.9(3.32-4.48);7.12;n=84 0.7223
HbA1c, g/dL 13.5(12.2-14.95);89.0;n=154 13.6(12.3-15.0);85.8;n=149 0.7139
Glucose, mmol/L 6.81(5.6-8.74);29.29;n=141 6.28(5.65-7.71);13.9;n=129 0.1789
D-dimer, ng/mL 578.25(313.5-897.5);4364.0;n=30 495.52(320.9-847.23);5166.88;n=34 0.909
High sensitive troponin-I,
ng/L 13.27(4.68-38.37);3876.3;n=75 7.03(3.2-11.61);115.3;n=72 0.0007***
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L 256.0(191.0-352.0);1096.0;n=117 224.5(188.5-288.0);711.0;n=110 0.1382
APTT, second 29.8(27.5-33.7);66.4;n=107 30.9(26.8-34.55);42.7;n=102 0.5359 Prothrombin time/INR,
second 12.0(11.4-12.5);18.0;n=69 11.9(11.35-12.4);14.7;n=67 0.5148
C-reactive protein, mg/dL 1.35(0.44-4.64);33.99;n=154 0.93(0.31-3.19);34.0;n=145 0.1455
Supplementary Table 4. Univariate logistic regression to predict COVID-19 positivity in patients with only ACEI or ARB use.
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; ACEI=Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB=Angiotensin Receptor Blockers; IQR = Interquartile range; AMI= acute myocardial infarction; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD= ischemic heart disease; PVD= peripheral vascular disease; TIA= transient ischemic attack; APTT= applied partial thromboplastin time. * for p≤ 0.05, ** for p ≤ 0.01, *** for p ≤ 0.001
Characteristics Odds Ratio (95%CI) P-value
Male gender 1.07[0.85,1.35] 0.5753
Age, years 1.0[1.0,1.0] <0.0001***
Charlson score 0.93[0.9,0.95] <0.0001***
Diabetes mellitus 1.67[1.14,2.46] 0.0086**
Hypertension 5.15[4.02,6.59] <0.0001***
Heart failure 0.42[0.1,1.7] 0.2252
Liver diseases 0.59[0.08,4.26] 0.6008
Heart block 0.4[0.1,1.63] 0.2011
Dementia and Alzheimer 0.62[0.15,2.5] 0.4972
AMI 0.9[0.5,1.62] 0.7308
COPD 1.09[0.45,2.68] 0.8468
IHD 1.32[0.95,1.84] 0.0993
PVD 1.18[0.44,3.22] 0.7397
Stroke/TIA 1.99[1.24,3.2] 0.0046**
Gastrointestinal bleeding 2.31[1.33,4.01] 0.0029**
Cancer 0.55[0.31,0.98] 0.0416*
Obesity 4.11[1.25,13.55] 0.0202*
ACEI v.s. ARB 0.96[0.76,1.2] 0.6969
Steroid 301.19[134.35,675.21] <0.0001***
Lopinavir/ritonavir 14656.74[2037.01,105458.44] <0.0001***
Ribavirin 852.23[368.53,1970.74] <0.0001***
Interferon beta-1B 3839.63[1835.28,8032.95] <0.0001***
Hydroxychloroquine - -
Calcium channel blockers 1.28[1.0,1.64] 0.0495
Beta blockers 0.95[0.74,1.2] 0.6472
Diuretics for hypertension 2.39[1.57,3.64] <0.0001***
Nitrates 0.61[0.43,0.86] 0.0051**
Antihypertensive drugs 410.51[161.25,1045.09] <0.0001***
Antidiabetic drugs 2263.35[914.75,5600.17] <0.0001***
Statins and fibrates 2931.88[1346.93,6381.84] <0.0001***
Lipid-lowering drugs 2848.09[1308.79,6197.83] <0.0001***
Anticoagulants 820.16[328.48,2047.83] <0.0001***
Antiplatelets 159.95[105.4,242.74] <0.0001***
Mean corpuscular volume, fL 0.85[0.84,0.87] <0.0001***
Basophil, x10^9/L 0.51[0.47,0.54] <0.0001***
Eosinophil, x10^9/L 0.77[0.75,0.8] <0.0001***
Lymphocyte, x10^9/L 0.86[0.84,0.87] <0.0001***
Metamyelocyte, x10^9/L - -
Monocyte, x10^9/L 0.74[0.72,0.77] <0.0001***
Neutrophil, x10^9/L 0.89[0.88,0.9] <0.0001***
White blood cell count, x10^9/L 0.88[0.87,0.89] <0.0001***
Mean cell corpuscular haemoglobin, pg 0.71[0.69,0.74] <0.0001***
Myelocyte, x10^9/L - -
Platelet, x10^9/L 0.86[0.84,0.87] <0.0001***
Reticulocyte, x10^9/L 0.13[0.03,0.52] 0.0036**
Red blood cell count, x10^12/L 0.87[0.85,0.88] <0.0001***
Hematocrit, L/L 0.7[0.64,0.77] <0.0001***
K/Potassium, mmol/L 0.76[0.73,0.78] <0.0001***
Urate, mmol/L 0.35[0.21,0.58] <0.0001***
Albumin, g/L 0.79[0.77,0.81] <0.0001***
Na/Sodium, mmol/L 0.76[0.73,0.78] <0.0001***
Urea, mmol/L 0.85[0.84,0.87] <0.0001***
Protein, g/L 0.82[0.8,0.84] <0.0001***
Creatinine, umol/L 0.8[0.78,0.82] <0.0001***
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L 0.73[0.71,0.76] <0.0001***
Aspartate transaminase, U/L 0.8[0.77,0.83] <0.0001***
Alanine transaminase, U/L 0.82[0.8,0.84] <0.0001***
Bilirubin, umol/L 0.73[0.71,0.76] <0.0001***
Triglyceride, mmol/L 0.8[0.77,0.83] <0.0001***
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L 0.81[0.78,0.85] <0.0001***
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L 0.75[0.72,0.79] <0.0001***
Cholesterol, mmol/L 0.79[0.76,0.83] <0.0001***
HbA1c, g/dL 0.81[0.78,0.83] <0.0001***
Glucose, mmol/L 0.83[0.8,0.85] <0.0001***
D-dimer, ng/mL 0.61[0.52,0.71] <0.0001***
High sensitive troponin-I, ng/L 0.88[0.86,0.9] <0.0001***
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L 0.86[0.84,0.88] <0.0001***
APTT, second 0.86[0.84,0.87] <0.0001***
Prothrombin time/INR, second 0.69[0.66,0.73] <0.0001***
C- reactive protein, mg/dL 0.85[0.83,0.87] <0.0001***
Supplementary Table 5. Univariate logistic regression to predict severe disease in COVID-19 patients with only ACEI or only ARB use.
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; ACEI=Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB=Angiotensin Receptor Blockers; IQR = Interquartile range; AMI= acute myocardial infarction; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD= ischemic heart disease; PVD= peripheral vascular disease; TIA= transient ischemic attack; APTT= applied partial thromboplastin time. * for p≤ 0.05, ** for p ≤ 0.01, *** for p ≤ 0.001
Characteristics Odds Ratio (95%CI) P-value
Male gender 1.39[0.83,2.31] 0.2081
Age, years 1.0[1.0,1.0] 0.7491
Charlson score 1.04[0.97,1.12] 0.2755
Diabetes mellitus 3.46[1.84,6.53] 0.0001***
Hypertension 9.25[5.02,17.04] <0.0001***
Heart failure - -
Liver diseases - -
Heart block 0.96[0.13,6.98] 0.9705
Dementia and Alzheimer 3.01[0.73,12.45] 0.1275
AMI 1.45[0.52,4.01] 0.4739
COPD 2.08[0.51,8.58] 0.3094
IHD 1.87[0.99,3.51] 0.0526
PVD 2.84[0.69,11.73] 0.1492
Stroke/TIA 3.57[1.62,7.88] 0.0016**
Gastrointestinal bleeding 3.93[1.57,9.89] 0.0036**
Cancer 1.12[0.45,2.81] 0.8030
Obesity 6.17[0.83,45.83] 0.0755
ACEI v.s. ARB 1.61[0.96,2.69] 0.0690
Steroid 64.66[31.45,132.93] <0.0001***
Lopinavir/ritonavir 236.39[134.01,416.96] <0.0001***
Ribavirin 48.21[25.92,89.66] <0.0001***
Interferon beta-1B 273.67[145.94,513.16] <0.0001***
Hydroxychloroquine 92.33[27.66,308.16] <0.0001***
Calcium channel blockers 1.69[0.97,2.95] 0.0650
Beta blockers 1.27[0.77,2.09] 0.3532
Diuretics for hypertension 3.16[1.43,6.97] 0.0044**
Nitrates 0.81[0.41,1.59] 0.5373
Antihypertensive drugs 79.93[39.34,162.4] <0.0001***
Antidiabetic drugs 353.81[194.15,644.78] <0.0001***
Statins and fibrates 223.08[124.95,398.27] <0.0001***
Lipid-lowering drugs 207.53[117.31,367.14] <0.0001***
Anticoagulants 710.6[381.91,1322.18] <0.0001***
Antiplatelets 79.24[46.11,136.17] <0.0001***
Mean corpuscular volume, fL 0.95[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
Basophil, x10^9/L 0.75[0.72,0.77] <0.0001***
Eosinophil, x10^9/L 0.91[0.9,0.92] <0.0001***
Lymphocyte, x10^9/L 0.95[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
Metamyelocyte, x10^9/L 0.02[0.0,0.36] 0.0075**
Monocyte, x10^9/L 0.93[0.93,0.94] <0.0001***
Neutrophil, x10^9/L 0.97[0.97,0.97] <0.0001***
White blood cell count, x10^9/L 0.97[0.96,0.97] <0.0001***
Mean cell corpuscular haemoglobin, pg 0.93[0.92,0.94] <0.0001***
Myelocyte, x10^9/L 0.56[0.47,0.67] <0.0001***
Platelet, x10^9/L 0.96[0.96,0.97] <0.0001***
Reticulocyte, x10^9/L 0.5[0.36,0.68] <0.0001***
Red blood cell count, x10^12/L 0.96[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
Hematocrit, L/L 0.92[0.9,0.93] <0.0001***
K/Potassium, mmol/L 0.94[0.93,0.95] <0.0001***
Urate, mmol/L 0.8[0.75,0.85] <0.0001***
Albumin, g/L 0.94[0.93,0.95] <0.0001***
Na/Sodium, mmol/L 0.94[0.93,0.95] <0.0001***
Urea, mmol/L 0.96[0.96,0.97] <0.0001***
Protein, g/L 0.95[0.94,0.95] <0.0001***
Creatinine, umol/L 0.96[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L 0.93[0.93,0.94] <0.0001***
Aspartate transaminase, U/L 0.92[0.91,0.93] <0.0001***
Alanine transaminase, U/L 0.94[0.94,0.95] <0.0001***
Bilirubin, umol/L 0.95[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
Triglyceride, mmol/L 0.95[0.94,0.95] <0.0001***
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L 0.96[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L 0.93[0.93,0.94] <0.0001***
Cholesterol, mmol/L 0.95[0.94,0.95] <0.0001***
HbA1c, g/dL 0.93[0.93,0.94] <0.0001***
Glucose, mmol/L 0.97[0.96,0.97] <0.0001***
D-dimer, ng/mL 0.9[0.88,0.91] <0.0001***
High sensitive troponin-I, ng/L 0.95[0.95,0.96] <0.0001***
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L 0.97[0.96,0.97] <0.0001***
APTT, second 0.95[0.94,0.95] <0.0001***
Prothrombin time/INR, second 0.85[0.83,0.87] <0.0001***
C- reactive protein, mg/dL 0.98[0.98,0.98] <0.0001***
